Example 1 Now, I am a fish, why should I quit? Now people are like knives and chopping boards in the kitchen, and we are like fish and meat on the chopping board. Why should we say goodbye to others in such an urgent situation? Example 2: Cicadas slough in the mud. (Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng) Translation: Keep yourself away from muddy water and get rid of the polluted environment like cicadas.
Example 1 Use "knife" and "fish" to compare each other and themselves, vividly depicting two contrasting positions and critical situations. Example 2 uses "sludge" and "filthy environment" as a metaphor for evil forces, and uses "cicada slough" as a metaphor for a completely clean life. This is a concrete image. The sentences are easy to understand, and the environment around Qu Yuan and his attitude towards life are clearly explained in the metaphor.
(2) exaggeration, mainly through the image language, exaggerates or narrows what is described artistically, giving people a strong feeling, thus enhancing the expressive force and appeal of sentences. Example 1 People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
People are bound to die. Some people die heavier than Mount Tai, while others die lighter than a feather. The State of Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chased the dead and drove them north, burying millions of corpses and bleeding profusely.
Qin has the remaining energy to subdue the other side by taking advantage of people's danger, chasing the defeated troops who fled on the battlefield, killing countless enemies, bleeding into rivers and floating shields. Example 1 Comparing "Mount Tai" and "a feather" exaggerates and narrows the value of death, showing the author's clear attitude of love and hate and clear value orientation.
Example 2 describes the cruelty of war with "millions of corpses lying everywhere" and floating shields with rivers of blood. The exaggerated description depicts the strength and brutality of Qin, as well as the weakness and fiasco of other countries. (3) replacing the ontology with the characteristics or signs of the ontology; Replace the ontology with the ownership or position of the ontology; Rhetorical methods such as borrowing everything to replace the ontology of parts, or borrowing parts to replace the whole are metonymy.
The main purpose of metonymy is to give people a concrete and sensible image and arouse readers' thinking in images. Example 1 I am willing to send my son to his hometown for thousands of miles.
I hope I can ride a swift horse and take me back to my hometown. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the solitary sails come from the sun.
(Looking at Tianmen Mountain by Li Bai) The green hills on both sides of the strait appear in front of our eyes relatively, and a white sail flies lightly to the red sun. In example 1, "one thousand Li" replaces one thousand Mary, which means that the whole is replaced by the part.
The "lone sail" in Example 2 replaces the boat with a white sail, which replaces the whole with a part. (4) Metaphor is a general term for personification and personification, and it is a rhetorical method to imitate people to crops or things to people.
This rhetorical method sometimes gives people dialogue or language, and sometimes gives people action or form, which increases the artistry of the article. Example 10 Since Huma went to see the river, she abandoned all the trees in the pond and talked about soldiers tirelessly.
Since the invasion of the southern nomads, even abandoned ponds and ancient trees have expressed their disgust at war. Example: 1 1 Birds in captivity miss the old forest.
Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden: The caged birds miss the past Woods, while the fish in the pond miss the past deep pools. Example 12 The male rabbit's feet are simple, the female rabbit's eyes are blurred, and two rabbits are walking beside the ground. Can Ann tell whether I am a man or a woman? O Mulan Poetry, Yuefu Poetry Collection: The male rabbit has fluffy feet and the female rabbit has narrow eyes, and the two rabbits run side by side. How do I know if I'm a woman or a man? Example 10 "a pool of abandoned trees is tired of talking about soldiers" tells the story as an adult, and the author uses the word "tired" revealed in "a pool of abandoned trees" to express his hatred of war incisively and vividly.
1 1's Love Birds and Thinking of Fish in a Pond are also about treating things as adults, and "love" and "thinking" are yearning for freedom. The author uses the language of human thought of animals to express this emotion. Example 12: "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex" is to write people as crops, and animals only talk about sex and ask "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex". Obviously, the protagonist explained in humorous language that it is difficult to distinguish women disguised as men.
(5) Ask questions, answer questions and ask answers. Questions can be divided into two categories, one is to ask questions by yourself and answer them by yourself, and the other is to answer questions directly.
However, the Qin dynasty was just a place ... the shame of one person and the shame of seven temples. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different. Jia Yi's On Qin: However, the State of Qin has a small territory of Yongzhou ... but it can't stand the wave of Chen She's hand and die, and is laughed at by later generations. Why? It's because we can't use the best decission, so the attack and defense have completely changed.
