The original text of The Book of Songs·Daya·Yi

The original text of The Book of Songs? Daya? Yin Yin

Yin Yin's majesty is the corner of virtue. People also have a saying: A person who is wise is not stupid, and the stupidity of common people is also due to his illness. The foolishness of philosophers is also the cruelty of the West.

If there is no competition among Wei people, they will be trained by others. If one is enlightened and virtuous, the four countries will follow him. He Mo decides the fate, and it is as far away as the morning notice. It is the rule to respect and be cautious about dignity and maintain the people.

The reason lies in the present, causing confusion and chaos in politics. Subvert Jue's virtue, and become better than wine. Although the girl is happy and obedient, she never misses Jue Shao. Don't ask for help from the ancestors, and overcome the punishment clearly.

The Four Emperors and Heavens are like the springs flowing, and there is no way to perish. Working hard and sleeping late at night, sweeping the court to protect the people. Repair chariots and horses, use bows and arrows to arm soldiers, use Jie Rong to make war, and use arrogant tactics.

Promise your people, be respectful to your martyrs, and avoid danger if you use the precepts. When you speak carefully, you are respectful and dignified, and everything is gentle and graceful. The tarnish of Bai Gui can still be polished; the tarnish of such words cannot be done!

There is no easy way to say it, and there is no way to say it. Don't touch my tongue, the words cannot be passed away. There is no hatred without words, no retribution without virtue. For the benefit of friends, common people boy. The ropes of descendants will not be inherited by all the people.

Treat you as a gentleman, be gentle with your appearance, and avoid any mistakes. Being in your room is worthy of the leakage of the house. There is no day when it is not revealed, so don’t let it go to the clouds. God's thoughts cannot be measured, but can be reflected upon!

Piers are virtuous, and benefactors are benefactors. Shushen you stop, don't make mistakes in your manners. Don't be a tyrant or a thief, rarely do anything wrong. Give me a peach and give me a plum in return. He has a boy with horns and is really a rainbow boy.

The soft wood is dyed softly, and the silk is made of silk. A gentle and courteous person is the foundation of virtue. He is a wise man who tells you what to say and behaves in a virtuous manner. He calls me a fool and accuses me of blasphemy. Everyone has his own heart.

As for the boy, I don’t know whether it is true or not. The bandits carry it with them and tell the story. The gangster ordered him with his face and spoke to his ears. Borrowing the name unknown also means holding a child. The people's extravagance is overwhelming. Who knew it long ago but failed to achieve it?

Haotian Kong Zhao, I am born with extravagance and joy. Seeing your dream makes me feel miserable. Teach you earnestly and listen to me. Misappropriation is for teaching, overuse is for abuse. Borrowing the name "unknown" means that he is still old.

Sincerely, boy, it’s time to say goodbye. Listen to my plan and I will have no regrets. The sky is difficult, and it is said that the country is bereft. An example is not far away, Haotian is not too far away. Return to his virtue and give the people great thorns.

Annotations and translations of The Book of Songs? Daya? Yin

Comments

(1) Yinyi: careful.

(2) Yu: Jiao, which refers to upright character.

(3) Position: Lord.

(4) Violence: perverse.

(5) None: pronouncing words. Competition: strong. Wei people: because of (virtuous) people.

(6) Training: Obedience.

(7) Jue: Tong?梢?, big.

(8) 訏 (xū) Mo: great plan. Order: government order.

(9) You: Same as 猷?, strategy. Chen: On time.

(10) Huang Zhan (dān): addicted. Zhan, same as Dan.

(11)Female: Ru. Although: only. From: Tong? Zong?, indulgence.

(12) Shao: inheritance.

(13)罔: No. Application: wide. Seeking: refers to seeking the way of the previous king.

(14) Gram: Can. ***: Through?arch?,execution,implementation. criminal law.

(15) Si: So. Shang: Yousuke.

(16) Lengxu: phase rate, sinking.

Chapter (17): Model, criterion.

(18) Soldiers: weapons.

(19) Use: to. Work: Start.

(20)逷(t?): To control and conquer. Barbarians: ethnic tribes in remote areas.

(21) Quality: stable.

(22) Hou: auxiliary word.

(23) Unexpected: Unexpected.

