On May 4th, I studied in the private Chengde Middle School in Xi. Xi 'an is a secluded place in the northwest, which has always been relatively closed. The news of China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference made ordinary students in Xi 'an feel that the country was doomed, so they automatically gathered and demanded to respond to the patriotic movement of Beijing students. Then, each middle school held a joint meeting of student representatives, and I attended the meeting on behalf of Chengde Middle School. The meeting decided that all students in Xi' an Middle School should strike; Hold protests and demonstrations; Organize lecture groups, publicize the boycott of Japanese goods to businessmen and citizens, persuade the use of domestic products, and so on. Xi 'an's students left their study and took to the streets. In late May, students held an unprecedented demonstration in An with banners such as "Punish traitors Cao Rulin, Lu," and "You can break your head, but Qingdao can't be lost", and made extensive publicity in the streets. The students attending the class were impassioned and tearful. In the most painful place, someone tore off the clothes of bamboo cloth, bit his middle finger and wrote the words "Give me back Qingdao" in blood. This high patriotic sentiment of Xi 'an students has won the sympathy and support of local people from all walks of life, which has revived this lifeless ancient city.
After the demonstration, in order to make the student movement organized and regular, we established the Shaanxi Student Federation on the basis of the joint meeting of xi 'an student representatives. I was elected as the chairman, and Zou Zun (who later joined the China Producer Party and died during the Great Revolution) was elected as the chairman. The Students' Federation also published publications, often reporting the situation of student movements in Shaanxi and the whole country, and put forward the slogan of student action in Shaanxi Province, which played a role in fueling the student movements in Shaanxi at that time.
Meanwhile, the patriotic movement initiated by Beijing students is expanding and deepening. Students and foreign students from more than 20 provinces took action one after another, holding demonstrations, electrifying protests and banning the sale of Japanese goods. After June 3rd, the movement entered a new stage. First, Shanghai workers went on strike, and businessmen went on strike. Other places responded in succession, forming a vigorous national revolutionary movement. In order to express the determination and will of students in Shaanxi Province and get in direct contact with student movements all over the country, the Shaanxi Students' Federation elected me and Li as representatives to petition in Beijing. We went to the north together in early June.
The roar in front of Xinhua gate
When we came to Beijing, it was the time when the student movement in Beijing continued to rise. It turns out that the Beiyang warlord government has issued two orders in succession since May 4, claiming that "anyone who is dissatisfied with suppressing public riots will be arrested and punished according to law"; "If there are those who do not remonstrate and correct, find out their retreat." On June 4th and 5th, more than 65,438+0,000 students were arrested for speaking in the street. The ruler tried to put out the flame of the revolution by high-handed means, but the result was counterproductive. All kinds of perverse actions of the rulers are like adding fuel to the fire, which makes the flame of struggle burn more and more brightly. At that time, representatives of various schools in Beijing held a meeting in the Red House of Peking University, and invited students from all provinces and cities who had already arrived in Beijing to attend. They decided to petition the presidential palace and resolutely oppose the reactionary government.
Probably after June 5th and before 10. I can't remember the exact date clearly. At about 3 pm, students from universities and some middle school students in Beijing gathered in front of Xinhua, with a number of 1 10,000 to 20,000. The West Chang 'an Avenue was packed, and Xu Shichang, then chairman of the Beijing government, was invited out to meet the students in person. Xu Shichang avoided talking about it. Wu Bingxiang, the police chief, came out and said, "If the president is absent, you can stay and petition; It's getting late. I hope the students will go back to school and have a rest. The government has its own reply. " But the students refused to be fooled, insisted on not seeing Xu Shichang, and could not give a clear answer, and never went back to school again. This stalemate lasted until 10 at night, and the more people gathered, the more people gathered. Some passers-by also joined the petition. Some rickshaw pullers, in particular, buy biscuits and tea for students with the hard-earned money of pulling a car all day. This kind of sincere support moved the students very much. Seeing that it was impossible to meet the students, Xu Shichang sent two of his secretaries out to take a message, and the students could send 65,438+00 representatives in for an interview.
Nature: The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement of China people that broke out in Beijing on May 4th, 2009.
Significance: The May 4th Movement is also the continuation and development of the New Culture Movement. 19 15, Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine, and changed its name to New Youth the following year. He held high the banner of "democracy" and "science", lashed out at the old feudal culture and advocated a new culture. Later, vernacular Chinese was advocated to replace classical Chinese, and new literature was advocated under the slogan of "literary revolution" The victory of Russian October socialist revolution had a great influence on the people of China. China's advanced elements began to regard the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the country's destiny. 19181kloc-0/Li Dazhao published Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, which represented the new awakening of the advanced elements in China. The New Culture Movement not only made ideological preparations for the May 4th patriotic movement, but also made the socialist ideological trend gradually replace the bourgeois ideological trend as the mainstream of the movement with the further development of this movement, and made ideological and cadre preparations for the establishment of the China * * * production party.
