Garden is a three-dimensional space comprehensive art, and it is a space art entity that combines trees, mountains, rivers, architectural structures and multiple functions by artificial means. Or it is a typical artificial landscape realm that uses the environment to express nature. According to this definition, the author thinks that the structure of the garden is mainly composed of three elements: trees, landscape and architecture. Moreover, the organic combination of the three forms a complete and indispensable realm of space art. For example, only trees, without artificial landscapes and buildings, are tantamount to botanical gardens and forest farms; Only buildings, no trees and landscapes, are no different from ordinary factories, schools, hospitals and houses. Only by combining these three elements skillfully can the garden become a comprehensive artistic entity.
1. Gardens, as the name implies, must first have "forests", not only forests, but also flower beds, flower beds, lawns and grasslands. In a word, the layout of green space including trees and flowers is one of the important tasks of landscape planning and design. The principle of greening design is to organize the artistic conception of the landscape through the ornamental characteristics of individual plants. For example, a single plant, rows of trees, hedges, bushes, trees, flower beds, flower beds, lawns, meadows, etc. We should first lay out those with independent ornamental significance, then consider the environmental change characteristics and artistic conception requirements of scenic spots, and organically combine them to form green spaces with different painting significance. Tao Jin Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden says: "There are no miscellaneous trees in the forest, and the grass is delicious." In other words, it is self-evident that peach blossoms are planted in the distance and flowers are lined in the shade. It can be seen that he is far-sighted in planting flowers and trees in scenic spots. Ancient gardens in China paid great attention to the characteristics and planting parts of flowers and trees. For example, there are many white pines in Suzhou, many pine plums in Yiyuan, and many bamboos in Canglang Pavilion, each with its own style. Another example is Fengyang in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and Cooper in Netscape Garden, both of which are winners of a garden and will affect the overall situation. If these picturesque old trees are gone, the scenery of a garden will be reduced. The West Lake is full of secluded paths and surrounded by several peaks, so it is accompanied by osmanthus flowers and lingering fragrance, while spring water flows, mountains and rains are coming, and the flowers are rich. Autumn is suitable for enjoying the moon, and tourists linger. It shows that Gui Xiang has created an excellent induction atmosphere. However, in recent years, this problem has not been paid attention to, and the confusion of plant varieties and the weakening of the individuality of each garden seem to be a warning. Guo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, put it well: "Mountains take water as blood, grass as hair and clouds as spirit." Grass is still like this, let alone trees! Secondly, when planting trees in the garden, we should also consider choosing hidden parts. If you plant trees in a small garden, you should enclose the fragrant ones; Bananas are planted in the corner because they are afraid of the wind and broken leaves; Peony fragrant flowers, sunny and thriving, must be planted in the south of the main hall. Small garden trees should shed more leaves, so that they can be sparsely planted and empty; Large garden trees should be properly supplemented with evergreen trees, so there are things in the open space. This is the way to ease the congestion with sparse trees and supplement the open space with dense trees. Another example is willow, which is a common tree species for decorating gardens. There are often masterpieces of Wanliu Garden in ancient poetry, but Jiangnan Garden is rare, because the willow is close to the water. Planting should be three or five lines, with dense branches and leaves, such as curtains, and less leakage. Generally, small gardens are not comparable. The gardens in the north have a large area, with high willows invading the clouds, long strips of water and full of tenderness. Spare no effort to charm and make the garden colorful.
2. Landscape is an indispensable element in the garden structure.
The garden is characterized by mountains and rivers, so it is particularly important to dig pools to divert water. China's ancient gardeners know this truth best. They regard water as the eye of the land and pay attention to saving water on the land with abundant land. Water-rich areas are good at hydrophobic. You not only know how to divert water for landscape construction, but also make good use of water to improve the environment and climate. Jiangcun, lotus pond ridge marsh, crab-shaped fishing village and aquatic products will not reduce fertile fields, which will not only increase income, but also point out the scenery. Wang Yuyang's poem says: "Jianggan is a fishing village, and Tang Ling in Liu Mo is sparse;" Fortunately, after sunset and calm, the semi-river mangrove forest sells bass. "Charm is natural and the most pleasant. Zhong Bojing also said in Meihuazhuang: "It is important to have Wu Sanhe, and it will be smooth when you get to R&F (straight corner). A few steps outside the villa, you can't see the water, but the water is inside the house. Don't cover it as a dark sinus, pump water into the garden, open the door slowly, and go through Qijuzhai ... What you see in the pavilion is not water. But the pavilion spans, the corridors walk, the bridges stand, the stone stands and the Yang Xiuzhu hangs in the shade with water. "Visible water in the importance of landscape architecture.
