First of all, analyze the questions that students generally ask, that is, why can you understand in class and not do it after class? As a science teacher, I have such personal feelings: for example, reading a literary work, the description of the natural scenery and the description of the inner activities of the characters are amazing, and I know it is, but if I have to start writing, I may not be able to write the level of others. There is absolutely no problem listening to others and reading other people's articles, but it is not so easy to write them yourself and become your own things. Another example is what a child would say. If he wants to write it, he must go through repeated writing exercises to get there. Therefore, if you want to understand and do, you must practice more on the basis of understanding, so as to master the laws and mysteries and truly become your own things. This is where you should study physics hard in high school. How to work hard, what specific requirements should be met in the learning process, and what problems should be paid attention to? Let's analyze it in several levels.
Memory: In the study of high school physics, we should memorize the basic concepts, laws and some basic conclusions, which is what we often call the most basic knowledge. Students often ignore the memory of these basic concepts and think that learning physics does not need to memorize these literal things. As a result, few students, even those in cram schools, can accurately state their physical concepts in the review of senior three. I can't absolutely say that the incompleteness of physical concepts has a great influence on your study in a certain exam or a certain stage, but I can definitely say that your understanding of physical problems has an inherent adverse effect on the formation of your knowledge of the whole physical system. You can't tell which question in an exam will lose points because of your inaccurate concept. Therefore, learning Chinese requires memorizing famous sayings and epigrams, learning mathematics requires memorizing basic formulas, and learning physics requires memorizing basic concepts and laws. This is the first condition and the most basic requirement to learn physics well. Without this step, the following study is impossible.
Accumulation: it is the work after memory in the process of learning physics. On the basis of memory, we constantly collect a lot of information about physics knowledge from textbooks and reference materials, some of which come from a topic, some from an illustration of a topic, and some may come from a short reading material. In the process of collecting and sorting out, we should be good at analyzing and classifying different knowledge points, and find out similarities and differences in the process of sorting out, so as to facilitate memory. The process of accumulation is a process of struggle between memory and forgetting. However, it is necessary to make knowledge more comprehensive and systematic through repeated memory, and the relationship between formulas, theorems and laws is closer, so as to achieve the purpose of accumulation. Never repeat your homework like a bear breaking a stick, rote it and think nothing. The result will only be more memories than forgetfulness.
Synthesis: Physical knowledge is divided into chapters and sections, and the contents required by the physical examination outline are also piece by piece. They are both interrelated and different. Therefore, in the process of physics learning, we should constantly carry out small synthesis, and wait until the third grade knowledge is learned before systematically synthesizing. This process requires students' ability, and chapters are interrelated, and different chapters can be compared with each other, so that the knowledge before and after can be truly integrated, so as to gradually find the connection of knowledge from synthesis and find the interest in learning physics knowledge.
Improvement: through the memory and accumulation of previous knowledge and careful synthesis, the ability to solve problems can be improved. The so-called ability improvement, to put it bluntly, is to improve the ability to solve and analyze problems. For a certain topic, we should first look at what the problem is-mechanics, heat, electromagnetism, optics or atomic physics, and then make clear the research object, combine the conditions given in the topic, apply relevant physical concepts and laws, and also use some physical first-and second-level conclusions to get a smooth result. It is conceivable that if the basic concepts of physics are not clear, the given conditions or implied conditions in the questions can not be seen, or the formula used in solving problems is wrong or the primary and secondary conclusions should be used, but the original formula is used, the speed and correct rate of solving problems will be affected, and getting high marks in the exam will become empty talk. Improvement is first of all proficient in solving problems, then flexible in solving problems, and finally innovative in solving problems. This includes multiple solutions of the same problem, and the simplest method can be selected from the multiple solutions; It also includes multiple solutions to one problem and a method to solve multiple similar problems. Really reach the level of dexterity and ease of use.
To sum up, there are roughly six levels in learning physics, that is, understanding first, remembering later, practicing and using, gradually mastering, practice makes perfect and being brave in innovation. In the process of physics learning, according to the cognitive process from simple to complex, and comparing with six learning levels, we gradually find out our own position and level, find out our own shortcomings, and then determine our own improvement direction and efforts.
