Life science and technology knowledge: high and new technology
1. Information superhighway
? The information superhighway was first proposed by former US Vice President Al Gore in 1993. Its specific definition is:? National information infrastructure is a complete network composed of communication networks, computers, databases and daily electronic products, which can provide users with a lot of information? . The information superhighway consists of communication network, various information network service equipment, related software and tools, and information resources.
2.4G
4G is the abbreviation of the fourth generation mobile communication and its technology. It is a technical product that integrates 3G and WLAN and can transmit high-quality video images, and the image transmission quality is comparable to that of HDTV. Compared with traditional communication technology, the most obvious advantages of 4G communication technology are call quality and data communication speed. Its maximum data transmission rate is more than 50 times that of 3G.
3. Smart Earth
Smart earth is also called smart earth. Its core is to change the interaction between government, enterprises and people in a smarter way, using a new generation of information technology, so as to improve the clarity, efficiency, flexibility and response speed of interaction. This concept was first put forward by IBM CEO Peng.
4. Satellite communication
Satellite communication refers to the communication between two or more ground stations using artificial earth satellites as relay stations to forward or reflect radio signals. As long as three satellites are equidistantly distributed in fixed-point synchronous orbit, global communication can be realized except polar regions. Using this principle, it was opened at 1999+00? Global star? The low-orbit mobile satellite communication system has realized global mobile phone roaming and global paging.
5. Cloud computing
The concept of cloud computing was put forward by Google. It aims to integrate a number of relatively low-cost computing entities into a perfect system with strong computing power through the network. The core idea of cloud computing is to manage and schedule a large number of computing resources connected through the network in a unified way to form a computing resource pool and provide users with on-demand services.
6. High-performance engineering plastics
High-performance engineering plastics have many incomparable advantages over metal materials: light weight, high strength, wear resistance, no rust and low cost. If a car uses an all-plastic body and a ceramic engine, the weight of the car can be reduced by half and the efficiency can be improved by more than 50%.
7. New composite materials
FRP, carbon fiber composite and ceramic composite are new composite materials that have developed rapidly in recent years. Glass fiber reinforced plastic is a kind of glass fiber reinforced plastic, and its strength is equivalent to that of steel. It is a composite material with high output and wide application at present. With carbon fiber? The new high-speed jet turbine blades made of ceramic composite materials can withstand the high temperature of 1400℃ and the high speed of 30000 revolutions per minute, and their weight is half that of titanium alloy blades. With the wide application of carbon fiber composites in aircraft, the weight of aircraft may be reduced by 50%.
8. Superconducting materials
Dutch physicist anis discovered. According to the different critical temperatures, superconducting materials can be divided into high-temperature superconducting materials and low-temperature superconducting materials. Superconducting materials have two valuable characteristics: one is zero resistance, which can minimize the loss of EHV transmission; The second is magnetic levitation. Superconducting levitation technology is now used to develop wear-free bearings, maglev trains, particle accelerators and nuclear fusion reactors.
9. Solar energy
Solar energy generally refers to the energy radiated by sunlight, which is produced by the continuous nuclear fusion reaction of sunspots inside or on the surface of the sun. There are three main forms of solar energy utilization: photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion and photochemical conversion. Solar energy is both primary energy and renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can be used for free, does not need transportation, and has no pollution to the environment.
10. Biomass energy
Biomass energy is a form of energy in which solar energy is stored in biomass in the form of chemical energy, that is, energy with biomass as the carrier. It comes directly or indirectly from the photosynthesis of green plants, and can be converted into conventional solid, liquid and gas fuels, which are inexhaustible. It is a kind of renewable energy and the only renewable carbon source. Biomass energy is the fourth largest energy source in the world, second only to coal, oil and natural gas.
1 1. Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy, also called atomic energy, includes fission energy and fusion energy. Nuclear fission is mainly used for nuclear power generation, and its technical application is relatively mature. Nuclear fusion has several advantages: safety, no pollution and high efficiency. Fusion energy in nuclear energy is an infinite, clean and safe ideal energy source. Unlike fossil fuel power generation, nuclear power generation will not emit huge amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, so nuclear power generation will not cause air pollution, nor will it produce carbon dioxide that will aggravate the global greenhouse effect.
