8, the original 3? 24

The seal man invited him to meet him and said, "As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, I can meet a gentleman." Judging from the followers. He went out and said, "Why should the second son and the third son be mourned? There is no way in the world for a long time, and God is eager for Master. "

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(1) Yi: Yi is a place name, located in present-day lankao county, Henan Province. The seal is a border guard.

(2) The follower saw him: the follower saw him.

(3) bereavement: bereavement, here refers to the loss of official position. ,

(4) Muduo: two bronze bells with wooden tongues. When the ancient emperors issued decrees, they all shook them to gather the audience.

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The chief of this place asked to see Confucius. He said, "I have never seen a gentleman come here." Followers of Confucius took him to see Confucius. When he came out, he said (to Confucius' students), "Why worry about not having an official position? There is no way in the world for a long time, and heaven will make the world with Confucius as a saint. "

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This chapter is an evaluation of Confucius' cultural responsibility.

Confucius was already an influential person at that time, especially in etiquette. Many people believe in Confucius, and Yi Fengren is one of them. After he met Confucius, he thought that Heaven would take Confucius as a saint to order the world, which showed that he greatly admired Confucius.

◎ Cheng Shiquan praised Confucius and said, "Heaven will regard Confucius as Mu Duo." It's nice to see the world changing. Although I am a reclusive official, I hope Confucius can inspire me, and Confucius actually takes this as his own responsibility. So he said, "My husband called me, and I'm not a disciple. If you are useful to me, I am the Eastern Zhou Dynasty! " ("Yang Huo XVII")

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We don't know what Feng Ren and Confucius talked about. However, after the meeting, the seal praised Confucius so much that it was very speculative. Did Confucius' ambition move Feng Ren, or did his personality infect Feng Ren? I can't know and I don't need to know. It is really a dragon without a tail, which is in line with "thinking", that is, "things are inevitable, things are done without revealing, and things are cooked without doing." It is also like a side contrast, such as Shang Mo Sang, a folk song written by Han Yuefu. "When Monkey sees Luo Fu, he must caress his moustache. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and hung his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. Come to complain, but sit and watch Luo Fu. " Besides, I'm afraid my disciples don't trust the teacher enough. Confucius was really lonely. It is impossible for a pioneer to follow the crowd, and it is inevitable that he will not be understood. Otherwise, Confucius would not think that "people who don't know and don't care are not gentlemen."

9, the original 9? five

Yu Kuang (1) said, "② Not here, Wen ③ not here?" Heaven will lose its grace, and the deceased ④ shall not be with ⑤ Sven; If the sky is not lost, what will the Kuang people give (6)? "

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(1) Kuang: Kuang, the place name, is in the southwest of Changyuan County, Henan Province. Fear, threatened. In 496 BC, Confucius went from Wei Guo Jing to Chen. The Kuang people were robbed and killed by the Yanghu of Lu State. Confucius' appearance is similar to that of Yanghu, and Kuang people mistakenly thought that Confucius was Yanghu, so they besieged him.

(2) King Wen: Zhou Wenwang, surnamed Ji Mingchang, the father of Zhou Wuwang, the founding king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was one of the ancient sages considered by Confucius.

This refers to Confucius himself.

(4) Post-deceased: Confucius refers to himself here.

(5) and: the same as "lift", here is the meaning of mastery.

If you give me what you want, do what you want to me.

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When Confucius was besieged in Kuang Di, he said, "After Zhou Wenwang died, didn't the etiquette and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty reflect on me?" ? If god wants to destroy this culture, then I can't master it; If God doesn't destroy this culture, what can the Kuang people do to me? "

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This chapter shows that Confucius' mission is to preach, that is, to preserve and convey "Wang Zhidao first", that is, today's sense of cultural mission and historical responsibility.

It is not the first time that Confucius was besieged while lobbying outside. Of course, this is a misunderstanding. However, Confucius had his own firm belief. He emphasized individual subjectivity and initiative, and considered himself the successor and disseminator of Zhou Wenhua. However, when Confucius was in trouble repeatedly, he also felt the limitations of human resources and attributed the decisive role to heaven, which showed his recognition of "destiny".

