Otto von otto von bismarck, born in 18 15 April/0/day, died in 1 898, Prussian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, was an outstanding politician and diplomat in modern German history, and was called the "Iron Prime Minister". Otto von bismarck is an important figure in modern German history. As the most famous politician and diplomat of the Prussian-German Juncker bourgeoisie, he is a representative figure who unified Germany (kicked out of Austria).

Bismarck was born in April 18 15 1 to a family of Junk big noble in the Altemarkshenhausen Manor in Brandenburg, Prussia. He received a good education as a child and studied law, history and foreign languages at the University of G? ttingen and the University of Berlin. During his college years, he dueled with his classmates 27 times. Do military service after graduation. Bismarck had a strong physique and a rough personality. In order to pursue his goal, he can do whatever it takes and be realistic. After 1839, he returned to his own territory, managed the manor economy, adopted new farming methods, improved farm tools, rotated crops and produced commodities. 1847, Bismarck became a member of the Prussian parliament; 1851-1858 served as the representative of Prussia countries in the German Federation, 1859 served as the minister in Russia, and 186 1 year served as the minister in France. 1862 served as prime minister and foreign minister of Prussia, vigorously promoted the "iron and blood policy" and advocated Prussia's reunification of Germany through war. He launched wars against Denmark, Austria and France, and gradually realized the reunification of Germany. 187 1 year, Bismarck became the newly established Prime Minister of the German Empire and was made Duke. He remained in power for the next 20 years. Strengthen the power of Prussia and imperial government at home, promote the alliance and economic interests of Yong Ke and the bourgeoisie, and suppress the workers' movement; He adopted a realistic attitude towards the outside world, contended for European hegemony and actively expanded overseas. He himself became a man of the hour in European politics in the second half of the19th century. 1890, he was ordered by the new emperor William II to resign and return to the manor. 1898 is dead. Otto von bismarck (otto von bismarck, 18 15 April 1- 1898 July 30), Duke of Lauenburg, Prime Minister of Prussia (1862- 18768). The first Prime Minister of the German Empire (187 1 year-1890) was called "Iron Prime Minister" (German: Eiserner Kanzler), "German architect" and "German navigator". Bismarck was one of the most outstanding politicians in19th century. During his tenure as Prime Minister of Prussia, he unified Germany through a series of successful wars and became the first Prime Minister of the German Empire. At first, as a conservative absolutist, Bismarck suppressed the socialist movement from 65438 to 1980s. He established the world's earliest pension, health and medical insurance system for workers through legislation, or social insurance.

Edit this paragraph as a teenager.

Bismarck was born in April 18 15 in a small town in Prussia called Xing Orson. His family is a traditional brave, with a lot of land and manor.

. Bismarck's father, Ferdinand von Bismarck, was a landlord and retired military officer who mainly hunted with friends. At the age of 35, he married 17, the mother of Bismarck. Bismarck's parents came from different backgrounds, and his mother was born in a middle-class family and lived in the urban area for a long time, so her thoughts were more open and advanced, instead of being conservative like her father. Bismarck has a brother and a sister, who are five years older than him. Bismarck's father hoped that he could become an excellent soldier and be loyal to his country. But his mother wants him to become a politician and shine in politics. Despite the different expectations of his parents, Bismarck finally realized it at the same time. Bismarck was sent to Berlin primary school at the age of 8. Because most of his classmates grew up in bourgeois families, most of them rejected him as Junker's son, which made his childhood suffer great pain and pressure. /kloc-he entered middle school at the age of 0/2, but he was still excluded by his classmates. However, he was not discouraged. On the contrary, he studied hard, learned English, French, Russian, Polish and Dutch, and became a multilingual genius, which laid the foundation for his future career as a diplomat. Bismarck entered the University of G? ttingen before 17 years old. However, Bismarck was not satisfied with college life. During college, he often wore a sword around his waist and led a big German shepherd. But I don't want to learn, and I have formed many bad habits. Fighting with classmates 27 times. Later, although I transferred to Berlin University to study law, I was still not satisfied. Although he became a lawyer after graduation, he was not satisfied with it, so he joined the government and became a small clerk. At this time, he met a noble woman and got engaged, but he had no money and wanted to make money by gambling, but he lost all his money and owed a lot of debts. So the engagement is off. Later, he met a priest's daughter and got engaged again. Unfortunately, this woman also left with a rich soldier. As a result, Bismarck could only return to his hometown with debts. After returning to his hometown, he separated from his brother and became the owner of the manor, but he was not satisfied with this life, so he quickly entered politics again.

