Zhang Dachang's Preface to Philosophy of Medicine says that "governing the body is omnipotent", which highly summarizes his thinking method of classifying everything in the world and understanding its essence. This is his view formed by absorbing the essence of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.
Directing and body use are two pairs of terms in China's ancient philosophy. The juxtaposition of management and things began with the integration of wisdom, body and use in Tang Dynasty, and began with Wang Bi and Zhong Hui at the end of Han Dynasty. "Reason" is the meaning of law and theory; "thing" means phenomenon and active state; "Body" has the meaning of noumenon and plastid; "Use" has the meaning of function and function. The source of director and body use can be traced back to Laozi, and "reason" is the "Tao" in Laozi; "Body" is like "thing" in Laozi; Things and uses are commonly used words in Laozi. The later thinkers of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism gave full play to and applied the theory of director and body, which became the unique ideological content of China ancient culture.
Mr. Zhang Dachang combined these two pairs of ancient philosophical words into one, and analyzed their mutual relationship, deepened their scientific connotation, and applied them to medicine, which was instructive and instructive for understanding academic literature, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, prescriptions and other aspects of human body. In particular, assisted travel tactics, with the theory of body use as the theoretical core, are out of the question. Without the guidance of philosophy, medicine can't be improved and advanced, but medicine belongs to natural science, and philosophy can't replace medicine belonging to scientific category. Mr. Zhang Dachang is well aware of this relationship. His "Philosophy and Mind Method of Medicine" says: "Philosophy and reason, such as food, reason and things, are both soup and food. It is said that it is difficult to eat and the soup is full. If there is a war machine, what about the fruits of war? ! The play has human feelings. What about the results? Isn't it a joke to say that you are full of food, playing war and playing human feelings? " Explain the relationship between philosophy and medicine.
The first sentence of "medical philosophy and psychological law order" says: "There is nothing unreasonable and useless in the world." There is another cloud: "Everything has a reason, and everything has a reason." This is exactly the same as a sentence in Sima Guang's Book Without Blame: "Every cause has a cause, and every cause has no cause." Explain that things that exist objectively must have their reasons and conditions, that is, all things and things have certain Tao and reason, which will enlighten people not to be skeptical or negative about things that exist objectively because they or more people can't understand them. They should observe carefully, dare to explore, sum up the laws and rise to the theory, because "everything happens for a reason." For things that have just happened or are in the development stage, we can also try to deal with them by using known theories and past experience to verify whether they are correct or not, as a basis for confirmation or negation.
Mr. Zhang Dachang believes that the relationship between body and use is interdependent and coexists at the same time. He said: "the body must be useful" and "the body is reused", which is exactly the same as the contradictory theory of the unity of opposites between ancient philosophy and modern philosophy. Body function is a pair of yin and yang, which are inseparable from each other. His medical word "On Yin and Yang, Fire and Water" said: "Absolute truth is just one yin and one yang. The essence of yin is water, which turns into qi, qi is yang, yin is the root of yang, and yang is the body of yin; Yang is a fire in the body, cremated as blood, and blood is yin. Yang is the root of yin, and Yang is also used by yin. This meaning of yin and yang is mutually rooted and mutually utilized. " This paper makes a further dialectical explanation of the yin and yang attributes of body use.
Using classified thinking methods to analyze, observe, study and apply medical literature and academics can make the complicated contents orderly and clear, and play a positive role in guiding and summarizing the laws of practical experience and analyzing theoretical value. It is really nothing more than that that "the doctor's business will be over if you use four things: this principle, things, body and use" in the preface to the mind and law of medical philosophy. This can be seen from Zhang Dachang's four medical words.