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"Wen is not here": Wen refers to the system of rites and music, which is recorded on the crowd avenue. Confucius deeply understood the etiquette system handed down by the civil servants and Duke Zhou at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, the Tao is in oneself. "What should Kuang people do with me?" Now that I have learned this, I know that God doesn't want to lose this cultural tradition, and Kuang people can't help me. Confucius often sent letters to know life in times of crisis. Probably Confucius was extremely confident that what he did was what God wanted to do. I am modest and think I can understand this, not because of my own wisdom, but because of God's will. There are also Sima Qian and Xuanzang who have this sense of responsibility like Confucius.

10。 Original 18? five

Chu Kuang Jie Yu (1) sang Confucius and said, "Feng Xi Feng Xi! What is the decline of He De? Don't remonstrate with the past, but you can still pursue the future. That's it! Today's politicians are in danger! "

Confucius wants to talk to him. If you follow the trend, don't talk to it.

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(1) Chu Kuang Yu: According to legend, the madman in Chu received Confucius' car; A madman who said Chu was called Jieyu; There is a saying that the surname of the madman of Chu is followed by Yu. This book adopts the second statement.

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Jie Yu, a madman in Chu, walked past Confucius' car singing. He sang, "Phoenix, Phoenix, why is your luck so weak?" The past is irreversible, and there is still time to correct it in the future. Forget it, forget it. Today's rulers are in danger! "Confucius got off the bus and wanted to talk to him, so he quickly dodged. Confucius can't talk to him.

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This chapter shows the value of Confucius' persistence and enterprising in helping the world and the people through the hermit's criticism of Confucius.

The lyrics mean that you can't do things, it's politically dangerous, or you can retire. You don't have to live in the emperor and run around for this. It can be seen that Taoism preceded Confucius and there were hermits.

Attached "Zhuangzi? The world: "Confucius is suitable for Chu, and Chu swims in his door, saying," Feng Feng, how can it be as bad as virtue! We can't wait for the afterlife, and we can't chase after it. There is a saying in the world, and a saint becomes a man; There is no road in the world, and saints have no way to live. At this time, I was just exempted from punishment. The blessing is as light as a feather, you don't know what it is; The disaster is more serious than the ground, and I don't know how to avoid it. Almost, almost! Treat people with virtue! Almost, almost! Draw the ground and follow. Fan Yang didn't hurt john young. But bending does not hurt your feet; The mountain wood is self-defeating, and the paste is self-fried. Guangxi is edible, so cut it; Paint can be used, so cut it. Everyone knows the useful use, but they don't know the useless use. "

Here, Jieyu sang a scene of troubled times. "At this time, there is only exemption from punishment." People who breathe under heavy taxes and hard labor are protected from punishment. "The disaster is worse than the land" and "almost, almost" wrote the heavy pressure and danger borne by the people. "john young john young" (there are thorns everywhere), "Don't hurt my walking" and "Don't hurt my feet", and we should pay careful attention to the difficulties in life.

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Jieyu is not on earth. The reason why he mocked Confucius was not because Confucius was vain and loved money, but because the world was impossible. He felt sorry for Confucius. Confucius means that there is nothing impossible in the world, he has feelings that he can't bear to part with, and he has morality that he can't escape. Although Confucius did not share the same interests with Jieyu, he still treated him sincerely, wanted to communicate with him, and hoped to broaden his mind, which was also a manifestation of Confucius' deep kindness.

1 1. Original

18? six

Long ju, Jie drowned (1) coupled with farming (2). Confucius passed it, which made Luz very interested. Chang Ju said, "Who will hold it?"

Lutz said, "For Kong Qiu." Yue: "Is it with Lu?" Say, "Yes." He said, "I know Tianjin."

Ask Yu Jie to drown. Jie drowned and said, "Who is the son?" Yue: "It is a secondary reason." "Are you a believer in Kong Qiu?" Yes: "Of course."