Edit this story about the bloody prime minister.

1In June, 862, Bismarck became Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Prussia. In September of the same year, in his first speech at the Prussian Parliament, he declared loudly: "What Germany pays attention to is not Prussian liberalism, but power. Prussia must save its own strength and wait for the favorable opportunity. We have missed it several times. Major contemporary issues cannot be solved by discussion and majority voting, and sometimes they must be solved through a struggle, an iron struggle. " Bismarck's "iron blood" is his program and creed of unifying Germany, so he has the nickname "iron blood prime minister" It was by this kind of violence that Bismarck boldly and cunningly used international disputes and favorable opportunities to unify Germany decisively through the "top-down" road.

Middle-aged Bismarck

Bismarck 1 81April 051was born in a family of big noble in Shenhausen, Prussia, and spent his childhood in his father's manor. During his college years, he dueled with his classmates 27 times. 1835 After graduating from Berlin University, Bismarck returned to his hometown to manage his two territories. Strong physique, rough personality, cruelty to farmers, persistence in goals, unscrupulous pursuit and realistic attitude constitute Bismarck's distinctive personality characteristics. The parliamentary career entered politics this time, which changed Bismarck's life. He first became a river bank supervisor. This job is very suitable for Bismarck's aggressive personality, so he is very capable and soon established a positive image. He took this opportunity to take part in the parliamentary election. Although he was only elected as an alternate MP, he succeeded in forcing a MP to resign due to illness. As a result, he was successfully elected as a full member of the Berlin Parliament. This year was1May 847, and Bismarck was only 33 years old. In the same year, he got engaged to a woman named Joanna and got married that year. But the following year, the famous 1848 revolution broke out and Pu Wang was captured. Bismarck decided to go to Berlin to find out the truth. On the way, he met Prince William's wife and asked him to help her husband become king, but Bismarck refused the request. Later, Frederick William IV successfully suppressed the revolution. His career as a diplomat was at 185 1. Bismarck was a Prussian representative at the Frankfurt Confederacy Conference and was soon promoted to ambassador. He worked for this for eight years. 1857, Frederick William IV went insane, so his younger brother Prince William became the regent. After the regency, Prince William summoned Bismarck in real time and appointed him as the ambassador to Russia. 186 1 year, Prince William ascended the throne for William I, but he immediately clashed with the parliament in preparing for the war. In desperation, only Bismarck was appointed as the internal affairs, but Bismarck didn't want to be the internal affairs, so he didn't implement it. 1in the spring of 862, Bismarck returned to Berlin. Due to internal pressure, King Pu could not promote him as prime minister. As a result, Bismarck resigned and was re-appointed as the ambassador to France. In the same year, the Liberal Party won an absolute victory in the new round of elections in the Prussian parliament, and then rejected all the funding from the Prussian government for military reform, and the government and parliament were deadlocked. Under major contradictions, Bismarck became the only possible candidate for prime minister. 1862 On September 23rd, William I recalled Bismarck and appointed him as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.

Prime minister's career

Bismarck, who became prime minister, firmly told the parliament in his first speech in the House of Commons on September 26th that "major contemporary issues cannot be solved by discussion and majority voting, and sometimes they are inevitably solved through a struggle, a struggle between iron and blood." Since then, Bismarck has been nicknamed "Prime Minister of Iron Blood". Then the king said to Bismarck, "I know the ending very well." They will cut off your head in front of my window in the Opera Square, and then cut off my head later. " Bismarck responded: "Since you will die sooner or later, why not die disgracefully?" ..... whether you die on the gallows or on the battlefield, there is no difference between the two ... You must fight to the end! "Since then, the king and his prime minister have formed a very special and strong relationship. After Bismarck became prime minister, he failed to solve the conflict with parliament. Therefore, he wants to divert the attention of parliamentarians with the great cause of German reunification and win the support of the working class to counter the bourgeois liberals. Soon, he began to plan three unified wars.

Edit this diplomat Bismarck

185 1 is the representative of Prussia in the German Federal Republic, 1859 is the ambassador to Russia, and 186 1 is the ambassador to France.