"The book" Neijing "has detailed principles, simple prescriptions and medicines, and is still complete in principle, material, body and use, so it is a classic of doctors. Yin and yang, five elements, meteorological astronomy, medical principles; Visceral images, meridians, Wei Ying, qi and blood, medical affairs; Color pulse, syndrome deficiency and excess, and the body of medicine; The treatment methods include reinforcing and purging, guiding, four qi and five herbs, ascending and descending, thirteen prescriptions, medical records and medical use. People who read Neijing should look at it this way. "
"Note typhoid fever, can be divided into about four factions. In Song Dynasty, Zhu Arm talked about meridians; In the early Qing Dynasty, Ke Qin talked about parts; Zhang Zhicong talked about luck; In modern times, Danbo's family talks about syndrome and actually lives in Xu Dachun and other places. Zhang's theory, the theory of typhoid fever; Zhu is talking about typhoid fever; Koch talked about the body of typhoid fever; What Xu and Danbo said is also used for typhoid fever. Husband understands things, things are comprehensive, and the body is a foregone conclusion, which is used for treatment. People who read Treatise on Febrile Diseases have access to these four things, almost in the room. "
"Pulse condition can be divided into two systems, Yin and Yang, which is the principle of pulse science. Press up, down, left, right, front and back, and Liuhe integrates words and pulses; According to the length, product diameter and weight, we can know its body; Using strength, frequency and fluctuation, 36 kinds of pulse conditions were derived. "
"Prescriptions should be based on evidence and reasons, with two comprehensive and six classes; On the basis of treating the cause, we should set up 4.8 eyes; Taking the treatment method as its body, we should construct the system of prescription and medicine (monarch, minister, envoy, assistant and expedient); The preparation of the law, thinking that it is used, the genre of the party changes. "
Mr. Zhang Dachang believes that the coexistence of five drugs and five elements is the theoretical framework of fu-organ syncope. Due to the combination of body odor and the taste of the five internal organs, there are five combinations of "changing taste", that is, bitter to sweet, bitter to sour, sweet to bitter, salty to pungent and bitter to salty. For people with internal organs, the mother's taste is the same as the child's body odor, but it is still a mixture of the two original flavors. They also have five forms, namely: bitterness and bitterness are incompatible; Salty and pungent are incompatible; Sweet and salty, sour and sweet, bitter and sour.
Mr. Zhang Dachang believes that the combination of five drugs has the function of regulating the qi of five internal organs and six internal organs. The method of reinforcing diarrhea in "Fu Xing Ji" is to supplement the original viscera with taste, appreciate the diarrhea of the original viscera, and stabilize the excess and deficiency caused by partial use. This is the method of strengthening the body resistance and eliminating evil spirits, which belongs to health preservation. Five incompatible, have the effect of exorcism. The treatment method of Fu is that the mother's taste of the five zang-organs is combined with the body fragrance of the zang-organs, but the functional application methods of the medicine are different, such as hard to get rid of new sensation, salty and soft, pungent and depressed, sweet and salty to get rid of dryness, sour to get rid of spasm (wind), bitter and clear (purging heat), and sour to get rid of annoyance. This is the way to exorcise evil spirits. Zhang Zhongjing's prescriptions, such as Banxia Xiexin Decoction for detumescence, Sugarcane Decoction for depression, Dahuang Glycyrrhiza Decoction for dryness, Shaoyao Glycyrrhiza Decoction for contracture and Zhichi Decoction for annoyance, are cited to illustrate.
Mr. Zhang Dachang passed on a formula: "There is one after another, but there is no such thing;" When making a temporary decision, losing power will change. " (It is not known whether there is a cloud that speaks Buddhist Tantric classics). This is Mr. Wang's philosophical thought of introducing Buddhism into time and space, and it is his summary of the movement and change of all things in the world.
The so-called "there is this, there is that, there is nothing" means that the space occupied by things has two opposite directions, such as east, west, north, south, left, right, up, down, inside and outside. These two opposing aspects are interdependent. One of them no longer exists, and the other one has lost its meaning. If there is no East, there is no West, and so on. East and west are based on the midpoint, "it is difficult to determine the quartet without the midpoint", and so on.
The so-called "making decisions at an opportune moment means that the time when a thing exists determines its state, and the advantages of a certain state will change into a new state with the progress of time, but it will lose its original advantages and present new advantages. Due to the one-dimensional development of time, "gaining power" is temporary and can only be an immediate state of time, which will inevitably be replaced by the advantages of the new state. At the same time, the original things will disappear in the spatial position and become "nothing", while the new things will occupy the spatial position and become "existence". And new things will have a process from "being" to "not being". Such changes constitute the trajectory of the development and change of things. Shao Yong, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, said: "At that time, the situation will take advantage of it; When the time comes, it will begin; What happened the day before yesterday can't be done today; What happens today will change the day after tomorrow ",which can be used as Mr. Zhang Dachang's annotation on the current situation.