Yue: "People who talk are all over the world, and who can trade?"? Is it not a scholar of the people, but a scholar of the world? " (7) Don't stop.

Xing Yu told.

Master Ran Yan (8) said: "Birds and beasts cannot be in the same group. If I am not a disciple of Sri Lanka, who can be with me? " There are roads in the world, but hills are not easy. "

To annotate ...

(1) Chang Ju and Jie Shui: Two hermits, whose real names and life experiences are unknown.

(2) Coupling farming: two people work together to farm.

(3) Interest: Tianjin, ferry. Asking about the ferry.

(4) execution: that is, compulsory execution.

(5) use: and. Yi: Change.

(6) monarch: the same as "avoidance".

(7) Daphne: y not u, cover the seeds with soil.

(8) disappointment: disappointment and depression.

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Chang Ju and Jie drowned in the ploughing field. Confucius passed by and asked Luz to ask where the ferry was. I often ask Luz: "Who is holding the reins?" Lutz said, "It's Kong Qiu." Dragon colt said; "Is it Lu?" Lutz said, "Yes." Chang Ju said, "Then he already knows the location of the ferry." Lutz wants to ask Jie Li if he drowned. Jie drowned and said, "Who are you?" Lutz said, "I'm Zhong You." Jie Li drowned and said, "Are you a disciple of Lu?" Lutz said, "Yes." Jie drowned and said, "Bad things like floods are everywhere. Who do you want to trade with? Instead of following people who avoid the crowd, it is better to follow us who avoid society? " Say that finish, still continue to do farm work in the field. Lutz reported this situation to Confucius after he came back. Confucius was disappointed and said, "People can't get along with birds and animals. Don't deal with people in the world, who do you deal with? " If the world is at peace, I won't reform with you. "

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This chapter reflects Confucius' subjective desire for social reform and his thought of actively joining the WTO.

Unlike Taoism, Confucianism does not advocate passive seclusion. Confucianism believes that even if you can't rule the country and level the world, you should be immune to it and be a person with moral cultivation. Confucius is such a doer. So he feels that he has a great sense of social responsibility. It is precisely because of social unrest that he and his disciples tirelessly called for social reform. This is a valuable sense of urgency and historical responsibility.

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Chang Ju refused to answer Lutz's question, and even laughed at Confucius as a person who should know Tianjin dialect. Jie drowned, blaming Confucius for avoiding people, not avoiding the world. The so-called "avoiding people" means avoiding other people's words and faces, suggesting that Confucius chooses people and does things, but there are such princes and doctors everywhere in the world. What can we do? It is better to cultivate your own fields and stand on your own feet to avoid the world.

Confucius said, you can't be in the same group as birds and beasts, because sex is different and Tao is different. Long Ju and Jie drowned in troubled times, while Confucius planned in troubled times. Confucius knew it was impossible and impossible, so he did not criticize the hermit's trip. But to say; "I am a disciple of the Philistines, who is with me" means that once there is a way in the world, you don't have to live in the emperor, but you can also hide with this hermit.

The word "sadness" is a sense of loss, and it contains deep emotional power. Perhaps the hermit's words touched his "The Analects of Confucius"? Thousands of emotions in Wei Zi Jing aroused infinite bitterness in his heart, which showed that Confucius also had very weak places in his heart and his ordinary humanity. "If you can't do that, you can float on the sea with a fork. ""Gong Ye Chang V "wants to live in Jiuyi. Or: "What about ugliness? Confucius said, "Where does a gentleman live? How can he be modest?"? "Zi Han IX.

12. Gongsun Chou

original text

Mencius went to the state of Qi and asked, "Master, you will be surprised if you are not prepared." . The day before yesterday, I heard the masters say,' A gentleman doesn't complain about heaven or care about people.' "

Yue: "At that time, at this time. There will be a king in 500 years, and there will be a celebrity in the meantime. He is over 700 years old since last week. In its number, it is too much; You can do it if you test it at the right time. Husbands don't want to rule the world; If you want to rule the world, who can you give me? Why am I not prepared? "

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① Yu: Happy, happy. (2) Don't blame others, don't treat others specially: This is a quote from Confucius. See The Analects? Xianwen. " Especially blame and complain. Three people: people who are famous and assist the king.