The study in senior high school is to prepare for university study, which puts forward higher requirements for students' self-study ability. The basic process of physics learning mentioned above-memory, accumulation, synthesis and improvement-is the process of cultivating their self-learning ability. They learned the learning methods, became interested in physics, and mastered the characteristics of the close combination of physics experiment discipline and practice. Through their efforts, they will certainly learn high school physics well.
As the old saying goes: Give people fish, and only have one meal. Give people fish, and you will benefit for life. Learning knowledge requires learning methods. The column of learning methods in Tsinghua Online School is composed of many years' teaching experience and excellent students' learning experience, which aims to help students develop good study habits and get twice the result with half the effort.
For senior one students, when they start to learn high school physics, they feel very different from junior high school physics, as if there is a gap between them. So how can we cross the gap and learn high school physics well? I think we should start with the differences between the knowledge structure characteristics of high school physics and junior high school physics to find new learning methods.
1. The difference between the knowledge structure of physics in senior high school and physics in junior high school;
1, junior high school physics research problems are relatively independent, while senior high school physics has a knowledge system. Did you learn the new high school in the first semester? Chapter 1: force, chapter 2: linear motion, chapter 3: Newton's law of motion, and chapter 4: the balance of objects itself constitutes a dynamic system. The first chapter describes the knowledge of force to prepare for dynamics. The second chapter studies the law of motion of objects from the perspective of kinematics, and finds out the law of the change of motion state of objects-acceleration. Chapter 3 Newton's law of motion further expounds the change of motion state from the mechanical point of view? The reason for the acceleration). The fourth chapter analyzes the law that the motion state of an object does not change the balance of the object.
2. Junior high school physics only introduces some simple knowledge, while senior high school physics pays attention to deeper research. For example, the concepts of speed and average speed are only introduced in junior high school, and the concept of speed is described in senior high school. Speed is a vector, and the change of speed must have acceleration, which can be divided into acceleration and deceleration. Another example is friction. It is difficult to judge its direction in high school. Friction always hinders the relative motion or relative motion trend of objects. Firstly, we should distinguish which plane it is relative to, and secondly, we should use the knowledge of kinematics to judge the relative motion. Or the direction of the relative motion trend, and then we can find the direction of the force. In some problems, we need to use the knowledge of object balance to draw conclusions. For example, there is an object B on the horizontal plane with an object A on it. Now object B is pulled by a horizontal force F, and they just move in a straight line at a uniform speed on the horizontal plane. Find the friction between A and B: Does object A move in a straight line at a uniform speed? Force balance), which is not affected by force in the horizontal direction, so the friction between A and B is zero.
3. Junior high school physics pays attention to qualitative analysis, while senior high school students pay attention to quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis is more difficult and certainly more accurate than qualitative analysis. For example, for friction, junior high school only talks about the method of increasing or decreasing friction, which is easy to understand. High school should analyze and calculate the magnitude of friction, and the magnitude of static friction is generally determined by the state of the object. Senior high school physics also emphasizes: (1) paying attention to the analysis of physical processes: understanding the process of physical events and distinguishing which physical quantities remain unchanged and which physical quantities have changed in this process. In particular, more than two physical processes should be analyzed clearly. It is easy to make mistakes if the changes of process and physical quantity are not clearly analyzed. (2) Pay attention to the use of images: Image method is a new method to analyze problems, and its biggest feature is intuition, which is very helpful for us to deal with problems. But it is easy to be confused. For example, displacement images and velocity images are easily confused, and students often feel headaches. In fact, as long as the physical quantities of the ordinate are clearly distinguished and combined with the changing law of kinematics, it is easier to master. (3) Pay attention to the cultivation of experimental ability and skills: Physics experiments in senior high schools are divided into demonstration experiments and student experiments, which play an important role in learning and consolidating our knowledge. Therefore, students are required to carefully observe the demonstration experiment, do a good job in students' experiments, strengthen the exercise of hands-on ability, and pay attention to the analysis of problems in the experiment process.