12. Ocean energy
Ocean energy is the energy received, stored and released by the ocean through various physical processes, which exists in the ocean in the form of tides, waves, temperature differences and ocean currents. Ocean energy mainly includes temperature difference energy, salinity gradient energy, ocean current energy, tidal energy and wave energy, and is mainly used for power generation. Marine energy is rich and renewable. However, the energy flow distribution is uneven, the density is low, the energy is changeable and unstable, and the utilization rate of ocean energy is low.
13. protein
Protein is the material basis of life. Without protein, there would be no life.
Protein is a complex organic compound, which is formed by linear arrangement of amino acid molecules. The carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues are connected together by peptide bonds. At present, there are 20 kinds of amino acids in most identified natural protein, but there are also some special amino acids in nature.
14. deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic process is essentially a process of genetic material transfer. The transmission of genetic information depends on the process of DNA replication. DNA exists in every cell of an organism. 1953, James? Watson and Francis? Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
15. genetically modified food
Genetically modified food is the use of modern molecular biotechnology to transfer the genes of some organisms (including animals and plants) to other species, transform the genetic material of organisms, and make them change to people's needs in terms of morphology, nutritional quality and consumption quality.
16. Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a physical science that describes the structure, movement and changing laws of the micro-world. The emergence and development of quantum mechanics marks a great leap in human understanding of nature from the macro world to the micro world. In August 2009, China built the world's first all-pass quantum communication network. Quantum secure communication technology is based on the principle of quantum mechanics, which can ensure the absolute security of key distribution between two places.
17. Space resources
Cosmic space or outer space, also known as outer space, refers to the space area outside the dense atmosphere of the earth. 198 1 The 32nd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation called land, ocean, atmosphere and outer space the first, second, third and fourth largest environments for human beings respectively.
18. Marine energy development project
Ocean energy is a renewable natural gas energy in the ocean, which mainly includes tidal temperature difference energy, wave energy and ocean current energy.
Second, the common sense of science and technology in life
1. Physical knowledge
(1) clothes hook: When the plastic clothes hook is attached to the wall, the air between the plastic sucker and the wall is squeezed out, and the atmospheric pressure presses the plastic sucker against the wall. After the clothes or schoolbags are hung, the friction between the plastic sucker and the wall balances the gravity of the clothes or schoolbags, so the clothes or schoolbags can be hung.
(2) Car front window: Except for large buses, the front windows of most cars are inclined. When the front window glass of the car is tilted, the image of the passenger in the car reflected by the glass is in front of the car, and pedestrians on the road can't appear in the air above, so that the image of the passenger in the car is separated from the pedestrians on the road, and the driver won't have illusions, thus avoiding accidents caused by flat mirror imaging.
(3) Water pipe sweating: In summer, water pipes? Sweating? It's not that the pipes are leaking, but that the tap water pipes are mostly buried underground and the water temperature is low. When the water vapor in the air contacts the pipeline, it will release heat, liquefy into small water droplets and attach to the outer wall. What if there are many walls? Sweating? It shows that the high water vapor content and high humidity in the air are the precursors of rain.
2. Chemical knowledge
(1) Food preservation: In order to prevent food from getting wet, deteriorating or deforming, carbon dioxide or nitrogen is often filled into food bags; Or put desiccant in the bag: quicklime and calcium chloride mainly absorb water, and iron mainly absorbs oxygen and water; Or vacuum package.
(2) Fresh air after rain: After a thunderstorm in summer, people will feel the air is particularly fresh, because in the process of lightning, chemical changes have taken place and some oxygen in the air has become ozone. Strong ozone has a bad smell and strong oxidation ability, and can be bleached and sterilized. Thin ozone will give people a fresh feeling. After a thunderstorm, the air will be filled with a small amount of ozone, so people will feel the air is fresh.
3. Medical knowledge
(1) Drug allergy: Patients should first drink more warm water, let the drugs be excreted as soon as possible, and pay attention to physical changes. If you have severe allergic symptoms, you can take necessary first-aid measures, such as taking antihistamines, vasoconstrictors, or injecting corticosteroids.
(2) Time of taking medicine: Generally, the medicine taken by Yi 'anpai before meals has little stimulation to the stomach, and the stomach is empty before meals. After taking the medicine, it can be fully absorbed, which can maintain the effective concentration of the medicine and quickly exert its efficacy. Drugs that have obvious irritation to the gastrointestinal tract are best taken after meals. Some drugs, such as pepsin tablets, amylase, dilute hydrochloric acid, etc. You need to be with food to help digestion to the maximum extent in time. Therefore, these drugs should be taken in the diet. In order to make drugs enter the intestine quickly and maintain a high concentration, some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning.