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When Mencius left the State of Qi, he asked on the way, "The teacher seems unhappy. But I've heard your teacher say before:' A gentleman doesn't complain about heaven or people. "'

Mencius said: "It was an era, and now it is another era. Every 500 years in history, a wise monarch will rise, among which there must be a well-known assistant. It has been more than 700 years since Zhou Wuwang. In terms of years, it has exceeded 500 years; Judging from the current situation, it is time. Maybe god doesn't want world peace. If you want to make the world peaceful, who else in this world but me? Why am I unhappy? "

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This is Mencius' confession of his historical and cultural responsibility.

There are many famous sayings in this passage. The thoughts and feelings of Mencius expressed by it are extremely complicated. Some are like songs about retiring and going home, and some are like returning to the fields after disarmament.

Mencius' students are very good At this time, they understood the teacher's mood very well, so they quoted what the teacher usually said to comfort them. The teacher is also very good, frankly, "the other day, this time too." People are not saints, how can they not have their own emotions? Therefore, it is right to say "don't complain, don't treat others specially" at ordinary times, but once things really fall on your head, it is understandable to complain.

Then Mencius talked about the general trend of the world, and actually explained to the students why they were unhappy. "There will be kings in five hundred years, and there will be celebrities in the meantime." This is the political history of Mencius, which has become a famous saying and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. According to this view, there should be a "king" rising in Mencius' era, but Mencius traveled around the world, but he didn't find such a "king". He finally met Qi Xuanwang, and seemed to be flirting with him, but in the end he couldn't beat those "mean husbands" and couldn't convince Qi Xuanwang to implement a plan to rule the country and conquer the world. Without a "king", how can there be a "celebrity"? Mencius clearly felt that he should be a "famous person", so he was so disappointed. How can you "don't complain about the sky and treat others"? So he said, "Maybe God doesn't want world peace." On the other hand, he comforted himself by saying, if God still wants world peace, "Who else can I be in today's world?" Such a thought, there would be no unhappiness. "Why am I not ready?" Self-mockery is more accurate than answering students' concerns.

"In today's world, who else?" A great Confucius said, "Ofuse is the winner of nature, so what are you going to give?" ("The Analects? The taste of "harmony"). Its essence is a sense of social responsibility and mission. Of course, Mencius' expression was angry, so he became one of the targets when later generations criticized Confucius and Mencius' way, thinking that he was arrogant to the extreme. When it comes to arrogance, great people are always a little heartfelt. If you want to be convicted out of the specific language environment, then Mencius is definitely the culprit, because after all, he said!

Remembering Mencius' "this moment" is to tell students the basic truth and unchanging truth when teaching; And "another time", we should consider the well-being of people all over the world and whether individuals can get the right path.

Zhang Zai: "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, inherit the past and the future, and be peaceful for all generations."

Confucius and Mencius come down in one continuous line, and most of them are deeply worried about the injustice of the world. They not only have the ambition to govern the country, but also have the confidence to govern the country on their own. But it often backfires, so it can only be attributed to whether the world can be ruled by "fate".

Li Lou 13

original text

Mencius said, "The gentleman beheaded for five years, and the villain beheaded for five years." . If you can't be a Confucius, you will also be a private scholar. "

Mencius said: "the influence of gentlemen declined after five generations;" After five generations, the influence of villains also failed. I did not become a disciple of Confucius. I learned it from others in private. "

Understanding this sentence not only shows Mencius' sense of social responsibility, but also shows his strong consciousness of consciously inheriting Confucius' thought.

Remember that 30 years is a lifetime. Mencius is a disciple of Zisi, who is the grandson of Confucius. So from Confucius to Mencius happens to be the fifth generation. This is the last time Mencius inherited Confucius' ideal mind, which is very obvious. He said, "If you like, you should learn from Confucius."