(24) Yi: Easily, rashly. because.

(25) Meng: Press and hold. Me: I, Qin Shishi’s exclusive title as emperor.

(26) Pass away: chase.

(27)曠: reward, reflection.

(28) Shengsheng: cautious look.

(29) Cheng: Accept.

(30) Friends: refers to hospitality.

(31)Edition: and.

(32) Ya: He. 怆(qiān): fault.

(33)Phase: observe.

(34) House leakage: If the roof leaks, the sky will be seen, and everything in the dark will appear, which is a metaphor for the supervision of gods.

(35) Cloud: auxiliary word. Gou (g?u): meet, this refers to seeing.

(36) Cell: To. Thinking: auxiliary words.

(37) Degree (du?): speculation, estimate.

(38)秧(shěn): Besides. Shoot (y?): Tong?斁?, disgust.

(39) Pi: Xiu Ming, one talks about training.

(40) Shu: Beautiful. Stop: behavior.

(41) Ji?n: Going beyond one’s duty. Thief: mutilation.

(42) Fresh (xiǎn): less. Principles: rules.

(43) Tong: young, young. This refers to a hornless lamb.

(44) Hong: Conflict and chaos.

(45) 鏴 dye: tenacity.

(46) Yan: language particle. Wei(m?n): To string the musical instrument.

(47) Words: Chen Huan's "Biography of Mao": "Words" should be a mistake in the word "Xie". "(Classic) Interpretation" quotes "Shuowen" as "Execution", saying: "Execution, so it is said." ?This is the "Shuowen" that Lu (Lu Deming) saw, and it can be revised based on the poem's "exegesis". ?Exegesis, an old saying.

(48) In (wū): interjection.

(49) Zang Fou (pǐ): likes and dislikes.

(50) Bandit (fēi): non.

(51) means: instructions.

(52) Face-to-face instruction: Enlightenment in person.

(53) Borrow: If you say.

(54) Ying: Complete.

(55) Mo (m?): Same as twilight, wan.

(56) Dream (m?ng) Dream: the same as "瞢瞞", faint and unclear.

(57) Miao Miao: contemptuous look.

(58) Abuse: The pretense of "joking", joking.

(59) Yu: auxiliary word. Old: old.

(60) Shu: Shu Ji.

(61) said: auxiliary word.

(62) Intuit (t?): Deviation.

(63) Huihui (y?): evil.

(64) Thorn: Tong, urgent.

Translation

He is well-mannered and well-mannered. There is an old saying from the ancients: Wise people are sometimes stupid. ?If ordinary people are not smart, there is something wrong with them. If a wise man is not smart, he will be abnormal and startling.

With the virtuous man, the country is strong and prosperous, and the princes from all directions come to surrender. A gentleman's moral conduct is upright and upright, and the princes obey and prosper. The great plan for the founding of the country determines the policy, and the long-term national strategy advises the ministers. Be careful in your behavior, and the people will use this as a standard.

Nowadays, the world is in chaos and the state affairs are in chaos. Your moral character has been corrupted, and you have indulged in wine and sex. He only cares about eating, drinking and having fun, and he doesn't care about inheriting the emperor's legacy. If the former kings did not pursue the rule of law extensively, how could they understand the law and benefit the people?

The emperor and heaven refuse to bless you, just like the spring flowing empty and the monarch and his ministers resting together. You should get up early and go to bed late, sweep away the dirt inside and outside, and take the lead in setting an example for the people. Maintain your chariots and horses, repair your bows and arrows, and be prepared to conquer foreign barbarian chiefs if war breaks out.

Stabilize your people, abide by the law and do not be willful. To prevent disaster from happening suddenly. Be cautious in what you say, be polite in your behavior, and be gentle and respectable in everything you do. If there are stains on the white jade, it can still be removed by polishing it; if there is a mistake in speaking, it cannot be undone no matter how hard it is.

Don’t spit out words casually, Mo Dao? You can’t speak sloppily, no one will cover my tongue? It’s hard to make up for what you said. Without saying anything or reacting, showing kindness will always lead to blessings. Friends and ministers should be loved and cared for, and children of the common people should be comforted. Children and grandchildren should be careful, and the people will not be disobedient.

