Famous sayings and quips
The result of the great escape is as good as that of the victorious March.
Brief introduction to life
1September 745 16, Kutuzov was born in a military family in Petersburg. His father Hilario Matovich, a military engineer, retired as a lieutenant general. 1757, kutuzov entered the artillery engineering school. He is diligent and studious. Kutuzov loved history and literature, mastered French, German and Latin, and later studied Polish, English and Turkish.
1759, kutuzov completed his studies and was awarded the rank of artillery sergeant. 176 1 was promoted to second lieutenant, and he began a long military career. From 1764 to 18 13, kutuzov almost participated in several major battles in Russian history, and showed superb military art and command ability on the war stage.
1768, Catherine II launched a war against Turkey. During this period, Kutuzov served as a staff officer in the army commanded by Rumiyantsev and suvorov. He participated in the decisive battles of potholes, Larga River and Kagur River, showing courage, fortitude and initiative. Be promoted to major for meritorious service. When he was the Minister of Military Operations, he was the commander's right-hand man. 177 1 year, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel for his meritorious service in the papacy. 1772 transferred to the second regiment of Crimea. 1774 In July, in the battle near Mashu village (now Kutuzovska) north of Arouche Tower, Kutuzov, then the battalion commander, personally held high the Union flag and led the soldiers to the front and fought bravely. In the battle, the bullet hit his head, entered from his left temple and went out from his right eye, causing Kutuzov to lose his right eye.
1774, Russia and Turkey signed an armistice treaty, and Russia obtained a large area of land and huge compensation, but this was far from satisfying the czar's desire for hegemony. 1787, war broke out again between Russia and Turkey. Kutuzov was ordered to defend the southwestern border of Russia along the Buge River. /kloc-in the summer of 0/788, he led the hunting cavalry to participate in the battle of Ochakov and was injured again. After that, he commanded different regiments to fight in Archeman, Gaoshan and Bentley. 1790 12 commanded the sixth column to storm and occupy the fortress of Izmir. Because of its outstanding military exploits, it was promoted to lieutenant general and served as commander of the fortress. After repeatedly repelling the Turkish army that tried to seize Izmir, Kutuzov launched a raid on June 179 1, and defeated 20,000-30,000 Turkish troops near Babadag. In the Battle of Merchin (179 1), Kutuzov skillfully used flexible tactics and dealt a devastating blow to the Turkish army.
At the same time, Kutuzov is also a talented diplomat and politician. 1792 was sent to Turkey as ambassador extraordinary, which solved a series of important problems in favor of Russia and greatly improved the relations between the two countries. From 65438 to 0794, he served as the president of the aristocratic military school of the Army, striving to improve the training of officers: adding courses such as tactics and military history, and attaching importance to cultivating the military responsibility, dauntless spirit and initiative of future officers. From 1795, he served as commander and inspector of the troops stationed in Finland, and was promoted to infantry general from 1798. He also successfully completed his diplomatic mission in Prussia. After only two months in Berlin, Prussia was won over to Russia and opposed to France.
1804 Russia joined the alliance against Napoleon I's aggression. 1805, the Russian government sent two armies to Austria, and Kutuzov was the commander-in-chief of one of them. 1805 In August, 50,000 Russian troops under his command marched into Austria, but the Austrian army was defeated by Napoleon in Ulm before it could join forces with the Russian army. As a result, Kutuzov's army faced the enemy alone with great advantage. In order to save the army, Kutuzov made a famous mobile retreat March from Braunau to Olmi in June 1805, defeated Miao La in AmStetten and Mortier in Di Enshtein, which made the Russian army out of the danger of encirclement. This March, as an excellent example of strategic maneuver, has been recorded in the history of Russian military art. Kutuzov originally planned to withdraw his troops from Olmi (now Oulu Jordan Mutch) to the Russian border, so as to turn into a strategic counterattack after Russian reinforcements and Austrian troops from northern Italy arrived. However, despite Kutuzov's advice, the Allies, at the urging of Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Francis I, began to attack before they assembled. 12 On February 2nd, the famous battle of Austerlitz began. Although the Russian army fought bravely, Kutuzov tried to turn the situation around in the battle, but eventually failed. Kutuzov, as the commander, actually lost the battle command, but Alexander I still blamed him for this failure and dismissed his military leadership.