Zhang Wan 14

original text

Mencius said, "Boyi, I can't see evil colors with my eyes, but I can't hear evil sounds with my ears. It is not a king, it is nothing; Don't make it unless it is the person. Governance progress, chaos retrogression. Horizontal (1) out of politics, horizontal people stop, can't bear to live. Thinking of hometown is like sitting on charcoal in the palace. When the time comes, it lives on the shore of the North Sea, waiting for the world to be clear. Therefore, people who hear the wind of bo yi are stubborn and upright, and cowards are determined. Yi Yin said,' What's the matter with you? Why not make people? "Rule also into, disorderly also into. It is said that people's livelihood depends on the sky, so they can feel before they know, so that they can feel before they feel. Here, the enlightenment of the heavenly people. I will think of these people like this. "People who think of the world, ordinary people and people who are embarrassed by Yao and Shun are at odds. If they push themselves into the ditch, they will take care of themselves. Liu Xiahui didn't make you feel ashamed. He became a small official without hesitation. If you don't hide sages, you must follow their path. Heritage (3) No complaints, no pity in poverty. Get along with fellow villagers, reluctant to leave. I do it for you, and I do it for me. Although I am naked here, how can I be proud of me? Therefore, those who have heard of Liu Xiahui wind are humble and thin. Confucius went to Qi and followed Xi (8); When I went to Lu, I said,' If I delay my trip, I will go to my parents' country!' Can be fast and (9) fast, can be long and long, can get along, can be an official, Confucius also. "

Mencius said: "Boyi is a holy spirit; Yi Yin, a saint; Liu Xiahui, holy and also; Confucius, even in the sacred time. Confucius called it a masterpiece. Master, Jin Shengyu Zhen (10) also. Jinyin is also the beginning; Yu Zhen is a human being, and he is finally organized. Those who start to be organized are also wise; Finally, the organization is also sacred. Wisdom, clever metaphor; Sheng, also. Shooting from (1 1) a hundred paces away, too, is also powerful; Among them, Philip Lee also "

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1 horizontal: violence. 2 stubbornness: greed. 3 legacy: not to be reused. ④ nudity (XT): the four words are similar in meaning and synonymous, all of which mean nudity. ⑤ Pollution. (6) Fu Bi: a narrow-minded person. (7) Bofu: a villain. (8) Pick up: Taomi. (9) and: then. The following sentence is the same. (10) Golden sound: refers to the sound made by a bell (b6). Yu Zhen: refers to the aftertaste of the jade plate. In ancient times, playing music began with a bell and ended with a jade plate. (1 1) By: Pass "Jude".

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Mencius said, "Boyi, your eyes don't look at ugliness, and your ears don't listen to evil voices." Not his ideal monarch, not serving; Not his ideal person, they don't work. If the world is peaceful, you will be an official, and if the world is chaotic, you can't quit. He doesn't want to live in a tyrannical country or a place with mobs. He thinks that getting along with uneducated country people is like sitting on a dirt road or charcoal ash in a dress and hat. When Yin was bullying, he lived in seclusion by the Bohai Sea, waiting for peace in the world. Therefore, people who have heard of Boyi's demeanor will become clean and honest if they are insatiable, and will become determined if they are cowardly.

Yi Yin said,' Which monarch can't serve? "Who can't be bossed around?" So, the world is at peace and officials are in troubled times. He said; God gave birth to these people, so that the prophet can enlighten those who know and feel later, and those who know and feel later. I am a prophet among these people, and I want to enlighten these people who are aware of the past. "He thinks that as long as there is an ordinary man or an ordinary woman in the world who doesn't benefit from Yao Shun's kindness, it's like he pushed others into the ravine himself-this is his attitude of taking the burden of the world as his responsibility.