Look at you entertaining the nobles, smiling happily, be careful not to make any mistakes. Seeing that you are alone in the room, you are doing things worthy of God. Xiu said, "The light in the room is dark, no one can see me clearly." It is difficult to predict the coming and going of gods. You don't know when they will suddenly come. How can you be tired of being punished?

Cultivation of moral character and sentiment, making it noble and better. Be careful, behave well, and be well-groomed and polite. He who makes no mistakes and does no harm to others rarely fails to be imitated. Someone gave me a basket of peaches, and I reciprocated with plums.

The nonsense about a lamb having horns on its head is really disrupting your Zhou Dynasty.

The hard and tough wood is used to make harps and strings. A gentle, prudent and good-natured person with deep roots and high moral character. If you are a wise person, ancient famous sayings are here to advise you, and you should practice them immediately as a treasure. If you are a fool, it is not flattering to say that I am wrong. People's hearts are different and it is difficult to guide me.

It is a pity that the young master is too young and does not know what is good and what is important. Not only did he help you talk to each other, he also taught you how to do things. Not only do I teach you face to face, but I also hold your ear to make you listen. Even if you are ignorant, you have already given birth to a baby. Although people have shortcomings, who will be wise early but mature late?

God knows best that I am not happy in this life. Seeing your confusion makes me feel depressed and sad. I teach you patiently over and over again, but you neither listen nor pay attention. I don’t know how to teach you for your own good, but I treat it as a joke. If you say you are ignorant, why would you call me a boss?

Sigh, you young master and young king, listen to me tell you about the old rules. If you listen to my advice, you will not make a big mistake or be ridiculous. God is sending disasters, and I am afraid that the country will perish. Let me use a nearby analogy: God’s rewards and punishments are not unjust. If the evil nature is not changed, the people of Li will suffer.

Appreciation of the Book of Songs?Elegance?Repression

"Mao's Preface to Poems" says: "Repression", Duke Wu of Wei stabbed King Li to warn himself. ?But the ancients had many disputes about this. "Guoyu Chuyu" said: "In the past, Duke Wu of Wei was ninety-five years old. He still warned the country: From the ministers down to the teachers and officers, those who are still in the court will not care about my old age and abandon me, but they will be respectful and obedient to the court. , warn me day and night. After hearing one or two words, I must recite my will and accept them, so as to teach me the way. There are rules for traveling in public places, there are regulations for officials and teachers in positions, there are admonitions for reciting training when leaning on a table, there are mottos for the emperor when staying and sleeping, there are ways of blindness for handling affairs, and there are recitations for teachers and workers when staying at banquets. The history is not lost, and the monks are not allowed to recite it, so as to train and control them. So he wrote "Yi Jie" to warn himself. ?Three Kingdoms Wu Weizhao's note: ?Zhao said the poem "Yi" is a chapter of "Daya? Yi", and Yi read it as "Yi". ?This poem is a poem to warn Duke Wu of Wei, rather than a poem to embarrass himself. Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty also held this view in his "Collected Poems", saying: Duke Wu of Wei wrote this poem so that people would recite it every day to warn themselves. ?The Qing Dynasty Yao Jiheng's "General Theory of the Book of Songs" refuted the "Preface to Mao's Poems" and said: "If you stab the king, you will stab the king; if you police yourself, you will police yourself. There are no two things that can be mixed into a writer." ?More modern people also think that this is a poem of irony rather than a poem of self-pity. In fact, there is nothing wrong with what the "Preface to Mao's Poems" says, but the wording is a bit inappropriate. For example, if it were said: "Duke Wu of Wei used his own police force to assassinate the king", it would be perfectly reasonable. Because self-warning and assassination of the king seem to have nothing to do with each other, in fact, they are the poet's cunning techniques, which are appropriately included in the literary admonishment skills of the poets in the slave society (Chen Zizhan, "A Direct Interpretation of the Book of Songs").