1September, 806, Kutuzov served as the Kiev overseer. 1March 808 was sent to Moldavia as a military commander. In June 1809, he was transferred to the Lithuanian overseer because of disagreement with the commander-in-chief Marshal Prozorovski on the issue of continuing to fight.
18 1 1 year, the war against Turkey was in a desperate situation, and the international situation required effective action. Alexander I appointed Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of Moldavia's army. Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest 18 1 1 in early April. In the Battle of Lashchuk (15000 Russian troops versus 60000 Turkish troops), the enemy was defeated, thus laying the foundation for the complete defeat of the Turkish army. Subsequently, Kutuzov deliberately withdrew the Russian army to the left bank of the Danube, forcing the enemy to leave the base, dividing the troops into two ways, and then cleverly maneuvering, turning from defense to attack, and finally defeating 40,000 Turkish troops in Slobodan, thus forcing Turkey to sign the Bucharest Peace Treaty in favor of Russia. Although the Russian army achieved brilliant results in the war against Turkey, Alexander I once again revoked his leadership position in the army because of his bad feelings towards Kutuzov.
18 12 in June, the Russian-French war broke out. In the case of Russian defeat, Alexander I had to reuse Kutuzov as commander-in-chief. Facing the superior French army, Kutuzov made a strategic retreat and field fortification, and chose a strategic retreat after battle of borodino until he abandoned Moscow. With the support of the people, the Russian army carried out guerrilla activities and established reserves. When the Russian army formed a military advantage over the French army, Kutuzov promptly commanded the Russian army to turn into a strategic counterattack, attacking the French army from three directions: north, east and south, and finally annihilated the enemy in the borisov area on the banks of the Na River in Berezin, winning the strategic counterattack.
1865438+On April 28th, 2003, Kutuzov died in a small town in Germany. After antiseptic treatment with spices, his body was transported back to Petersburg and buried in Kazan Cathedral.
Classic campaign
The war between Russia and Turkey started at 1806 and ended at181.Due to the agreement between Napoleon and Turkey, France and Turkey jointly attacked Russia. In June, Alexander I had to use Kutuzov again to deal with this serious situation. Kutuzov created a unique strategy and tactics. He concentrated his troops in Lashchuk, on the south bank of the Danube, and destroyed the forts on the two wings in order to carry out a mobile attack on the Turkish army. He managed to lure the Turkish army out of the fortress and annihilate it on the way. Egged on by Napoleon, 50,000 Turkish troops crossed the north bank of Hebei, leaving only 20,000 people in the south camp. Kutuzov immediately sent 7000 elite soldiers to the south bank and the rear of the Turkish army to carry out a surprise attack. The Turkish army was attacked between Scylla and Charybdis. Finally, we had to sign the Bucharest Treaty in favor of Russia in May 18 16.
On the night of June 24, 2002, Napoleon personally led the army to launch a large-scale attack on Russia. The French army quickly marched into the hinterland of Russia and soon occupied many important places in Russia. Because the enemy occupied a huge advantage and the Russian army had no reserve force, Kutuzov had to withdraw his troops to Russia.
In order to defeat Russia in one fell swoop, Napoleon was eager to fight a decisive battle with the main Russian army. Kutuzov knew that the Russian army was not as good as the French army and tried to avoid fighting with the French army. He made a strategic plan for this: trying to stop the French army from approaching Moscow and taking the initiative to make a strategic retreat in order to get rid of the enemy. While fighting, Kutuzov commanded the troops to retreat, clear the field, consume and delay the French army, buy time and wait for an opportunity to turn into a strategic counterattack.