The rocks in the garden often blend with water to form a wonderful realm. The so-called "the mountains are expensive and have veins, the water is expensive and active, the veins are connected, and the garden is vivid", which is the truth. Guo, an ancient scholar in China, said: "Water is stone-faced" and "Water to the mountains is charming". Chen Congzhou, a contemporary landscape connoisseur, also said that "water turns with mountains", "mountains live because of water" and "streams are broken because of mountains, and mountain paths (roads) are flat everywhere". These words of wisdom are all used to explain the relationship between mountains and rivers. The overlapping of landscape management in gardens is the realm of "man-made, but groundbreaking". Especially in small and medium-sized cities, there are landscape gardens. As far as possible, all mountains are gardens. Without water, there is no scenery, and the city is a wonderful structure.
Building rockeries and piled stones is an art. There are many poems chanting rockery in Tang poetry, which shows that rockery has an indissoluble bond with gardens. Later, many names of rockeries appeared in the past dynasties, and many experiences of cutting stones were summarized. For example, the "ten basic forms" (also known as the cross formula) of rock combination popular among northern workers: safety, connection, connection, fighting, collapse, spelling, suspension, sword, card and weight. The "seven-character formula" circulating in Jiangnan area: folding, vertical, spelling, pressing, hook, hanging and palm. They also vividly pointed out: "The wonder of garden rockery lies in its vividness, its beauty, its natural interest and its ingenuity, its artificiality." "rockery sees high and low, straight for twists and turns, focus on the overall situation, and start small." Because of the different stones used in rockery, there are also different requirements for stacking stones. If there are few changes in Huangshan Mountain, you should be affectionate and turn more when stacking stones, and you will see ethereal in thickness; The lakes and mountains are too trivial, so when they are stacked, they will be colorful, less artificial and ethereal. In the Ming dynasty, the layout of rockeries, including ramps, platforms, main peaks, caves and valleys, was most intriguing because of its changeable opening and closing. There must be a point in the mountain, and there must be a valley. The big rockery in Shanghai Yuyuan Garden is a good example. People who combine will have abrupt main peaks and distinct levels, while the veins outside the mountain and the scattered points of stones will be opened. During Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, rockery tried to win by cleverness, but it was exquisite. In fact, the cleverness of rockery does not come from clumsiness. Therefore, the beauty of Huangshi lies in its clumsiness, which is a natural truth.
3. Garden architecture is the most important part of the garden structure. In ancient China, most gardens were opened by buildings. Especially in private gardens, a greenhouse must be built first, and then trees and stones must be arranged. Shen Jiyuan said: "Those who set up a garden are like a hall; According to the winner of a garden, Mo Rushan. " Garden construction is mainly based on architecture, supplemented by trees and stones, and it is also an appendage of architecture.
Landscape architecture should have the following characteristics:
The beauty lies in the scenery: the layout of garden buildings is not as symmetrical as that of palaces, temples and ordinary houses, but adapts to local conditions, makes full use of the environment and takes the best sight and scenic spots as the principle. The biggest function of the garden is to watch. To realize appreciation, it is necessary to create a landscape, and a landscape designer is a concrete person. Therefore, the construction of gardens focuses on word-making, deep thinking, wonderful taste and understanding. Du Fu's Ten Poems of Traveling with General Mountain and Five Poems of Transcending He Yuan describe the idea of gardening that there is a landscape in the garden, there are people in the landscape, people are integrated with the landscape, and the landscape is based on people's wishes. He wrote: "The famous garden is surrounded by green water, the wild bamboo is blue", "the green wind breaks the bamboo shoots, and the red rain makes plum blossoms", which is also the scenery in the garden. "Move without sweeping, sit on raspberry moss at will" and "pen in stone fence, poem in leaves" are also people in the scene. Only when people have this realm can they appreciate the spirit of gardening.
