1. The principle of intuitiveness

The principle of intuitiveness occupies an important position in Ushenji’s teaching theory. He demonstrated the necessity of intuitive teaching based on children's psychological characteristics. He said: "Generally speaking, children rely on shapes, colors, sounds and feelings to think."

In order to realize the principle of intuitive teaching well, he advocated the use of actual things in nature and the use of models, drawings, pictures and other intuitive teaching aids that reflect objects and phenomena. He believes that visual teaching aids can not only arouse students' interest, but also arouse students' active thinking activities.

However, the application of these physical objects and teaching aids must be determined according to the characteristics of the subject and the age of the students. Generally speaking, the younger the students, the more extensive the use of intuitiveness. But at the same time, he reminded teachers not to be overly obsessed with intuitiveness and must pay attention to transitioning teaching from concrete to abstract and cultivating students' abstract thinking abilities.

2. The principle of consolidation

Ushinsky emphasized that in order to master knowledge in depth, we must pay attention to the principle of consolidation. He attaches great importance to the role of review and practice in consolidating knowledge. He believes that conscious enthusiasm is the basis of review. The main task of review is not to reproduce in memory what has been forgotten, but to prevent forgetting. Ushinsky divided review into two types: negative and positive.

Passive review is to re-perceive what has been perceived, to see what has been seen, to listen to what has been heard, so as to deepen the traces of feeling. Active review means to independently reproduce the traces of various representations that have been perceived before. For example, when reviewing homework, close the books and try to read them from memory.

Ushinsky pays more attention to active review and is convinced that active review is more effective than passive review because it can focus attention better.

3. Principle of coherence

Ushinsky believes that in order to achieve good results in teaching, attention should also be paid to the coherence and systematization of knowledge. To realize the principle of coherence in teaching, we must first teach basic scientific knowledge according to the subject system. He correctly pointed out that teaching that is obsessed with various facts without any system and generalization, or that is obsessed with system and generalization without sufficient factual basis, is one-sided.

At the beginning of teaching, you can talk about some incoherent things in nature, then compare them, and finally try your best to synthesize a system from these details.