2. The reasons for the physical steps between junior high school and senior high school:
After graduating from junior high school, students are promoted to senior one. Generally speaking, physics is difficult to learn and teachers find it difficult to teach. This disjointed phenomenon in physics teaching in junior and senior high schools is called steps. According to the different characteristics of the knowledge structure of high school physics and junior high school physics, after analysis, the main reasons for the steps are as follows:
1, the leap from quality to quantity is the first reason.
Physics teaching in junior high school focuses on qualitative analysis of many physical problems, even if quantitative calculation is carried out, it is generally simple; However, in high school physics teaching, most physics problems are not only qualitative analysis, but also a lot of quite complicated quantitative calculations. Students can't adapt to this leap from quality to quantity.
2. The leap from thinking in images to abstract thinking is the second reason.
Physics teaching in junior high school is basically based on thinking in images, based on vivid natural phenomena and intuitive experiments, so that students can acquire knowledge through thinking in images. Most problems in junior high school physics are tangible. After entering high school, physics teaching has moved from image thinking to abstract thinking. Judging from the current textbooks, this step is relatively high. For example, the direction of static friction, instantaneous speed, force analysis of objects, composition and decomposition of forces in physics textbooks for senior one require students to have strong thinking ability. Judging from the cognitive process of human beings, from thinking in images to abstract thinking is a great leap in cognitive ability.
3. The third reason is the transition from single-factor simple logical thinking to multi-factor complex logical thinking (including judgment, reasoning, hypothesis, induction, analysis and deduction, etc.). ).
Junior high school students generally can't solve problems after entering the first year of high school, or just make a mess of formulas and do problems blindly. One of the important reasons is the lack of complex logical thinking ability. I am not good at judging and reasoning, I can't associate, and I lack the ability of analysis, induction and deduction. At this point, there are also great individual differences among students.
4. The fourth reason is the change from simple arithmetic and algebra methods to the comprehensive application of functions, images, vector operations, extreme values and other mathematical tools to solve physical problems.
Using mathematical tools to solve physical problems is not prominent in junior high school physics teaching, but it has become a vital means to deal with various practical problems in senior high school physics teaching. In particular, the concept and operation of vectors in senior high school physics are very strange and difficult for junior high school students. It takes a process to establish this concept and master its operation. If we consider the fact that there is an obvious gap between the application of individual mathematical tools and the mathematical knowledge actually mastered by students. Then, this step is even more prominent.
5. The inadaptability of learning methods is the fifth reason.
Junior high school students are more accustomed to being taught knowledge by teachers, while high school physics learning requires students to acquire knowledge independently or actively under the guidance of teachers (including independent preview, observation and summary of experiments, systematic reading of textbooks and arrangement of knowledge, etc.). In addition, understanding and memory are becoming more and more important in senior high school physics learning. Many students also need an adaptation process to adapt to this change in learning methods.
3. How to learn physics well in senior high school
Physics is a natural science course that is difficult to learn. You can't learn by rote. If you recite word for word, you can't do a problem. Physics is taught in junior high schools, senior high schools and universities respectively. There are many qualitative things in junior high school, many quantitative things in senior high school and more quantitative things in universities, and we must use advanced mathematics to calculate them. So, how to learn physics well?
In school, we see students who study well, students who study well in all subjects, and students who study poorly in all subjects, which are basically the same. In addition to the innate factors of small probability, there is indeed a problem of learning methods here.
Who doesn't want to be a good student, but if you want to be a really good student, the first thing is to study hard, that is, to dare to endure hardships, cherish time and study tirelessly. Establish confidence, firmly believe that you can learn any course well, firmly believe in the "law of conservation of energy transformation", and firmly believe that you should get a little if you pay a little. Please read the following two quotations about this article: I never believe in any innate or acquired talent, and I can succeed without firm and long-term efforts-Dickens (English writer); The main reason why some people can go far beyond others is not so much genius as his indomitable spirit of concentrating on his studies and not giving up until he reaches his goal. -Dalton (British chemist).