Three dynasty wars (during the joint war)

The first step was to provoke a war against Denmark at the beginning of 1864. The Principality of Schleswig-Holstein, to which Denmark belongs, was merged into the Putan War in Germany. As a northern neighbor of Germany, Denmark often intervened in German affairs, so Bismarck was the first to solve Denmark. 186 1 year, the Danish king wanted to take over Schleswig and Holstein on the border of Puttan, and Bismarck immediately created a dispute. He first promised that if Puttan went to war, other powers would not interfere, and made an alliance with Austria to attack Denmark, and finally forced Denmark to give up these two countries. 1864, 10 10 The Vienna Treaty signed on October 30th stipulated that Denmark should give up these two places. 1August 8651August 4, the two countries reached a special covenant of Gastin, which placed Schleswig under Prussian rule and Holstein under Austrian rule. But this is actually a deliberate conspiracy by Bismarck, because the Holstein obtained by Austria is not only small in area, but also surrounded by Prussia. In this way, Austria can easily conflict with Prussia, so this is a fuse to promote the war between Austria and Prussia. The second step, 1866 provoked the war between Puao and Austria. 1On July 3, 866, Prussia won a decisive victory in the Battle of Sadova. According to the Prague Peace Treaty of August 1866, Austria withdrew from the German Federation, and Prussia annexed Holstein and several German federal vassals that stood in Austria during the war, unified northern and central Germany, and established the North German Federation under the leadership of Prussia. After the Prussian War, Bismarck decided to drive Austria out of the German Confederation in order to facilitate the reunification of Germany in the future. So he set out to isolate Austria. First, Bismarck promised to help Russia cancel the Black Sea neutrality clause. And met with the French emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, said Prussia is not opposed to the cession of Luxembourg and the Rhine to France, to ensure that France remained neutral in the Puo-Austrian War. At that time, Britain continued to implement the policy of glorious isolation, so it would remain neutral in the event of conflict between Puao and Austria. Finally,1on April 8, 866, he signed an alliance treaty with Italy, stipulating that if Prussia goes to war with Austria within three months, Italy must declare war on Austria at the same time, and only when Austria returns Venice to Italy can it make peace with Austria. Finally, the Austrian emperor, dissatisfied with the terms of the Gastin Special Covenant, demanded that Silesia, Prussia's richest industrial zone, be exchanged for Holstein, so Bismarck used this as an excuse to accuse Austria of breach of contract. As a result, in May of 1866, William I ordered a national mobilization and declared war on Austria in June of the same year. Italy also declared war on Austria according to the Treaty of Offensive and Defending Alliance. Soon, Prussia conquered the small pro-Austria country in North Germany, and fought with 238,000 Austrian troops in Sadova on July 3, 866, that is, the Battle of Sadova, and finally the Austrian army was defeated. At this time, Bismarck decided to make peace with Austria instead of pursuing it, because he realized that destroying Austria was not his primary goal, and the most important thing was to unify Germany. Therefore, in the Prague Treaty signed on August 23 of that year, he gave Austria extremely tolerant peace conditions in order to maintain good relations with Austria. After the Puo-Austrian War, the only obstacle to German reunification was France, which controlled the southern German states from behind. Bismarck and Li Hongzhang

The third step is the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. 1870 July 19, at the instigation of Bismarck, France declared war on Germany. Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte boasted that it was just a "military walk to Berlin". But what he met was not Prussia in the past, but a relatively strong German nation that resolutely opposed separatism. 1On September 2, 870, the Germans won a decisive victory over France in the Battle of Sedang and captured Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte alive. At this point, the obstacles to Yugoslavia's reunification have been removed, and the task of German national war has been completed. Bismarck took his troops straight to Paris. 187 1 year 1 month 18 declared the unification of Germany and established the German Empire at Versailles. Bismarck also served as the Prime Minister of the German Empire. During the Franco-Prussian War, France also manipulated the southern German states behind the scenes, which hindered the unification of Germany. Therefore, Bismarck created a dispute over the succession of the Spanish throne, forcing the French emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte to declare war on Prussia, and Prussia used this to unite the German nation and attack France. Prussia quickly repelled the invading French army and fought back against France. In the Battle of Alsace, Pu Jun defeated the French army and Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte surrendered. Then Pu Jun marched into Paris to help the newly established national defense government in Paris destroy the Paris Commune, in order to obtain a large amount of reparations. Finally, King William I of Prussia ascended the throne in the mirror hall of the Palace of Versailles in France, announced the establishment of the German Empire, and received war reparations from Alsace and Lorraine and 5 billion francs from France.

