Zhu, whose name was Wu Hui, claimed to be Huian in his later years and was from Wuyuan, Jiangxi. He was a Dali scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, a master of China's ancient learning theory, and one of the important thinkers, educators and erudite scholars in feudal society after Confucius. Zhu 18 years old was a scholar, but he was an official for only 14 years, and spent most of his time studying and giving lectures. The Bailudong Academy he founded in Lushan, Jiangxi Province is the earliest in the world. A large number of scholars have been trained. Zhu was very clever when he was a child. He studied the Book of Filial Piety at the age of five. The books he has read in his life are numerous, and his rich practice has enabled him to sum up the "24-character formula" of reading methods, and * * summed up his reading experience from six aspects.

First, step by step?

Reading should be carried out systematically and step by step according to the logical system of books and the intelligence level of learners, from low to high, from shallow to deep. He said, "For example, climbing a mountain, many people have to go to high places and don't know how to ignore low places, so there is no reason to go to high places." He opposes "quick success and instant benefit" and advocates gradual progress.

Second, read carefully?

"Intensive reading", one is "reading" and the other is "thinking", which talks about the relationship between reading and thinking, learning and understanding. "Step by step" requires a reasonable reading order, while "close reading" requires understanding on the basis of memory and a deep understanding of the views of the books read. Zhu said: "read widely, learn but not be refined, think but not be refined." Think it over and read it again. Those who read it help them think, so they often teach their thoughts to flow on it. If you just read it in your mouth, you won't think about it in your heart and you won't remember it seriously. Therefore, "familiar reading" means "reading a book thoroughly, with nowhere to remember", "speaking all its words out of my mouth" and "thinking carefully" means ".

Third, swim with humility?

Refers to reading carefully, polishing repeatedly and experiencing repeatedly; Zhu said, "When studying, you should be open-minded and calm, and take Guan Xu's benevolence and righteousness as the foundation. If it is desirable, it will not be discarded. If it is suspicious, although it has been handed down as the words of sages, it must be more selective. Nature means peace, the truth is clear, down-to-earth, no need to spoil and deceive yourself. " In short, this reading method requires.

Fourth, have you observed it?

It means that reading depends on your own efforts and you should pay attention to the kung fu outside the book, that is, you should observe the taste of the book from the outside in combination with your own thoughts and experiences. Zhu said: "Reading should not only look at the paper, but also look at your own body. If you don't see me at home, the sage said first, you can only get it from me by his words. " He also said: "reading must be experienced, not."

5. Tight and hard?

It means reading should be full of energy, make great efforts and work hard. Reading is not a game, nor is it a treat to dinner. Reading should be "full of doubts and forget all about eating and sleeping" and "as long as you plan to work hard, you can't stop". Reading is like sailing on a water boat. If you don't work hard, you may lose all your efforts. Zhu believes that reading is a laborious chore, only hard work and seriousness.

Sixth, there must be doubts about teaching?

Zhu said: "when you start reading, you have doubts about the unknown, then you gradually have doubts, and then you gradually have doubts."

"Step by step, read carefully and think carefully." He believes that only by reading in this way can you "have a clear meaning and get rid of it without worry"; It will integrate what the book says, what the heart thinks and what the mouth wants to say; Only by reading can you gain something. You "remember that there is nowhere to go."

When talking about his reading experience, Zhu pointed out: "The method of reading should be organized and regular, consistent and persistent; Take your time to read every sentence between your mind and your meaning, realize the reality of practice, then calm down and understand it, and gradually see the meaning. Otherwise, although you are seeking for a wide range of gains, you can learn from it (Answering Teacher Chen with Selected Works). This is to teach people to read step by step, uninterrupted, and concentrate on one; It is good to study after pondering and observing the reasons.

Zhu also stressed that reading "doing things wide but not fine" is a taboo; This is not a good way to study. He said metaphorically, "If you study too much, it's like a person is seriously ill in bed, but many doctors are mixed and all kinds of medicines are handed in." The effective method should be: "just set a simple or regular course and accumulate time day by day according to it" (Answer to Lv Ziyue in Selected Works), and know the order.