4. Electrical common sense
(1)3D TV: short for 3D stereoscopic video TV. Based on the principle that people's eyes observe objects from slightly different angles, it can distinguish the distance of objects and produce stereoscopic vision, and separate the images seen by left and right eyes, so that users can experience stereoscopic effect with their naked eyes without using stereoscopic glasses. The stereoscopic display effect of 3D LCD TV is to send the encoded 3D video images to people's left and right eyes independently by adding a special precision cylindrical lens screen on the LCD panel, so that users can experience stereoscopic effect with their naked eyes without using stereoscopic glasses and be compatible with 2D images.
(2)LED: Light emitting diode, which is a solid semiconductor device, can directly convert electricity into light. The heart of LED is a semiconductor chip, one end of which is attached to the bracket, one end is the negative electrode, and the other end is connected to the positive electrode of power supply, so that the whole chip is encapsulated by epoxy resin. In view of its own advantages, LED is mainly used in display screen, traffic lights, automobile industry, home indoor lighting and so on.
5. Natural phenomena
(1) Pre-earthquake symptoms: Before the earthquake, animals will be restless. For example, a large number of rats move outside during the day, cats and dogs bark and scream because of panic, a large number of fish jump out of the water, a large number of frogs and toads land, domestic animals have no appetite, a large number of cockroaches and ants appear at home, cattle and horses don't enter the circle, pigeons and wild ducks don't return to their nests, snakes don't hibernate, and they climb out of their holes in winter.
(2) Seagulls know the weather: Is it safe for seagulls to sail at sea? Forecasters? . If seagulls fly close to the sea, the weather will be fine in the future; If they wander along the seaside, the weather will get worse gradually; If seagulls leave the water and fly high, flying from the sea to the seaside in droves, or flocks of seagulls gather on the beach or in cracks in rocks, this indicates that a storm is coming.
(3) Aurora phenomenon: When a large number of charged particles emitted by the sun shoot at the earth, they are attracted by the south and north magnetic poles of the earth and flood into the south and north poles one after another. Therefore, the aurora is concentrated in the South Pole and the North Pole.
6. First aid knowledge
(1) Fracture: After the fracture is confirmed, the injured limb (finger) must be fixed before being sent to the hospital, otherwise the abnormal movement of the broken end will aggravate the injury. According to local conditions, wooden boards, sticks, branches, bamboo poles, magazines, etc. Can be used as temporary splint fixation. Without the above materials, the upper limb can also be fixed on the trunk, and the lower limb can be fixed on the contralateral healthy limb.
(2) Heatstroke: People suffering from mild to moderate heatstroke should quickly move to a cool and ventilated place to rest, take off or unbutton their clothes, wipe their bodies with a cold towel, and quickly lower their body temperature. Can let heatstroke patients drink some cold salt water and cold salty drinks. If the patient is unconscious and has convulsions, he should be sent to the hospital immediately.
(3) Bee sting: Once you are stung by a bee when you go out, you should carefully pull out the remaining stinger, gently squeeze the wound, squeeze out the venom, and apply a little ammonia or soda water. If you are stung by a wasp, apply acetic acid water and venom. Local cold compress can relieve swelling and pain. If you have abnormal reactions such as nausea and dizziness, you should go to the hospital immediately.
7. Safety knowledge
(1) Identification of safety color: Red in safety color indicates prohibition, stop, fire fighting and danger; Yellow indicates caution and warning; Blue indicates the instructions and regulations that must be observed; Green means traffic, safety and providing information.
(2) Electric shock first aid: If someone gets an electric shock, it is imperative to find the switch as soon as possible and cut off the power supply. If you can't find the power supply for the time being, you can find an insulated thing nearby, such as a wooden stick or a plastic pipe, connect the contact of the electric shock person with the power supply, and then check the reaction of the electric shock person. If it is found that he has lost his heartbeat and breathing, he should immediately give artificial respiration and chest compressions on the spot, and let others call the emergency number.
(3) Fire emergency: If doors, windows, passages and stairs have been sealed by fireworks, it is really impossible to rush out. You can pour some cold water on your head and body, or wrap your head with wet towels and sheets, wrap your body with wet quilts and blankets, and then rush out of the fire. Because wet things don't burn easily, you can protect yourself by wrapping them. If the smoke is too heavy and choking, you can cover your nose and mouth with a mask or towel and try to stick to the ground or crawl, because the smoke generally floats on it, and there is less smoke near the ground.
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