Confucius’ thoughts inherited the culture of the Zhou Dynasty, and his thoughts have always influenced and educated the world. It is the guiding light for the progress of human society.

1. Confucius advocated the rule of etiquette and opposed the rule of law. The meaning of etiquette was very broad in ancient times, referring to the etiquette and rituals of international communication, aristocratic crown, wedding, funeral, sacrifice, Tie and other ceremonies, including political systems, moral norms, etc. Confucius said: "The gains and losses of Yin due to Xia's rituals can be known; the gains and losses of Zhou due to Yin's rituals can be known; and those who succeeded Zhou can be known for hundreds of generations." ("The Analects of Confucius·Xueer") It seems that Zhou's rituals are eternal. Unchanging norms. When the Jin Dynasty cast a punishment tripod, he sharply opposed it, saying: "The Jin Dynasty will perish and lose its power."

2. In terms of economy, he opposed the feudal land tax system and tried his best to maintain the system since the Western Zhou Dynasty. land tax system. "Zuo Zhuan·Eleventh Year of Ai Gong": "The Ji family wanted to use the land tax to send Ran You to visit Zhongni... Zhongni... privately said to Ran Youri: 'A gentleman's behavior is based on etiquette. Give generously. , When doing things, it will be enough to take care of them. If you don't pay attention to propriety, and you are greedy and greedy, then even if you use land, it will not be enough. The canon of Zhou Gong is here; if you want to do it in a humble way, why not?"

3. Confucius advocated the idea of ??rectification of names in the hierarchical system. He advocated a hierarchical system that conforms to the "propriety" of "lord, minister, father, son, son". Confucius said: "If the name is not correct, then the words will not go smoothly; if the words are not right, the things will not be accomplished; if the things are not accomplished, the rituals and music will not flourish; if the rituals and music are not flourishing, the punishments will not be appropriate; if the punishments are not accurate, the people will be at a loss." (The Analects of Confucius) ·Zilu》)

4. Confucius advocated self-denial and restoration of propriety. "The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan" records: "Yan Yuan asked about benevolence. Confucius said: 'To restrain oneself and restore etiquette is benevolence. For one day to restrain oneself and restore etiquette, the world will return to benevolence." Yan Yuan asked again what the specific content of "restraining oneself and restoring etiquette" is, and Confucius said: “See nothing untoward, hear nothing untoward, speak nothing untoward, do nothing untoward. ”

5. In terms of ethical thought, Confucius advocated benevolence. The basic spirit of Confucius’s “benevolence” is to teach people to adjust the contradictions within the ruling class according to Zhou rites. His “benevolence” generally does not include workers Confucius said: "There is no such thing as a gentleman who is not benevolent, but there is no such thing as a villain who is benevolent." "("The Analects of Confucius·Xianwen") Zengzi summarized the meaning of "benevolence" with the words "loyalty" and "shu", which are relatively close to the original meaning. The way of loyalty and forgiveness is "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you."

6. In philosophy, Confucius advocated the concept of destiny. Once, when he was besieged by Kuang people, he said: "The generals of heaven will be mourned by gentlemen, and the dead will not be like gentlemen; the heavens will not be mourned by gentlemen." Also, what can we do to help people?" Confucius said: "What can Heaven say? How can the four seasons move and all things come into being? What can Heaven say?" ("The Analects of Confucius Yanghuo") In Confucius' view, "Heaven" is the infinite existence of all things in the universe. The master of speech. Confucius believed that he spoke and acted in accordance with the destiny. Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny; when I was sixty, I was obedient. At seventy, follow your heart's desires and do not exceed the rules. "("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng") He regarded the restoration of Zhou rituals as his historical mission, saying: "If the phoenix bird does not come, the river does not flow out of the map, I am already a husband!" ("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan") < /p>

7. In terms of education, Confucius advocated the spirit of "teaching without distinction", "teaching in accordance with aptitude" and "being tireless in learning and teaching"

8. In terms of moral character, he advocated " Tolerance, shame, trust, sensitivity, benefit, gentleness, kindness, respect, frugality, concession, etc.