The first item mentioned above should be said to be the problem of learning attitude and thinking method. The second is to understand that there are seven links in learning as a student: preview before class → concentrate in class → review in time → work independently → solve problems → systematically summarize → study after class. In the above seven links, there are many learning methods. According to the characteristics of physics and the problem of "how to learn physics well", some concrete learning methods are put forward:
(1) preview before class. It is to preview the contents of the textbook to be learned the next day the night before class, and to understand the knowledge, difficulties and doubts through reading before class, so as to listen to the class purposefully and improve the learning efficiency. Through pre-class preparation, we can also cultivate self-study ability and self-study habits.
(2) concentrate on class. Listen carefully in class and don't be distracted. Don't be self-righteous, ask the teacher modestly, and don't give up listening just because the teacher speaks simply. If this happens, it can be regarded as review and consolidation. Try to be consistent and synchronized with the teacher, and you can't do it yourself, otherwise it will be self-study. On the other hand, we should also pay attention to learning teachers' ideas and methods of analyzing and solving problems and improve our thinking ability. Class is mainly based on listening, and there are notebooks, and some things should be written down. Knowledge structure, good problem-solving methods, good examples, places you don't understand, etc. Should be recorded. After class, you should organize your notes. On the one hand, you should "digest" and on the other hand, you should supplement your notes. Notebook is not only to remember what the teacher said in class, but also to make some reading notes. Good problems found in homework and good solutions should also be recorded in a notebook, which is what students often call a "good problem book". Hard-won notebooks should be numbered, read them often in the future, and keep them if you can put them down.
(3) Review in time. We should review and consolidate what we have learned in time. After class, you must review the whole process of introduction, analysis, generalization, summary and application of the new knowledge you have just learned, and compare it with similar old knowledge in your brain to see if there is any contradiction. If there is a contradiction, it means that we have not really understood it. At this time, we need to rethink and study again. On the basis of knowing what you have learned, finish your homework in time. Students who have the ability can do some extracurricular exercises in moderation to test the accuracy of mastering knowledge and consolidate what they have learned.
(4) Do the problem independently. We should complete some problems independently with good quality and quantity (meaning not relying on others). There must be a certain number of topics, not too few, but also a certain quality, that is to say, there must be some difficulty. Anyone who studies mathematics and physics can't learn this level well. Solving problems independently may sometimes be slower, sometimes detours, sometimes even impossible, but these are normal and the only way for any beginner to succeed. In addition, there are five requirements for completing homework: ① neat handwriting; (2) Drawing specifications; ③ Express clearly; ④ Strict reasoning; ⑤ Accurate calculation. After the homework is corrected and distributed, the mistakes should be carefully corrected and bound into a book for future review.
(5) solve the problem. If you have any problems or mistakes, you should write them down in a special notebook, and then solve them by reflection or consulting teachers and classmates. The special book is named "Record Book of Difficult Problems", and it needs to be changed after recording, and each book should be kept by number.
(6) system summary. After each lesson, we should connect the knowledge points scattered in each chapter into a line, pave a surface and form a network, so that the knowledge we have learned can be systematic, regular and structured, so that we can use it freely and think actively. We should attach importance to the knowledge structure, master it systematically, and systematize scattered knowledge. From the whole knowledge structure of physics to the knowledge structure of mechanics, even to chapters, such as the knowledge structure of statics and so on.
(7) Extracurricular study. Read a proper amount of extra-curricular books to enrich your knowledge and broaden your horizons. Practice shows that students with excellent physics scores have read appropriate extracurricular books. This is because different books and different authors will explain the problem in different ways from different angles. Readers can deepen their understanding of physical concepts and laws from all aspects and learn many ingenious and simple ideas and methods to solve problems. If you know more, your mind will surely live.
In short, there are roughly six levels in learning physics, namely, understanding first, remembering later, practicing, gradually mastering, practice makes perfect, and being brave in innovation, so as to finally reach the highest level of learning physics.