As for whether the king of Zhou who was assassinated was King Li of Zhou as stated in the "Preface to Mao's Poems", scholars since the Song Dynasty have made detailed research on this matter. Song Dynasty's "Shu Pu" said: "Wu Gong's self-warning began in the year of Mao, and it was ninety years after the death of King Li. He said that the poem was to assassinate King Li, which is deeply unknown. Yan Ruochu of the Qing Dynasty said in Qianqiu Jiji: Duke Wu of Wei came to the throne in the sixteenth year of King Xuan's reign, which was already thirty years before King Li was exiled. There is a poem about attacking King Li, which may be called chasing, especially not. . Seeing the cruel king, he began to draw the words. He has passed away, so he should be Du Kou, which is true; the "Preface" says that he stabbed King Li, which is not true. ?They all pointed out that "Yu" could not be King Cili. Wei Yuan of the Qing Dynasty's "Shi Gu Wei" further analyzed: "Yi" was written by Duke Wu of Wei when he was a minister of King Ping, less than thirty years after King You (King) and more than eighty years after King Li (King). "Er", "Nv", and "Boy" are all words used by Duke Wu to warn himself, and the assassination of the royal family is among them. "Repairing chariots and horses, arming soldiers with bows and arrows", hoping to restore the old days of Haojing, but King Ping couldn't do it. ?Wei believes that the king of Zhou targeted by this poem is not King Li or You, but King Ping. His opinion is correct.

King Ping of Zhou was Yijiu, the son of King You of Zhou. King You was mediocre and cruel, but he doted on Bao Si, and was finally killed by the invading Xirong army in Mount Li. After King You died, Yijiu was proclaimed king. In 770 BC (the second year of King Ping), Marquis Wen of Jin, Duke Wu of Zheng, Duke Wu of Wei, Duke Xiang of Qin, etc. escorted King Ping to Luoyi by force, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty was in decline and the princes were in power. King Ping's governance was improper. "Wang Feng, a gentleman in service" and "Wang Feng, Yang of Water" meant that King Ping sent a gentleman to serve for an indefinite period, and did not care for his people, but garrisoned far away from his mother's house (Shen State). ?'s work. The author of this poem, Duke Wu of Wei, was a veteran of the Zhou Dynasty and experienced four dynasties: King Li, King Xuan, King You, and King Ping. He was an eyewitness to the exile of King Li, the resurgence of King Xuan, and the fall of King You. When King Ping was in power, he was already eighty or ninety years old. Seeing the corrupt conduct and political darkness of King Ping whom he supported, he could not help but feel worried and angry, and wrote this poem " "Inhibition" poem.

The first four chapters of the poem are the first part. The first chapter starts with the relationship between Zhe and Yu. Generally speaking, there are three main artistic techniques in "The Book of Songs": Fu Bixing. The Fu method used here is direct statement, but this kind of direct statement is not the more common narrative but reasoning. "A wise man is not a fool" seems to be an ancient motto. A wise man will make a mistake if he makes a mistake. Therefore, a wise man should also be cautious. The stupidity of ordinary people is their natural flaw; while the stupidity of smart people seems to be contrary to convention and puzzling. In the eyes of Duke Wu of Wei, King Ping of Zhou was not a fool, but now he had become so unreasonable that he was about to lead the Zhou Dynasty into an abyss of eternal destruction. Duke Wu of Wei very much hoped that King Ping could suppress his majesty and maintain his virtue. Unfortunately, the reality was disappointing. So the author then began to make exhortations and satires from both positive and negative aspects.

In the second chapter, Wei Wugong pointed out the importance of seeking talents and establishing virtue. Seeking virtuous people will lead to the stability and governance of the country. The two sentences of "Momo determines the destiny, as far away as the morning announcement" are the effectiveness of seeking virtuous people. Establishing virtue can lead to people's internal and external acceptance. "Respecting the majesty and maintaining the people" are the two sentences. The result of virtue. The third chapter turns to the poignant criticisms, "Inspiring confusion in politics", "Subverting one's virtue", "Desolation and mastery in wine", "Although (only) good and happy to follow (vertical)", "Don't think about Jue Shao", "Wang Fu Qiu Xian Wang", listed the six crimes of Prince Ping at once, which is shocking, as if the melody of the strings in the symphony suddenly entered the strong brass music, the depth of pain can also be seen as the depth of love. Chapter 4: The first three sentences have the meaning of restoring the emperor, and they are also clearly written by the king (Chen Zizhan's "Direct Interpretation of the Book of Songs"), and then turn back to the positive warning, asking the rulers (from the perspective of self-discipline, it is Wei Wu Gong, from the perspective of assassination) Wang Jiaojiao said that he was King Ping of Zhou) who got up early and went to bed late to work diligently on political affairs, rectify national defense and be ready to resist foreign invaders at any time. "Use Jie Rong for action, use barbarism". In two sentences, the pain of King You's fall is still fresh in the memory, and the story is deployed as a major issue that draws King Ping's attention.

