Although Freud was only a psychiatrist and psychologist at first, because he founded psychoanalysis school, his influence went far beyond the professional academic field and became one of the few people with world reputation in the 20th century. On the one hand, he was criticized and criticized by many well-meaning and malicious people from all over the world, but on the other hand, he was understood and praised by more and more people as time went by. It has gained higher and higher evaluation and status. Some people equate Freud with Einstein and Copernicus as the most influential figures in the 20th century. Some people take the appearance of Freud as a symbol to divide the history of human cognition into two periods. Some people call Freud "one of the great figures and guides of mankind". Indeed, Freud's amazing discovery of human spirit and behavior has not only influenced almost all fields of humanities and spirit such as psychology, philosophy, history, anthropology, sociology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, etc., but also influenced contemporary people's understanding and understanding of themselves and the world, as well as their daily life style and values. Freud undoubtedly occupied a prominent position in the topographic map of human culture in the 20th century. It is precisely because of this that Freud's various works have become enduring bestsellers in the world in the 20th century. Freud wrote a lot in his life, one of which is world-famous and still reprinted all over the world, the first edition of Interpretation of Dreams nearly a century ago.

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Sigmund freud was born in Frejborg, Moravia. His father is a Jewish wool merchant. When Freud was three years old, his family moved to Vienna. Freud got excellent grades at school and has been the monitor of the student class. When he graduated, not only German and Hebrew were among the best, but Latin, Greek, French, English and Italian were also outstanding. Freud entered Vienna University to study medicine in 1873, and became a doctor in 188 1, specializing in psychiatry, and soon began to engage in psychoanalytic research that later made him famous.

1895 published "Research on Hysteria" in cooperation with brower, which was regarded as the first work of Freudian psychoanalysis. 1899 published his masterpiece Interpretation of Dreams. Freud claimed that he discovered three truths: dreams are the disguised satisfaction of subconscious desires and childhood desires; Oedipus complex is a universal psychological complex of human beings; Children have sexual awareness and motivation. These findings laid the foundation for psychoanalysis. But Freud's books were not taken seriously at that time. Eight years later, 600 copies of the first edition were sold out. 1905, his "Three Lectures on Sexual Desire Theory" was published, and the relationship between the development of children's sexual psychology and the mechanism of psychopathy really began to be valued by the world. However, because of his unconventional theory, he was attacked by academic circles and public opinion at that time, and he himself became the most unpopular person in the German scientific community at that time.

But Freud still did not change his original intention and went his own way. In less than 20 years, he wrote about 80 papers and 9 books, and continued to elaborate, develop and publicize his psychoanalytic theory. In Psychoanalysis of Daily Life, he proposed that all mistakes in daily life are dominated by unconscious motives. In Totem and Taboo, Oedipus complex is used to explain the primitive culture of human beings. In Introduction to Psychoanalysis, the theory of psychoanalysis is comprehensively summarized and introduced in the form of a speech. After the 1920s, some changes and developments have taken place in Freud's thoughts and views. In ego and Kuyt, inhibition, symptoms and anxiety, he proposed that psychology should be divided into three interactive parts: Kuyt (ID), ego and superego. The concepts of "life instinct" and "death instinct" were put forward in Beyond the Principle of Music. In his works such as Civilization and its Defects, Freud revealed the original motive force of the development of human civilization with the conflict between civilization and instinct.

Freud not only wrote books, but also founded and developed the psychoanalytic movement with great social enthusiasm all his life. 1908 founded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society on the basis of the "Wednesday Conference on Psychology", 19 19 developed into the International Psychoanalytic Society, and 19 19 established the International Psychoanalytic Publishing House. During this period, Freud quickly became famous in the world, and was often invited to give lectures in Europe and the United States, and cultivated a number of academic successors, such as Jung and Adler, who later had world influence. Psychoanalysis movement has since become an international movement all over the world.

1938 German fascists occupied Vienna and Freud moved to Britain. 1939 died in London. However, Freud's influence did not disappear because of his death. It can even be said that Freud's theory is not only an essential accumulation of psychology, but also an indispensable part of other humanities, artistic creation and even daily knowledge. As an authoritative book commented, "Freud's theory has been repeatedly attacked, but it has not damaged his image at all." His excellent theory, therapeutic technology and deep understanding of the hidden parts of human psychology have created a brand-new field of psychological research. The theory he founded fundamentally changed the view of human nature. "

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At the beginning of this century, psychoanalysis founded by Freud opened a new field of human self-knowledge. Although this theory has different cultural origins from the philosophical inference of unconscious phenomena, the development of psychopathology, hedonistic motivation theory, mechanical determinism thought and Darwin's biological evolution theory at that time, it only provides an atmosphere or climate, which is Freud's pioneering exploration and exposition of human psychological structure and psychological motivation in the process of developing psychoanalysis from a psychiatric method to general psychology, thus serving the spirit.