Today, with the development of dialectical materialism, this concept of time and space is not original, but it is still an epigram. What is more commendable is that Mr. Zhang Dachang put this concept of time and space into the medical academic field, giving it new meaning, injecting fresh blood into Chinese medicine and increasing the vitality of life.
His understanding of the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in medical philosophy and psychology embodies his view of mutual affection. He believes that the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements contains duality and reciprocity, characteristics and * * *.
The opposition between yin and yang is sex, and sex is the physical state of things belonging to yin or yang in space. The unity of yin and yang is reciprocity, which is an invisible (chaotic) state of things belonging to yin or yang in spatial position. Sex is the principle of yin and yang, and reciprocity is a matter of yin and yang. In medicine, such as cold and heat, deficiency and excess, exterior and interior are all about sex; Cold and heat are interwoven, and deficiency and excess coexist, and both exterior and interior diseases are the same, but as far as interaction is concerned.
The transformation of yin and yang is a characteristic, and it is a certain state in which things have attribute advantages in a specific time in the development process. The ebb and flow of yin and yang is * * *, which is the dynamic state of the attribute trend in the development process of things at any time. It is characterized by the body of yin and yang, and the * * * nature is used by yin and yang. As far as medical theory is concerned, such as the symptoms, onset time and meridian circulation law of Yang disease in Yin San San, it is in terms of the characteristics of Yin and Yang; Thirdly, the changes of Yang disease in Yin San, such as straight middle, co-morbid, co-morbid, adverse, generic change, attacking exterior to save interior, sweating to relieve exterior, etc., are all from the * * * nature of Yin and Yang.
The five elements are opposite to sex, that is, positive victory (positive gram) and anti-horizontal (anti-gram). Positive victory refers to: Muketu, Tukeshui, Shuikeshuo, Hawkgin, Jin Kemu; Anti-horizontal: gold horizontal fire, fire horizontal water, water horizontal soil, soil horizontal wood, wood horizontal gold. (Rebellion means threatening each other). The five elements are mutual, that is, the positive body and the negative body coexist. The positive body (positive body) is: wood fires, fire produces soil, soil produces gold, gold produces water, and aquatic wood; Negative life (negative life) means: gold hurts soil, soil covers fire, fire burns wood, wood exhausts water, and water erodes gold. The duality and reciprocity of the five elements are the existence or absence of the five elements in space.
The five elements of bitter desire are characteristic, that is, taking desire as virtue and suffering as evil. Virtue: wood wants to disperse, fire wants to be soft, soil wants to be wet, gold wants to gather, and water wants to be firm. It is extremely abnormal to take prostitution as virtue: the wood becomes extremely urgent, the fire becomes extremely soft and slow, the soil becomes extremely wet, the gold becomes extremely restrained, and the water becomes extremely hard and condensed. The characteristics of the five elements are manifested in the dominant evidence time. The content of the five elements has become * * *, that is, what it contains is partial, and what it contains is revolutionary. Part of the content is: there is fire in the fire, there is gold in the fire, there is wood in the gold, there is wood in the wood, and there is water in the soil. Leather changes from wood to gold, gold to fire, fire to water, water to soil, and soil to wood. The * * * of the five elements is the performance when the advantage is lost.
(The understanding of the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in the above-mentioned Medical Philosophy and Mind Method was revised and arranged by the author according to the original text, which may not fully express its meaning).
From the above, it can be seen that Mr. Zhang Dachang's research on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements from the perspective of mutual affection not only deepened his understanding of the unity of opposites and the transformation of the theory of Yin-Yang, but also put forward the problem of negative health on the basis of the relationship between the five elements. In fact, its virtue and lewdness are rooted in the dirty qi method in Neijing. As for the partial implication of the five elements, each element contains its own truth (which can be included in its negation, so it can be called "truth") and qi (essence). The transformation of five elements is the principle that things will change extremely, which is consistent with "anti-horizontal" Although it is in Neijing,
Mr. Zhang Dachang's unique philosophy of medicine, the course of studying medicine, is good at absorbing multi-disciplinary knowledge from his favorite art, enriching diagnosis and treatment techniques, collecting and testing secret recipes, testing them with reason, applying them appropriately, and constantly enhancing the characteristics of medical skills.