The May 4th Movement was the end of the old democratic revolution in China and the beginning of the new democratic revolution, and the China revolution entered a new historical period. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the State Council, the Central People's Government, officially declared May 4th as China Youth Day on February 1949.
The contemporary significance of the May 4th Movement;
The May 4th spirit of patriotism, progress, democracy and science nurtured by this movement has become a valuable spiritual wealth for the people of China and the youth of China to make unremitting efforts for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation under the leadership of the Party. The core of the May 4th spirit is great patriotism. The patriotism embodied in the May 4th Movement is a vivid portrayal of the indomitable and self-improving national spirit of the Chinese nation and an important source of strength for the development and progress of China for thousands of years.
Rejuvenate China: The slogan of "Rejuvenate China" was first put forward by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 "Declaration on the Social Rejuvenation of China". Since then, most patriots have taken this as the ultimate goal of their lifelong struggle. It can be said that all the revolutionary struggles in China since then were aimed at rejuvenating the Chinese nation; All progress and achievements are due to its supervision and encouragement. The May 4th Movement is a direct continuation of this spirit. This is the most fundamental motive force for patriotic students to run and shout, fight bloody battles, and for intellectuals, citizens and workers to respond and support actively. This is also the most fundamental significance of slogans such as "fighting for national rights abroad and punishing national thieves at home" and "awakening compatriots and saving the country unanimously". Although some people didn't realize this clearly at that time, they were driven by patriotic enthusiasm, but their patriotic purpose was not to keep China backward, but the ultimate goal was to save China from peril, change the backward face of China and revitalize the Chinese nation.
Patriotism: During the May 4th Movement, students ran around shouting regardless of high pressure, and their patriotic actions were supported by celebrities, elites and the masses in the industrial and commercial circles because of the strong call for patriotism and the strong infection of patriotism. Today, if we want to successfully cross 2 1 century, realize the four modernizations and really revitalize the Chinese nation, we must vigorously carry forward patriotism.
Democratic spirit: The New Culture Movement first put forward the idea of paying equal attention to science and human rights (mentioned in the inaugural speech of Youth Magazine), and then talked about "Mr. Sai" (science) and "Mr. De" (democracy, at that time, human rights and democracy were regarded as basically the same concepts). Later, "Mr. Sai" and "Mr. De" became "Comrade Sai" and "Comrade De", that is to say, the combination of democracy and science has always been the goal of China's * * * production party. In the May 4th Movement, democracy, that is, "Mr. De", was an anti-feudal and anti-authoritarian banner, which greatly liberated people's minds. The May 4th patriotic movement took place because it carried forward the democratic spirit. Without the enlightenment of democracy and the awakening of democratic consciousness, it is impossible to have such a large-scale patriotic movement. At present, China's democratic political construction has made remarkable progress and made great achievements in many aspects. However, it is still far from the goal of socialist democratic politics. To revive the Chinese nation at an early date, we must continue to hold high the banner of "Mr. De", carry forward the spirit of democracy and strengthen the construction of socialist democratic politics.
Scientific spirit: During the May 4th Movement, science, namely "Mr. Sai" and "Mr. De", was another banner against feudalism and superstition, which effectively promoted the development of democratic consciousness and the struggle against feudalism. Chen Duxiu put forward six new viewpoints in the article "Warning Youth", and the sixth one is "scientific rather than imaginary". He said: "The reason why modern Europe is superior to others and why science is prosperous is not because of human rights. If there are two ships and cars "and" China people want to get rid of ignorance and be ashamed of being shallow, they should catch up and pay equal attention to science and human rights. " ① [Duxiu Wencun], page 9, Anhui People's Publishing House, Hefei, 1987. Therefore, while carrying forward the spirit of democracy, we should also carry forward the spirit of science.
Emancipating the Mind: During the May 4th Movement, advanced thinkers boldly broke the old tradition and put forward many inspiring ideas, which formed a rare situation of ideological emancipation in the history of China and effectively promoted the liberation in other fields. As Mao Zedong described at that time: "The liberation of thought, politics, economy, men and women, and education all need to seek the sky from the imprisonment of nine kinds of injustice." ① [Great Unity of the People ③, Early Manuscripts, p. 393, Hunan Publishing House, Changsha, 1990. It was this great ideological liberation that made the May 4th Movement a watershed between new ideas and old ideas, and between new culture and old culture. It was the first ideological emancipation movement with great influence in China in the 20th century, which initiated the ideological emancipation and profoundly influenced the development of China's history in the 20th century. The second and third ideological emancipation movements that followed, the first and second historic leap of combining Marxism with China's reality, the emergence of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and every progress and achievement made by China since then can be said to be the result of emancipating the mind, inheriting and developing the May 4th spirit.