Unconsciousness of psychological structure: Freud painted a three-dimensional psychological structure diagram for human beings. The so-called "psychology" in traditional psychology is only the surface layer of this structure, that is, the consciousness layer. In terms of psychological structure, there is also a subconscious layer that is wider, more complex, more secret and more dynamic than the conscious layer. If people's psychology is like an iceberg floating on the sea, then consciousness is only a small part of this iceberg floating on the sea, while subconscious is a bigger part hidden under water. This subconscious level can be divided into two parts. One is the unconscious level, which is composed of all kinds of repressed or forgotten emotions, desires and motives. It has lost contact with the normal communication system and language rules and can hardly enter the conscious and rational level of people. The second is pre-consciousness, which is the intermediary level between consciousness and unconsciousness, and its psychological content can be changed from unconsciousness to consciousness under certain conditions.

With the help of this three-dimensional structure, Freud pointed out that the mental life picture centered on rational consciousness described by the old psychology was self-deception, and the basic part and strength of psychology came from the little-known unconscious field. "The psychological process is mainly unconscious, and the psychological process of consciousness is only a separate part and action of the whole mind." (2) Unconsciousness is not only a psychological process, but also a spiritual field with its own desire, impulse, expression and operation mechanism. It manipulates and dominates people's thoughts and behaviors like an invisible hand. Where consciousness works, it is entangled in the unconscious. "I am not the master of my own family." This discovery makes psychoanalysis not only expand the scope of psychological research to the unconscious field. Moreover, it changed the basic understanding of human psychological structure in traditional psychology, so Freud thought that "the purpose and achievement of psychoanalysis is only to discover the unconscious in the mind" and said that "the understanding of the unconscious psychological process is a decisive step in the new viewpoint of human beings and science." (3)

(1) Concise Encyclopedia of Britain China Encyclopedia Publishing House, August 1985, Volume 3, p. 189.

(2) Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis, The Commercial Press, 1984, p. 9.

(3) Freud's Theory of Creativity and Unconsciousness China Prospect Publishing House (1986), page 8.

Instinct theory of psychological motivation: Freud regarded instinct as the basic psychological motivation of human beings. Instinct comes from the internal stimulation of the body, which drives people to meet the psychological and physiological requirements caused by internal stimulation through activities, and vent and eliminate the tension, pain and anxiety caused by stimulation. During his decades of academic career, Freud proposed and revised his instinct theory many times, such as the instinct of self-preservation and racial reproduction in the early stage and the instinct of life and death in the later stage. But what he repeatedly emphasized and deeply studied was sexual instinct. He believes that sexual instinct is the most important and active factor in instinct. "Sexual impulse, with broad sense and narrow sense, is an important cause of neuropathy and mental illness, which was not recognized by predecessors. More importantly, we believe that these sexual impulses have made the greatest contribution to the highest cultural, artistic and social achievements of the human mind. " (1) Based on this psychodynamic theory, Freud systematically revealed the process of personality development, the causes of various mental diseases, and explained the psychological motivation of human creative behavior. Sexual instinct has become a key for psychoanalytic psychology to understand human activities.

It is these two basic theoretical discoveries that set up a huge arch, from which the ideological trend of psychoanalysis flowed out and showed its unique ideological personality. Among Freud's various psychoanalytic theories, the most influential branch mainly includes five aspects:

First, dream psychology. Freud used unconsciousness to explain dreams, thinking that "dreams are the satisfaction of instinctive desires." (2) At the same time, he also put forward the working mechanism of dreams, discussed the methods and skills of dream interpretation such as free association, and regarded dream analysis as an important way to understand and approach human unconsciousness.

Second, the psychology of negligence. According to the idea of determinism, Freud was convinced that any contingency is dominated by necessity, so all kinds of human mistakes, such as slip of the tongue, slip of the pen, loss, forgetting, misunderstanding, misreading, misconduct and so on. , are the embodiment of the conflict between unconscious motivation and conscious control, but also the exposure of the unconscious.

Third, abnormal psychology. Traditional abnormal psychology only emphasizes external stimuli, while Freud turned the cause to the analysis of patients' inner conflicts and motives. He pointed out that abnormal psychology can be said to be an unconventional psychology of seeking satisfaction caused by external and internal setbacks and the deprivation of sexual instinct, an abnormal expression of unconscious desire, an abnormal usage of libido and a substitute for libido satisfaction. Most of these abnormal psychology are retrogression to the sexual satisfaction of early infants, such as abuse and sadism, narcissism, homosexuality, fetishism, voyeurism and so on.

Fourth, personality psychology. Freud divided personality into three parts: id, ego and superego. The composition of "ID" is a primitive life instinct called "Libido", which acts unconditionally according to the "pleasure principle", without moral right and wrong and time and space restrictions, and seeks the greatest satisfaction of instinctive needs and the complete elimination of psychological stimulation without scruple. "Self" makes instinct realistic and rational. It is different from the irrational id and represents the rational and conscious part of personality. Its code of conduct is the "realistic principle", which adjusts the relationship between the ID and the outside world according to the realistic conditions and objective environment, and meets the needs of the ID without causing greater pain. "superego" is a kind of moral self, which represents the moral requirements and behavior standards recognized by parents or society in childhood. It sets the goal of behavior with self-ideal and supervises the process of behavior with conscience, so as to get rid of the entanglement of self and act according to social norms and requirements. In the composition of personality, these three parts represent different psychological needs and follow different operating principles, so contradictions and conflicts often arise between them. As an intermediary, the ego has to fall into the personality dilemma of "one servant and three masters" between the drive of the id, the condemnation of the superego and the limitations of reality.