His medical skills are typical of Confucian classics, adopting the theories of various schools, emphasizing supplementary strategies, typhoid fever, synopsis of the golden chamber, and also adopting ancient books such as Forward and Wai Tai. The prescriptions of all books are tested and used by the grouping method of "auxiliary travel tactics". Although syndrome differentiation is still based on the deficiency and excess of the five internal organs, it is actually biased according to the body use of the five internal organs. Although the treatment method is based on "deficiency is to supplement it" and "actually diarrhea", it does not stick to the general meaning of "deficiency" and "reality", but takes disease as deficiency, physical disease as reality and AIDS as supplement to help diarrhea; Although the formula is also based on the model of monarch, minister, envoy and Zuo Wei, it also plays different roles in its name and status. It is believed that "monarch, minister, assistant and envoy in pharmacy are selected according to their roles in the transformation and interaction of organic components and functional components in the process of contradiction." (See Mr. Zhang Dachang's Overview of the Founder, written by the author); Among the drugs for reinforcing and purging the five internal organs, those with the same taste as the five internal organs are regarded as reinforcing, and those with the same taste as body odor are regarded as purging. Although nitrate Huang Dou is called diarrhea, it is called tonic in the prescription for treating heart and ginseng grass is called tonic, but it is called diarrhea in the prescription for treating kidney. Zhang Dachang's syndrome differentiation and treatment embodies the academic thought of Fuxing Jue in theory, method, prescription and medicine.
Mr. Zhang Dachang is good at painting and often compares the changes of three primary colors with the changes of five flavors of drugs. He said: "Blue yellow turns green, red blue turns purple, and so does medication. Different colors have different effects, such as grass, onions and ink. Therefore, when using the mixture, the dosage ratio can not be ignored. Different prescriptions, that is, different proportions of medicinal materials, have different uses. He has accumulated rich experience in diagnosing diseases by looking at colors. He believes that "dark color is heavy, light color is light, floating color is external disease, heavy color is internal disease, and the five internal organs have their own characteristics. If you see grams, you will be fierce, and if you don't agree with them, it will be a disaster", and points out that the five colors "take light and shade as their nature, and should be regarded as a disaster".
His research and practice on law and Lu strengthened his understanding of auscultation. There is a saying often quoted in Neijing: "God is what you know by looking, holiness is what you know by smelling, work is what you know by asking, and wisdom is what you know by cutting." He has accumulated a wealth of clinical experience in hearing and diagnosis, and he can often "hear it". 1976, a patient with advanced lung cancer asked her husband to make a house call, and the author accompanied him. Before entering the ward, I heard the patient groan. After entering the room, I sat less, just on the hospital bed, let the patient lie on his side, pointed to the upper middle part of his right back and asked, "Does it hurt here?" The patient nodded yes. All of you are amazed at this skill. It is said that this is a wonderful conversation.
Mr. Zhang Dachang's profound cultural and historical background makes his understanding of ancient medical works often unexpected and insightful. For example, the flat pulse in Neijing says: "Spring is called string, summer is called hook, autumn is called hair, winter is called stone, and yin is called winter camp." The person with insufficient ether is the sick pulse, while the flat pulse and sick pulse in spring are just a "string". He believes that the word "ying" in the winter pulse must be the word "ying" in the spring pulse, which is an alias of the spring pulse. Because of the word "camp", Guangyun interprets it as "algae leaf", and there is a sentence "management" in Shiya. Li Yue said, "In March, the sun is in the camp room", and "camp" is connected with "camp". Sun Tzu's Art of War quoted the Yellow Emperor as saying: "If you don't just do it, you will become a great river. If you don't just make a campfire, you can start a prairie fire." You think that "ying" has a beginning, but Neijing says that "the spring liver pulse is also, the oriental wood is also, and everything is born". This sentence is widely quoted, and the word "ying" is very meaningful as a spring pulse. There is a saying that "literature is basic medicine and architecture". Without a solid foundation in literature and history, the establishment of Mr. Zhang Dachang's unique yiguang is unimaginable.