The way of gardening lies in "enlightenment". Enlightenment is to understand the artistic conception of gardening and the reality of architecture. Artistic conception varies from scene to scene. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: Different objects have different ways of expression, so poetry has a poetic realm, words have a poetic realm, and songs have a musical realm. "My road twists and turns, through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers, to a Buddhist retreat" is also poetic. "after the dream, the balcony is locked high, and the curtain falls when the wine wakes up." The scenery is also beautiful. The same is true of the artistic conception of garden architecture, whose poetic meaning is reflected in practical things, which is the artistic conception of garden. If landscape architects can "understand" the realm of ancient people chanting scenery, "the realm of scenery is small, but the realm of scenery is big", "pavilions and terraces are surrounded by water, although there are not many houses" and "several terraces are endless and a flowing water is intertwined", the artistic conception will naturally arise. Many ancient garden buildings are false and true. The Grand View Garden of Dream of Red Mansions is true, but it is also false. There are things witnessed by the author and things made up by the author. So if the rockery is really wonderful, the real mountain is like a fake. Real people are like statues, and statues are like real people. This is what makes people confused. So much for gardening. The so-called reality is seeking emptiness, emptiness is getting reality, light but not thin, thick but not stagnant. If there is a neutral peak in the garden, there is also truth in the fake, so we can understand things with emotion in the appreciation of product titles, and then realize personalization.
It is not difficult to understand and apply the practice of architectural landscape under the guidance of the above ideas of landscape and people, emptiness and reality, and understanding things.
② Emphasis on twists and turns: The spatial treatment of garden buildings is different from the general closed square layout, which avoids symmetry and requires twists and turns. Such as winding paths, winding bridges and cloisters. Be straight in design, flexible in application and free in winding. There are scenery on both sides of the park, so visitors can look for scenery everywhere, and the distance will be extended and the interest will be deepened during walking. It can be seen that the curve is straight and the focus is tortuous. According to this principle, the road in the garden should also be curved, not straight. There are more paths than avenues, the scenery is quiet, and the guests are scattered. In this way, there are scenery to find, springs to smell, stones to stay, and thoughts to sing. The so-called "dare not enter the mountains, dare not enter the forest." You have to climb a mountain to look around, so in ancient times, you used to climb the road.
There are various garden buildings, which can also give visitors a sense of small garden and a short view of big garden. The ancient gardens in China are mostly closed, with limited area, creating infinite space, and its essence is to adopt the "ethereal" technique. The beauty of potted plants lies in seeing the big from the small, and it is a clever consideration to "plant small trees to live in pots and shrink the peaks into green". The water is not deep, but it is tortuous. The way to make tourists feel the scenery is to change the twists and turns of banks and dikes, resulting in the artistic conception of "water bends because of banks and water divides because of dikes" There are many twists and turns in gardens in southern Jiangsu, and the surroundings are soft and beautiful. Ningshao Garden, in many other ways, has a flat landscape. Therefore, water is invisible and is formed by the shore, whether it is straight or tortuous. Shuikou dike is an important means to form water surface. As for Shui Rou, the water is just, and the water stops flowing, which is also influenced by dikes.
The size of the garden is relative, not absolute. Garden space is deep, flat and shallow. The more separated, the greater the feeling and the more changes. Create infinite space with limited area. Therefore, in design, large gardens are often used to build small gardens, and large lakes are used to build small lakes. There are many such cases, such as Jingxinzhai in Beijing Beihai Park, Haopujian and Huafangzhai, Humorous Garden in the Summer Palace, Loquat Garden in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and Wu Haitang. If you get started, you will feel like a big garden, and the interior is empty and boring, which is daunting. Even if you enter the park, you don't have to travel all over the park. If the scenery is distinctive, the Committee is changeable and there is not enough sightseeing, come again next time. Whether it is a scenic spot or a garden, you don't have to travel all over at once.
In addition to dividing the space with buildings such as walls and corridors, rocks and trees should be interspersed to make the space flexible but not rigid. Opening a leaky window on a flower wall or wall is not only beautiful in appearance, but also allows space to penetrate each other. By comparing the size of the divided space, people feel endless scenery. This is one of the characteristics of landscape architecture technology in China.