Because Napoleon should not only divide a large number of troops as the city defense force in the occupied area, but also protect the 600-kilometer traffic line and cover the flank. The French army that arrived in Smolensk actually lost its overwhelming numerical advantage. Kutuzov chose Borodino as the place to attack the French army, hoping to boost the morale and fighting spirit of the Russian army through a victory and quell public opinion's dissatisfaction and condemnation of the strategic retreat.
The fighting began on the morning of September 7. After more than 10 hours of bloody fighting, the French army captured several Russian multi-faceted castles and artillery bases. In this battle, 40,000-50,000 people were lost on both sides, and 10 generals were killed. Napoleon failed to defeat the Russian army, and Kutuzov failed to expand the results. The French army was severely weakened and the Russian army had no new reserves. As Napoleon did not send his own guards at the critical moment, Kutuzov retreated safely from the battlefield.
On September 13, the French army approached Moscow. On the same day, Kutuzov held a military meeting in Ferry village. His proposal to give up Moscow was opposed by many people. With Kutuzov's patient persuasion, the Russian army retreated to the vicinity of the Nara River south of Moscow.
After giving up Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the flank Tarutino maneuver, which made the army avoid the French assault and concentrated in Tarudino village, cutting off Napoleon's access to southern Russia, creating favorable conditions for organizing and preparing for the counterattack. When the Russian army was strengthened by the reserve army and volunteers, it took active actions to carry out guerrilla activities in all enemy-occupied areas. Napoleon's army was constantly weakened by small-scale battles between Russian troops and guerrillas, exhausted, lacking food and winter clothes, and its morale was greatly affected. 10/0/0 18, Kutuzov defeated the troops of French Marshal Miao La in Rutino. After Napoleon failed to conclude a peace treaty with Russia, he began to retreat from Moscow in June+10/October 65438+September. He had planned to send troops south to Kaluga, where there were grain reserves, but he met the Russian army in Maroa Roslavitz, and the two sides fought fiercely. Maroa Roslavitz changed hands eight times, forcing Napoleon to retreat from Smolensk Avenue, which had been completely destroyed by the French army. Kutuzov seized the favorable fighter plane to organize the Russian army to turn into a counterattack, so that Napoleon's army was constantly hit by the regular army and guerrillas. On February 5, 65438, Napoleon retreated to Vilnius. At this time, he learned that Marais had defected in Paris, so he gave the army to Miao La for command, got on the sleigh himself, and hurried back to Paris. The French army was in flight, and the remnants were defeated on the Berezina River and fled to the border. The Russian army won a strategic counterattack.
18 12 The victory of the Great Patriotic War was not only an important event in Russian history, but also of great significance for overthrowing Napoleon's rule in France and Europe. 65438+February 65438+February, Kutuzov was made Duke of Smolensk, and won the highest military medal-the first-class George Medal for his excellent command of the Russian army.
Character annotation
Kutuzov has been in the army for more than 50 years and has profound military knowledge. He was one of the most learned figures in the west at that time, and he was proficient in French, German, English, Polish and Turkish. Kutuzov raised Russian military art to a new and higher stage of development. His strategic characteristics are: resolute action, striving to destroy the enemy, diverse combat forms, wide and bold mobility, considering the possibility of actual victory, being good at preparing all the conditions needed to destroy the enemy in time, and going all out to achieve the main goal. In the 18 12 Great Patriotic War, Kutuzov planned and smashed the invincible myth of Napoleon's army in one fell swoop, becoming an excellent example of strategic defense theory.
However, the official historical documents of the Russian aristocratic bourgeoisie in the19th century not only failed to give sufficient evaluation to Kutuzov's achievements, but also tried to belittle him, saying that Kutuzov was only a genius executor of Alexander I's "genius" plan. During the Soviet period, Kutuzov's military talents were recognized. Soviet military science correctly evaluated his progressive views on the nature of war at that time, which have been reflected in Russian military orders and fatwa so far. There were no first, second (1July 29th, 942) and third (1February 8th, 943) Kutuzov medals during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union in the 1940s. 1973, in order to commemorate the Russian army's victory over Napoleon's invading army, the Kutuzov Monument was built in Moscow.