Mr. Zhang Dachang paid special attention to the use of unilateral prescriptions, and even praised prescriptions such as Elbow Queen, Liangyouji and Tan Ya. For example, Wafang Pill is used for mastitis, Mixi Pill is used for hypertension, and tea, Sophora japonica, sesame and walnut are used for limb neuralgia. They are all commonly used parties. Don't be shy about asking questions about effective prescriptions and stunts that are not in the book, but try your best to get them. It is said that these prescriptions and techniques are effective, and the key lies in whether we can distinguish their medical principles and apply them according to evidence. Sun Qichang of Weixian West Street is good at massage to treat insomnia and claustrophobia. In 60 years, he cured kidney calculi's patients in Jinan, and relieved them of the pain of operation. Mr. Wang took the author to his home for advice, taught him by hand, and then used it for testing. Another old woman suddenly had a bad headache in the middle of the night and went to see Mr. Wang for treatment. There is no medical treatment or medicine in the village. After the Spring Festival, there are many abandoned firecrackers in the yard. Mr. Wang suddenly recalled that there was saltpeter powder in Xu's Medicine Prescription, which was divided into saltpeter and sulfur, and there were also these two things in firecrackers. It was picking up waste firecrackers, frying and laughing. Another patient told me that alkali and yellow wine are very effective in treating collapse. Mr. Wang said that those who acted rashly because of blood dryness conformed to the principle of salty and sweet taste in the book "Auxiliary Travel Tactics", and those who had nosebleeds because of blood dryness later changed their prescriptions and recovered with big salt and sugar. With such a small prescription to treat a serious illness, there are countless people who have achieved miraculous results under Mr. Dachang. If Mr. Dachang has a deep understanding of medical principles and uses them flexibly, he may not be able to do it. Today, with the rapid development of economy and the great improvement of medical conditions, although this prescription is often dismissed, it still has the value of popularization and use and the necessity of research and development.
There are many similarities between Mr Zhang Dachang's life achievements and Mr Tao Hongjing's. When I was a teenager, the dynasties changed and the political situation was turbulent. Tao (456) was born in and Zhang (1926) was born in Bingyin. Tao died in (536) and Zhang died in Yihai (1995). Before they were born, their ancestors were officials in Wuchang, and their parents and ancestors were military personnel and literary talents; Everyone has religious beliefs. Although there are differences between Taoism and Buddhism, they all bypass other religions. They have a wide range of hobbies, such as philosophy, literature, history, medicine, calligraphy, painting and so on. They all have the spirit of scientific innovation of respecting truth, seeking truth and being pragmatic and daring to explore. Tao lives in seclusion in Maoshan, and their predecessors spent their whole lives in the countryside. They are indifferent to fame and fortune, devoted to scientific research and medical practice, and have the virtue of caring for the people and saving the world. They have been separated by 1500 years. They are really forgetful friends.
More practically, due to historical reasons, the famous doctor Fu written by Tao nearly 65,438+0,500 years ago has never been known to the world, and has been handed down from generation to generation for some reason. It can be said that this wonderful book is only its owner. Although it was destroyed by the Cultural Revolution, it did not die out. This is precisely the strength of the former teacher and Tao's luck. Tao's works can be reproduced in this era when traditional medicine is extremely eager for light. It can be said that things are rare and expensive. This is the 550th anniversary of the birth of Dow/KLOC-0 and the 80th anniversary of Zhang's birth. On the occasion of the anniversary of Tao's death1470th anniversary and Zhang's death 1 1 anniversary, Mr. Wang's research on "Principles of Auxiliary Prescriptions for Zangfu Organs" will come out soon, and Tao's and Zhang's ideals will soon be realized. I would like to express my memory of the sages in this article, and hope that people of insight in various countries will continue to contribute to the academic essence of traditional Chinese medicine.