Fourth, child psychology. Freud believes that Libido is innate and runs through the whole process of human physical life and personality growth. Especially in the four stages of childhood-oral period, anal period, genital period and reproductive period-the development of libido has an immeasurable and huge impact on people's life. He emphasized the importance of Oedipus complex in childhood, and believed that children's first sexual object was often one of the parents of the opposite sex, while the same-sex father or mother was regarded as the first rival by children. In the future, due to the threat of castration complex, this desire to "kill father and marry mother" was suppressed into unconsciousness, which profoundly affected people's psychology and personality.

(1) introduction to Freud's psychoanalysis, page 365438 +0 1, page 9.

(2) Freud's "A New Introduction to Psychoanalysis" The Commercial Press (1987 edition), p. 12.

Obviously, the system of psychoanalytic psychology is based on Freud's explanation of people's psychological structure and motivation, which determines that psychoanalysis is first and foremost a kind of deep psychology, which not only describes psychological phenomena but also explores people's psychological motivation, not only reveals surface psychological laws but also explores people's deep unconscious psychological mechanism. It not only explains people's psychological activities in time, but also explains people's psychological process in time, thus leading people's self-consciousness to a new world where human psychology has never been discovered, indicating that it is impossible to truly understand people's essence without investigating unconscious and irrational factors, and it is impossible to truly explain the history of people's personality development without investigating people's childhood experiences and sexual trauma. At the same time, psychoanalysis is also an analytical method of deep psychology. Freud successively put forward methods, means and skills such as free association, dream analysis, symptom analysis and daily life psychological analysis, which enabled people to understand and investigate the unconscious that could not be directly grasped through introspection, observation, reflection and measurement, and provided methodological enlightenment for people to approach the abyss of the unconscious.

Although Freud's theory often has an extreme and one-sided methodology or strategy, intentionally or unintentionally, and some of his views often lack scientific and empirical support, his thoughts are imaginative and creative. Therefore, he did not confine psychoanalysis to a field of psychology, but tried to expand it into a universal humanistic thought, a "generalized philosophy view" about people, history and society (1), which also made Freud become a thinker from a psychologist and a "builder of modern ideas about people" (2). Because of this, Freud's theory is not only a psychological theory, but also a broader cultural philosophy with a unique view on human nature, history and culture. On the understanding of human nature, Freud believed that people are not self-identity, self-awareness and self-control, but split, unconscious and non-self-action. Man is not only the master of the world, but also his own master. This thought is completely contrary to the understanding of human nature in the rationalist tradition since the Renaissance in the West. It implies that the driving force for people's survival, work and creation is not rationality, consciousness and will, but silent instinctive agitation from the bottom of life, which is an unconscious accumulation in the depths of the soul independent of people's will. In his understanding of history, Freud used the conflict between personal instinct and social civilization to explain the motive force of historical development. He pointed out that "civilization can only exist on the basis of denying individuals, and people's instinctive life is self-satisfaction of attack and egoism. The whole meaning of civilization is to prohibit and restrict human beings. " (3) Therefore, in Freud's view, human history has become a history of struggle between instinctive catharsis and anti-catharsis, repression and anti-repression, and human history has always been a history of opposition between instinct and civilization. On the understanding of culture, Freud was a pan-sexist. He used sexual desire to explain all human practices and creative behaviors, and proposed that culture was a "sublimation" that human life instinct could not achieve. If dreams are cosmetic satisfaction of sexual instinct, myths are unconscious collective dreams of human beings, art is a formal daydream, social form is the social organization of Oedipus complex, sex is the noumenon of culture, and culture becomes a symbol of sex.

Although in Freud's thought, he exaggerated the function of unconsciousness and the significance of sexual instinct, neglected the position of consciousness, rationality and sociality in people's psychological structure and motivation, and showed obvious tendency of "unconsciousness only" and "universality"; He pays attention to the diachronic influence of individual experience, ignores the time limitation of social environment, and has an idealistic way of thinking. Many of his theories are not only based on assumptions and conjectures that lack scientific evidence, but also are often emphasized in a deliberately extreme rhetorical way, which inevitably has metaphysical one-sidedness. However, Freud's historical position and significance cannot be underestimated, which is not only manifested in his many enlightening explanations of human psychology and behavior, but also in his new methodology, that is, deep psychological methods. It is in this sense that no matter how many fallacies Freud's theory has in concrete conclusions, ways of exposition and technical means, it provides a brand-new way of thinking for human beings, so that today, any understanding of human beings will be unconvincing without an investigation of the unconscious. This is also the basic reason why psychoanalysis initiated by Freud is still in the ascendant for a century.

(1) Reuben Finn's Psychoanalytic past lives. Lin Xue Publishing House, 1988, p. 1.

(2) see Freud and the 20th century, London 1958, p. 279.

(3) See Freud's Civilization and Its Defects, Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House, 1987 edition.