"Liu Xiahui is not ashamed to serve the bad king, nor does he do so because of his small official position. Being an official does not hide his talents, but insists on acting according to his own principles. Don't be reused, don't resent, and don't worry if you are poor. Get along with uneducated country people, so I can't bear to leave easily. He said,' You are you, I am me, and you are naked next to me. "What pollution does it have on me?" Therefore, anyone who has heard of Liu Xiahui's demeanor will become broad-minded, mean and kind.

When Confucius left the State of Qi, he left before the rice was scoured out. When I left Lu, I said,' Let's walk slowly, this is the way to leave my parents' motherland! Should be fast, should be slow; You should live in seclusion. Be an official when you should be an official. This is Confucius. "

Mencius said:' Boyi is the most sage; Yi Yin is the most responsible saint; Liu Xiahui is the most easygoing among saints; Confucius is the wisest of the saints. Confucius is a master. The meaning of "epitomizing" is like a band playing, which starts with the bell and ends with the sound of a jade plate. The bell began to ring in order, and the tracts ended in order. An orderly beginning is a wise thing, and an orderly ending is a holy thing. Wisdom is like skill, holiness is like strength. Just like shooting an arrow from a hundred paces away, an arrow can hit the target by your strength; Hit, but by skill rather than strength. "

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This chapter expounds Mencius' view of saints. He took Boyi, Yi Yin, Confucius as examples, representing "Qing, Benevolence, Harmony and Teacher" among saints respectively, taking Confucius as the teacher. Why is it so difficult to give? Because on the one hand, it can finish what it started, on the other hand, it can intelligently cooperate with sages and make life like a perfect sport.

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Mencius listed four typical saints here: Bo Yi was lofty, Yi Yin had a strong sense of responsibility and mission, Liu Xiahui was content with the status quo, and Confucius was sensible of the times. Comparatively speaking, Mencius thinks that the first three have only one outstanding feature, while Confucius is a master, with a golden voice and jade vibration, which contains the combination of "wisdom" and "holiness"

Obviously, Mencius gave Confucius the highest praise.

From our point of view today, Boyi is too lofty, so lofty that he is a little out of touch, so he finally wants to "eat Zhou Su" with Shu Qi and starve to death in shouyangshan. However, the concept of "starvation is small, dishonour is big" was born, which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Perhaps it is also from this concept that Boyi is regarded as one of the "saints". Yi Yin, with a strong sense of social responsibility and mission, once said "shoulder the history". In fact, his spirit is exactly what Ceng Zi said: "Learning cannot but be faithful, with a long way to go". Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it far from Pingping after death? "("The Analects? Tabor) Therefore, Yi Yin is one of the "saints" who is very in line with the spirit of Confucianism, and has always been an ancient saint talked about by Confucianism. However, after entering the so-called "modernism" or "post-modernism" period, his spirit has been regarded as too heavy and too persistent "classical consciousness", which is incompatible with the modern life concept of "living easily", or not so timely. On the one hand, Liu Xiahui is carefree; On the other hand, he insisted on principles and went his own way. Happy-go-lucky embodies that he is not ashamed to serve a bad king, to be a humble little official, to be reuse, to complain and to be poor. These words are easier said than done, especially the last two sentences. People do have the level of sages. Therefore, some people say that Liu Xiahui can "sit still" with superhuman restraint and sage demeanor. Finally, talk about Confucius. In fact, among the four people who are still regarded as saints in later generations, especially today, Confucius is a saint. Mencius didn't make a comprehensive exposition of Confucius here, but only grasped what he should be, to show that he was a saint who was "in the right place at the right time" and a sage who knew the times. The so-called "he who knows the times is a hero". Mencius emphasized the flexibility and tolerance of Confucius, which led to the saying that Confucius was a master. Moreover, from the analysis of "harmony" to the discussion of "wisdom" and "holiness", Confucius is such a typical combination of "wisdom" and "holiness", which is the highest model of "having both ability and political integrity" in plain English. In other words, the saint is very close to us. Aren't we still emphasizing "having both ability and political integrity" today? Of course, we can't ask everyone to be a saint, but although we can't, we can always look forward to it as a spiritual pursuit.