Anti-Qing fighters lived in exile all their lives.
Gu was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (16 13). /kloc-at the age of 0/4, Gu successfully passed the scholar's exam with his quick thinking and extensive knowledge. Soon, he joined the academic organization "Fu She". Since joining the Fu Society, Gu has extensive contacts and contacts with intellectuals such as scholar-officials. They hold meetings from time to time to comment on state affairs and discuss the politics, economy and culture of the current dynasty. 1In May 645, the Qing army went south and occupied Hangjiahu and other areas. After the conquest of Nanjing, a haircut order was issued. Gu took an active part in the anti-Qing struggle. He angrily denounced the vulgar outlook on life of some dignitaries in the Ming Dynasty, and loudly put forward the slogan "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". This sentence has become a patriotic motto that inspires future generations. After the establishment of the unified political power in the Qing Dynasty, Gu still insisted on anti-Qing activities and determined to "save the Sri Lankan people and die". He flatly rejected the Qing court's recommendation that he go to the Ming History Museum to compile Ming history and study poetry. Gu Yanwu settled at the foot of Huashan Mountain in his later years. 168 1 year, Huayin moved to Quwo, Shanxi. I was very ill because of the fatigue of the journey. In the first month of the following year, he died of illness at the age of 70.
Rich in knowledge and works
Gu studied hard all his life, even though he was in exile for a long time, he did not stop his hard academic research work. Yu Zhaozhi and Diseases of Counties in the World are two practical books that I wrote after traveling around the world. The Record of the Day is an encyclopedia recorded by Gu's essays. Since the age of 30, Gu has taken notes every time he studies. At the age of 60, after repeated exploration, long-term thinking and repeated revisions, I wrote this book. The book consists of 32 volumes, covering a wide range of topics, including Confucian classics, politics, economy, military affairs, art, astronomical phenomena, martial arts, history and geography. It can be described as the crystallization of Gu Lifelong's research. Gu's other book, Shu of Phonology King, is an academic monograph on phonology in China, which is divided into five parts. Gu has made great achievements in literature. He wrote poems and essays, which were included in Lin Ting's Poems. Zhang Xiufu, a poet in A Qing, praised Gu in Poem Postscript. Words must be elegant and have the advantages of everyone in Tang and Song Dynasties. Scholars who studied Gu in later generations not only discussed the achievements contained in his poems from the artistic point of view, but also demonstrated his patriotic thought of practical use through the analysis of his poems. Records of the Stone, Textual Research on the Stone Classics and Ancient Records are academic works of epigraphy left by Gu for later generations, which opened the precedent of epigraphy in Qing Dynasty. Gu regards "making the past serve the present", that is, understanding the past is to study history.
Therefore, in his historical works and comments, he attaches great importance to summing up historical experience and lessons, and has obvious political tendency. The purpose of his rule of history is to benefit the country and the people; From the historical point of view, history is a process of development and change; The historical method is seeking truth from facts and emphasizing facts; The attitude towards history is serious. Gu's accomplishments in Confucian classics are incomparable to those of ordinary scholars. He is the author of Yi, Poetry, Calligraphy, Three Holes, Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. His textual research on these Confucian classics initiated the study of Sinology in Qing Dynasty. Because of his clear attitude towards scholarship, Gu's works on Confucian classics are by no means academic for the sake of scholarship, but research for the sake of research, but for "learning clearly, correcting people's hearts, rejuvenating troubled times and promoting world peace". Gu also studied in astronomy, mathematics, art of war and even diplomacy, leaving many valuable academic research results for future generations. According to the Chronicle of Mr. Gu, Gu Yisheng wrote more than 50 kinds and 400 volumes. These books "run through thousands of years of books, study their gains and losses in detail, and break books from the heart." Juck Zhang, Guodian, folk customs, local conditions and customs are exactly the same, and they all have insightful opinions. His skill is enough to correct the current situation, and his words are enough to help the world, which is called the study of Taoism and Confucianism. "Visible, gu's academic achievements are various.
The reputation of progressive thought in the world
Gu is one of the outstanding thinkers in ancient China. His main achievements in the ideological field are as follows: First, Gu inherited and developed the ideological tradition of patriotism of the Chinese nation. Gu made a distinction between loyalty to the monarch and patriotism: "The distinction between the monarch and the minister lies in the fact that the stakeholders are one; The defense of Huayi is in the world. " Raising the idea of loyalty to the monarch to a higher level, which should be subordinate to defending the cultural tradition of the Central Plains, can be said to be a major breakthrough in the theory of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism. After distinguishing between loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, Gu put forward a famous argument to distinguish between "national subjugation" and "national subjugation". Secondly, Gu advocated abandoning the empty talk of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties and advocating practical learning for practical use. Gu made a fierce attack on Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, especially Wang Yangming's theory of mind. He put forward the idea of "learning from the past" and "learning from the past to nurture the present". He advocated reducing abstract expositions such as the longevity of heaven to daily experience, avoiding talking about wonderful enlightenment, shifting the focus to discussing and demonstrating many practical issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and doing some practical things. Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, Gu regards whether it is beneficial to the world as the standard of his study. Third, the employer Zhang Jianli restricted the monarch's "arbitrary" political system. He advocated "pluralistic co-governance" and believed that "the people are governed by the world, but they can not be ruled alone, but they can benefit from it (political ambiguity) and punish it (political ambiguity)." Then the viewpoint of decentralization of local officials at all levels is put forward. Here, he is actually criticizing cultural and ideological absolutism, as well as the behavior of suppressing speech. Fourthly, Gu put forward an economic thought based on agriculture, industry and commerce. Gu's thought of paying equal attention to workers, peasants, business studies and developing industry and commerce also objectively reflects the interests and aspirations of urban and rural industrialists and businessmen.
Because of the developed commodity economy in the ancient Jiangnan area, he attached great importance to commerce and learned some management methods in practice. According to records, he is very good at business and financial management. Shanxi Bank was founded by Gu and Fu Shan * * *, and Gu personally formulated the rules and regulations of the Bank. Later operators operated according to this, and finally developed into the financial center of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. It can be seen that there are many new factors in Gu's economic thought that are different from traditional thought. This is directly related to his living environment and personal practice. During the period of social unrest in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Gu, as a patriot, an outstanding scholar and a progressive thinker, created a generation of simple learning style with his pragmatic style of study and persistent academic practice. His rebellious spirit all his life, his positive thoughts about the future and destiny of the country and the nation, his extensive knowledge and rigorous attitude towards learning and so on. , had a far-reaching impact on later generations, praised by the world.