(3) Nature is precious: the beauty of gardens is natural and precious, and natural people are true. Architecture plays a "finishing touch" role, which can be described as icing on the cake, but flowers cannot be submerged. Based on this requirement, we should strive to create a realm of "although it is man-made, it is natural" in the garden. In ancient China, many mountain climbers always advocated that gardens should be close to nature and coordinated with the natural environment. For example, Pinggang Xiaopo and Fu Ling Beiban advocated by Zhang Nanheng in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. If today's landscape architects can understand this truth, they will not let the landscape architecture be too far away from nature, and they will present a wonderful realm of water and stone blending. For example, as a rest hotel, it is advisable to have a quiet surrounding environment, so that you can wander around and enjoy the scenery. Therefore, the indoor and outdoor spaces echo each other, and the cycle is repeated. The breakfast is bright, and the sunset is late. See the big in the middle and the small in the small. On the contrary, high-rise towns and mountains are crowded with traffic, horns are harsh, birds are screaming, overlooking the lower bound, beans and soybeans are small, and the field of vision is not enough. The buildings in this city deprive the mountains and forests of their wildness, which will only ruin the scenery and disappoint tourists. Therefore, some landscape experts have repeatedly advocated that the buildings in scenic spots (including gardens) should be hidden but not exposed, scattered but not gathered, low but not high, and the foothills (foothills) should not be topped (hilltops) and should be diverse. It is necessary to decorate as needed, use skillfully, retain the style of folk houses, and seek the taste of simplicity, such as small courtyards, white wall flowers and "urban forests". In this way, the buildings in the park can be opposite, and the beautiful scenery outside the park can also be borrowed into the park. The building itself can be combined with the terrain and is not suitable for crossing mountains and rivers. Some buildings can also be combined with caves to become natural and artificial buildings. In Dream of Taoan in the late Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dai recalled the cloud of Changbai Garden (that is, Gaoyi Garden in Tianping Mountain, Suzhou): "There are long dikes outside the garden, and Tamia Liu bends the bridge to the west of the lake, and the bridge reaches the garden: the garden gate pretends to be low and small, and the porch is surrounded by walls, reaching the foothills. Its construction is slow and secret, so it is hidden in people."
At present, some scenic spots and gardens in China have moved into many buildings that are not in harmony with the natural environment. For example, in Yanziji, Nanjing, in addition to the side facing the water, there are still dark clouds rolling and attacking the Yangtze River. Someone sat on a rock and made a doggerel: "Swallow, Swallow, why don't you fly high, stay in Sri Lanka for a long time and wait for death." In short, historical sites should be based on ancient customs, gardens should be based on seclusion beauty, and natural attractions should be based on natural interests. It is forbidden to move into uncoordinated buildings. Otherwise, the natural beauty, great rivers and mountains and splendid culture of the motherland will be greatly damaged.
In order to avoid the disadvantages of being far away from nature, the layout of garden buildings first requires the harmony between monomer and environmental artistic conception, or artificially transplanting some exotic atmosphere, which can be achieved through so-called model mountains and water. For example, the architecture in chengde mountain resort Lake area mainly imitates the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River and adopts Suzhou-style architecture. The paintings are mainly light colors, and heavy colors are absolutely forbidden. They blend in with the lake light and have an emotional appeal beyond the Great Wall. The plains and mountains mainly imitate the northern scenery, and the strange peaks and rocks outside the park constitute the northern scenery. Because of imitating the scenic spots all over the country and considering the local environmental characteristics, there are villas in the north and south.
(4) Borrowing scenery: the elements of urban gardens express the expected realm, and the way is to adjust measures to local conditions, highlight key points and seek borrowing scenery. Tao Jin's eternal swan song in Yuan and Ming Dynasties: "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan" implies a kind of "borrowing scenery". The Yuanmingyuan in Beijing is also "starting from water and borrowing scenery from the West Mountain". The scenery in the park is built according to the water, and Xishan is invited to enter the park, eventually becoming the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Wuxi Jichang Garden is a foothill garden, all the scenery faces the mountain, and the mountain scenery outside the park is in the park. It can be seen that many gardens have gardens outside the garden and scenery outside the scene. The key to the problem is "borrowing". Mr. Chen Congzhou put forward: "Borrowing has the beauty outside the garden, and" Time "has the scenery outside the garden. Flower shadow, tree shadow, cloud shadow, Shui Ying, wind, water, birds, flowers, invisible scenery, tangible scenery, symphony music. " Nowadays, urban gardening has become a fixed trend, but the key to achieving its beauty lies in "borrowing scenery" and inviting the mountains outside the city and the pagodas of distant temples into the park.
⑤ Strange scenery: Gardens should borrow scenery and leave it. Especially urban gardens. Often, one end has to "borrow" and the other end has to "leave". The borrower invites beautiful scenery in the garden; The ugly thing outside the garden is Pinggu. Relatively speaking, the combination of books and volumes brings out the best in each other, and it is difficult to attract its elegance, cover its ugliness and show its beauty without distinguishing its vulgarity. In landscaping, there are often people who can see one side and people who can see both sides. What they care about is the right choice. For example, in Beijing Beihai Park, the back wall is close to Di 'anmen West Street. If the verandahs are not separated, the noise of the city will be vivid, thus destroying the atmosphere of ancient gardens. Nowadays, when tourists enter the park, their sight is completely blocked by the side porch pavilion. Although they live in city streets, they don't feel abandoned in fairyland. Shanghai Yuyuan Garden is also an example: the Cuixiu Hall in this garden is the ultimate building, and the street is behind it. However, it faces a big rockery, hidden at the northern foot, and people stay inside. I didn't know I was in the middle of the city, just across a wall, like a fairy. It can be seen that separation is wonderful! There is a prelude to China Jiangnan Garden. Although Canglang Pavilion belongs to a semi-closed garden, the scenery in the garden can be called from the water and slowly and orderly entered the garden, which is considered a success.