Edit this passage about the road to hegemony

After Bismarck unified Germany, he carried out the policy of serving the interests of the big bourgeoisie and aristocratic landlords, which promoted the development of German economy. But his "iron blood" did not stop. 187 1 participated in the suppression of the Paris commune. At home, in order to step up the suppression of the German workers' movement, he promulgated the so-called "Suppression of Social Democratic Party's attempt to endanger social security Act" in 1878. He organized military groups abroad and tried his best to consolidate Germany's hegemonic position in the European continent. At the same time, they plundered colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and competed with Britain for world hegemony.

Editing this paragraph is disheartening.

1888, William II ascended the throne, disagreed with Bismarck on many issues, and gradually became disheartened in Bismarck's cruel power struggle. 1890, 75-year-old Bismarck submitted his resignation to William II and officially retired. The death of William I means the downfall of Bismarck. Otto von bismarck died in his hometown manor at the age of 83, and finished his memoir Thinking and Memories in his spare time. Although Germany was unified in his later political career, Bismarck, the bloody prime minister, still had to face many internal and external troubles. Domestic issues As far as domestic issues are concerned, at first, in the "cultural struggle" from 187 1 to 1877, they attacked each other and finally ended in mutual compromise. Then at 1878, he immediately began to "encircle the left" and promulgated extraordinary laws to suppress the Social Democratic Party. But at the same time, he also formulated many measures to protect workers, making Germany the first country in the world to have labor legislation, although many of them are superficial. Diplomatic issues On diplomatic issues, Bismarck did not want any foreign wars since the reunification of Germany, so that Germany could recuperate and cultivate its national strength. So unlike other European countries, he didn't plunder a lot of colonies. But he was worried about French retaliation, so he adopted an alliance policy and isolated France. First, 1873 concluded the "Three Emperors Alliance" with Austria-Hungary and Russia. However, in 1879, Russia withdrew due to the conflict of interests with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, and Bismarck immediately renewed the Covenant with Austria, which was called the "German-Austrian Alliance" in history. But Bismarck was worried that Russia would switch to France, so he signed a reinsurance treaty with Russia in 1887. 1882 triple alliance was signed with Italy and Austria-Hungary. 1877, when the Russian-Turkish war broke out, Russia defeated Turkey and signed the Treaty of San Stefano, but this harmed the interests of Britain and France and other powers, so the powers invited Bismarck, who did not participate, to mediate. Results 1878, Berlin Conference was held in Berlin. In the meeting, he favored Britain, France and Austria, but remained neutral on the surface, which made Russia a big loser. As a result, German-Russian relations deteriorated and Russia withdrew from the san huang League. These problems have been puzzling Bismarck's later reign, and even made him feel restless.

Withdraw from politics

1888 On March 9th, William I died, and his son Friedrich William succeeded him as Frederick III. However, he died 99 days after he ascended the throne. As a result, his son William II succeeded to the throne at the age of 29. The youthful emperor didn't want to be controlled by Bismarck, so he disagreed with Bismarck on many issues. Bismarck was 73 years old and had been in power for 26 years. As a result, in a series of power struggles, Bismarck gradually understood the truth that a dead rabbit cooks a dog and was disheartened. On March 1890, he submitted his resignation to William II and officially retired. After Bismarck's death, otto von bismarck lived in Friderichs Lu Manor near Hamburg and wrote his memoir Thinking and Memories. Finally, on July 30th, 1898, Bismarck, the world-famous iron and blood prime minister, passed away quietly at the age of 83.

Edit the historical impact of this paragraph.

Bismarck is an important figure in modern German history. As the most famous politician and diplomat of the German Prussian Junk bourgeoisie, he is a representative figure of unifying Germany, and his life is an important historical period of Germany's transition from feudal autocratic society to capitalism and then to a capitalist power. Although Bismarck himself withdrew from the historical stage, his "iron-blooded" policy deeply influenced the later German history.