The great revolutionary movement of China people against imperialism and feudalism broke out on May 4th, 2009. After the end of World War I, in June of 5438+09 19 and 1, the imperialist countries such as the United States, Britain, France and Japan held a "peace meeting" in Paris, France. This is actually a meeting of imperialist countries to carve up the world again. Under the pressure of China people's public opinion, China, a representative attending the Paris Peace Conference, proposed to the meeting to abolish the "Article 21" of the unequal treaty concluded by Yuan Shikai and Japan, demanding that the German concession in Shandong and the Ji Jiao Railway be returned to China, and also proposed seven "conditions of hope" for abolishing the sphere of influence; Withdraw foreign troops and patrol officers; Cancel foreign post offices and wired and wireless telegraph institutions; Revocation of consular jurisdiction; Return the leased land; Return the concession; Tariff autonomy, etc. However, these demands and hopes were rejected by the imperialist countries participating in the "Peace Conference". Not only that, they also decided to hand over all the rights plundered by Germany in Shandong to Japan and write them into the treaty and the peace treaty between the participating countries and Germany, that is, the Treaty of Versailles. At this point, China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference was a complete failure. But the warlord government is ready to sign a peace treaty. The news spread and the whole country was angry. On May 4th, more than 3,000 students from Beijing gathered in front of Tiananmen Square, shouting slogans such as "Fight for national rights abroad and punish national thieves at home", "Cancel Article 21" and "Refuse to sign a peace treaty". A demonstration was held after the meeting. Angry patriotic students beat up Zhang Zongxiang, a pro-Japanese bureaucrat, and set fire to the house of Cao Rulin, a pro-Japanese bureaucrat. The warlord government sent military police to suppress and arrest more than 30 students. All the students in Beijing immediately went on a general strike and sent a message of protest to the whole country. Students from Tianjin, Shanghai, Changsha and Guangzhou also held demonstrations in support of Beijing students. Japanese and French students from China and overseas Chinese from Nanyang have carried out patriotic activities. On June 3 and 4, the warlord government arrested nearly a thousand students in Beijing, which aroused greater anger among the people of the whole country. Workers in Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Jiujiang, Shandong, Anhui and other places held the first political strike in China's history, and businessmen in Shanghai and major cities across the country also went on strike one after another. At this point, the May 4th Movement has developed to a new stage, that is, from the initial United front movement of bourgeois intellectuals, revolutionary petty bourgeois intellectuals and bourgeois intellectuals to a national revolutionary movement with the working class as the main force, including the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie, and the center of the movement has also moved from Beijing to Shanghai. From 6th to 6: 438, the warlord government was forced to release the arrested students and recall the traitors Cao Rulin and He Lu. Refused to sign a peace treaty. The May 4th Movement was the turning point of China's transformation from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution, and it was also the great beginning of the youth movement in China. It pioneered the road of combining revolutionary intellectual youth with workers and peasants in China. The practical struggle in the May 4th Movement and the further spread of Marxism have created a group of young industrialists. They went deep into the workers and peasants, spread Marxism-Leninism, led the strike struggle, promoted the combination of Marxism-Leninism and the China workers' movement, and made ideological and cadre preparations for the establishment of the China * * * Production Party and the China Socialist Youth League.
The influence of the May 4th Movement
1. Political influence: It started the new democratic revolution in China and became the beginning of new democracy in China. After the outbreak of World War I and World Revolution, world history entered a new period of proletarian revolution. The working class showed great political power in the movement. It is no longer a follower of the bourgeoisie, but as the main force of the movement has played a decisive role in the struggle. The movement is directed at imperialism, because it belongs to the proletarian socialist revolution on the world revolutionary front. 2. Influence on China: It promoted the combination of Marxism and the workers' movement, and ideologically prepared the conditions for the establishment of the China * * * production party. 3. Influence on academic circles: The May 4th Movement is the continuation and development of the New Culture Movement, which promoted the democratic scientific thought against feudal superstition from intellectuals to the whole country. Advocating new ideas and new cultures has become an ethos, which has also promoted the in-depth and extensive development of the literary revolution, initiated the era of China literature, and brought the development of science education in China into a brand-new stage. 4. Ideological aspect: The May 4th Movement promoted the ideological emancipation of the people throughout the country, and various new western ideas were introduced into China one after another, among which the spread of Marxism in China had a great impact on the ideological and political situation in China.
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