⑥ Particularity: Although the garden is composed of trees, landscapes and buildings, it is * * *; But every garden has its own characteristics, which is personality. For example, among the four famous gardens in Suzhou, Master Wang Garden is mainly static, Humble Administrator Garden is mainly dynamic, Canglang Pavilion is mainly ancient, and the gardens are magnificent. They have their own characteristics to attract tourists. Another example is the northern gardens, in which the roof is not used, but the rolling roof is used (such as hanging the mountain with the rolling roof and resting the mountain with the rolling roof) in order to be light and curved. The wing angle of the roof of Nanyuan building is soft and upturned, highlighting the roof curve. However, in order to express the realm of pavilions and pavilions in the fairy mountain, the ancient royal gardens concentrated the skills of skilled craftsmen at that time and created a variety of garden buildings, such as the Yellow Crane Tower, Wang Tengting, the Corner Tower of the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Buddha Pavilion in the Summer Palace and the Pictorial World Tour. These buildings can still reflect the exquisite ancient architectural forms. These buildings pay more attention to the shape and outline than ordinary buildings, showing the essence of ancient garden buildings in China, and their attraction is condensed in the architectural features and styles. There are also some gardens, such as Suzhou Wangshiyuan, with a pavilion called "The Moon Comes with the Wind". It is facing the pool, with white walls and screens, and is taking the essence of the scenery, reflecting the objective artistic conception that the scenery will come at once and belong to me. Therefore, the exhibition hall has become a unique attraction building in Netscape Garden. Another example is the West Lake, which is one of the landmark buildings of the West Lake. Because there is no pool, the scenery does not exist. People often say: make the finishing point, break the wall, and so on. Sometimes a scene "looks at the benefits without saying a word" must be inscribed and resigned. Many pavilions and pavilions in our country have appropriate inscriptions, which play a "finishing touch" role.
⑦ First place in the air: towering mountains and rivers, famous historical sites and gardens, first place in the air. The so-called air refers to the overall situation, collectivity or style of garden buildings. It is genes that determine the local single building in the garden. Any landscape architect, if he doesn't look at the overall situation, style and style first, and blindly pursues trivial problems, will inevitably be limited to the situation of giving up the basics and seeking the end. The reason why "Wuyue" is a famous mountain in the world lies in its "qi". Planning scenic spots or gardens today, if you don't understand the "spirit", will be vulgar and low-level and pollute the mountains and rivers. Another example is Suzhou garden architecture, whose style lies in softness, which is called "glutinous" in Wu dialect; Yangzhou garden architecture is elegant and healthy. After the style is determined, we can talk about local monomer, suitable pavilions, suitable pavilions, which schools are surrounded by mountains and which styles are painted by water. In a word, these single buildings must follow the characteristics of style.
⑧ On the level: The mountain is not high, but it is on the level. The peaks are better than the deep show. Gardens, like mountain scenery, should be profound and beautiful, with rich levels. When laying out, you should hide, filter, open, separate and divide. "I often lean against the curved aperture to see the water, for fear of covering the mountain." Look at its fragments, incomplete shapes, pictures outside the picture, thousands of miles away, and endless aftertaste. For example, the pavilion in the garden is slightly lower than the top of the mountain, and the planting of trees can't cut the peak, the mountain is exposed but not the top, the top is exposed but not the foot, the tree can't see the root when it sees the tip, and the root can't see the root when it sees the tip. They are all measures to increase the artistic characteristics of gardening at the garden level, which is in line with the gardening mechanism of "a distant mountain has no feet, a distant tree has no roots, and a distant boat has no body". Some gardens, such as Meiyuan in Wuxi and Hongmeige Garden in Changzhou, contain many Merlion, so it is best to "sketch" them with cloisters, so that you can make maps everywhere in the garden, and get twice the result with half the effort. In a word, these gardening techniques can increase the depth of field and change the level.
(Selected from Lu's Modern Tourism Geography)