Chapters 5 to 8 are the second part of the poem. They further explain what should be done and what should not be done. The author is especially cautious in his polite attitude towards his subjects and his words. He does not hesitate to talk about these two points over and over again. This is actually a further manifestation of the two important tasks of seeking virtue and establishing virtue in Chapter 2. Later, Confucius' so-called "heart of benevolence and forgiveness" and the traditional motto of "be sensitive to things but cautious in speaking" have been fully elaborated here. From this point of view, Wei Wugong can be called He is an ethicist and philosopher. In terms of specific rhetoric, the author pays attention to inserting figurative sentences from time to time into pure reasoning sentences, so that the style of writing is not too rigid, but he is very ingenious. For example, the "Bai Gui's stain can still be polished off" in Chapter 5 is an image in contrast, the "Don't touch my tongue, words cannot be extinguished" in Chapter 6 is an image in action, and the "Phase" in Chapter 7 is an image in action. In your house, you are worthy of the leakage of the house. The saying in Chapter 8, "Give me a peach and repay you with a plum", is an image in the metaphor, and "the boy has horns," in fact, the Hong boy boasts of a hornless ram. The ingenious metaphor of having horns is a stroke of genius that pricks King Ping's ignorance. Ma Ruichen of the Qing Dynasty compares it with the sentence "Tong Xi" in "Xiao Ya Bin's First Banquet" by Ma Ruichen of the Qing Dynasty. This poem is about a person who has no horns, but he wants to have horns. "The First Banquet of the Bin" is about a person who has horns, but he wants to have no horns. The two are interrelated, which shows the beauty of the poet's fable.

The ninth chapter to the last chapter is the third part of the poem. After repeatedly stating what should be done and what should not be done, Duke Wu of Wei earnestly warned King Ping that he should listen carefully to his own rules, otherwise the country would be destroyed. ?Dyeing soft wood, talking about the silk of silk? is the only two lines in the poem that use Xingfa, Xingfa and comparison. Only tough wood can be used to make a good qin, and the best qin-making wood should also be matched with supple The silk string is used as an analogy to illustrate the principle that "gentle and courteous people are the foundation of virtue", which can be said to be sincere and thoughtful. In contrast, the implicit meaning of the sentences "Qiwei Fool" and "Qiwei Philosopher" is nothing more than this: Your Majesty, if you listen to me, you are a wise master, if you don't listen to me, you are a coward. You should think twice. !His words are full of energy and turn inward, soft yet strong. The following Chapter 10: The bandit carries him with his hand and tells him something; the bandit faces him and orders him, and speaks to his ear?, narrated in two progressive complex sentences, it is the prototype of the fan face in later generations, and it shows extremely clearly a The veteran minister with outstanding merits hates that iron cannot become steel. The use of four sets of overlapping words in Chapter 11 further enhances the intensity of this worry and anger. So in the last chapter, the author once again uses the tone of "Yuhu boy" as a final warning, pushing the whole poem to a climax.

"An example is not far away, Haotian is not too far away", just like the ending of "Daya Dang": "Yin Jian is not far away, in the life of Queen Xia", it is a heartbreaking lament. Today's readers are still shocked when faced with such words of worry and indignation. I wonder how King Ping of Zhou would have reacted when he read this poem. But no matter what the effect, the status of this poem - the ancestor of eternal inscriptions - (Wu Kaisheng's "Poems and Meanings") cannot be shaken. Moreover, in addition to its aesthetic value from a literary point of view, "Yi" is also a mine of idioms from a linguistic point of view, such as "working hard and sleeping at night", "Bai Gui's stain", "tongue untouchable", Idioms such as "repay a favor", "early mention a face", "sincerely warn", etc. all come from this chapter.