Example 14: Fu knocks on the urn and plays the Zheng ... Today, Kevin·Z stopped knocking on the urn and the urn, but gave up playing the piano and seized the opportunity. If so, what is it? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. (Li Si's book on remonstrance and exile) Translation: Beat the crock, beat the tile, beat Qin Zheng, beat the thigh, and play time ... Nowadays people don't listen to knocking the crock and the tile, but appreciate the music of Zheng and Weiguo, and choose Shao's music instead of playing it. Why? Just to sound happy and look comfortable.
Example 15 Alas, the theory of ups and downs, though called destiny, is not human nature? The reason why the original Zhuang Zhou won the world is better than the person who neglected the world. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Lingguan) Translation: Ah! The reasons for the rise and fall of a country, although always emphasized as providence, are not actually determined by the policies and measures of the ruling class? Tracing back to the process of establishing rule and defeat in Tang Dynasty is enough to illustrate this truth.
Example 13 is a self-questioning and self-answering, which is intended to attract readers' attention and achieve the purpose of emphasizing its conclusion that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different". Example 14 also asks and answers by himself, explaining the results first and then the reasons, giving people a feeling of being suddenly enlightened.
Example 15 uses negative questions to stimulate positive answers, and the answers to the questions are all positive. This rhetorical question is a bit like a rhetorical question in modern Chinese, so there is no need to answer it.
2. What are the eight ancient styles: expression, narration, memorization, inscription, preface, argument, biography and imperial edict?
1, table
(argumentative essay) a kind of recitation.
Table, a style written to the emperor in ancient times. In ancient China, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. During the Warring States period, they were collectively called "books", such as Li Si's book of remonstration and expulsion. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four categories: chapter, performance, expression and discussion. In addition, there is an article devoted to state affairs, also called "Table". The basic feature of "table" is "moving with emotion"
Step 2 say
Argumentative writing is an ancient argumentative writing style, which mostly expresses the author's feelings about a thing, a thing or a phenomenon. Its writing style is eclectic, free and lively, ups and downs, and the length is generally not long, which is quite like modern essays.
Step 3 commemorate
Miscellaneous notes (narrative)
Including:
Miscellaneous notes on mountains and rivers, landscapes and personnel. Describe mountains and rivers, landscapes and people.
Notes. Mainly notes, characterized by short length, about 1000 words; Rich in content, there are historical anecdotes, heritages, literary essays, people's essays, science novels, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes and so on.
4. Inscription
(praise, narration) is used to describe merit, punishment, vigilance and exhortation. The words are concise and rhythmic, and they are powerful to read. The system is very short, the shortest is less than a cross, which is quite similar to the motto.
Inscriptions were originally written on ancient artifacts and monuments, and later developed into a style, which was used to record facts and merits, to record public deeds, and sometimes to warn oneself or to record merits.
5. Preface
Preface (narrative) In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering.
Preface (preface) is the general preface, which is placed in front of the book; The postscript is placed at the back of the book, which is the preface.
The ancient order was left behind. Some people think that "Under Zhuangzi" is the preface of "Zhuangzi". As for A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi, Lun Heng Ji Zi, Preface to Taishi Gong of Historical Records and Zhuan Xu of Hanshu, it is more obvious that they are all prefaces, and they are all at the back of the book. The preface of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is also behind. Later, like Xiao Tong's Selected Works, the preface was moved to the front.
6. Debate
"Debate" is to argue about right and wrong, not true and false. This style is characterized by refuting a wrong argument or discriminating some facts.
On classification is to discuss essays, including philosophical essays, political essays, historical essays, literary essays and so on. The books of pre-Qin philosophers can generally be regarded as a collection of essays (usually mainly political). The single paper is based on Jia Yi's Qin Lun.
In classification, either express their opinions and clarify a truth (theory); Or distinguish between right and wrong things and refute other people's remarks (discrimination). For example, Huai Nan Zi is a theory and Lun Heng is a debate. Guo Qin's theory is a theory, while the theory of God's extinction is a debate.
Step 7 pass on
(narrative) an article describing a person's life story. Generally speaking, it is mostly about the life stories of deceased people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Take narrative, description and other methods to show the life style of characters. This style has always been used in history books.
8. imperial edict
Imperial edicts are letters written by the emperor to his officials. Letters and letters were originally letters, but because the supreme ruler in feudal times was considered different from ordinary people, the letter written by courtiers to the emperor was called letters, and the letter written by the emperor to courtiers was called letters.
Sogou encyclopedia-ancient style
3. What are the classical Chinese? 5. Childlike interest (divine gift)
Second unit
10, Ten Analects of Confucius
Third unit
15, five ancient poems
Look at the sea (Cao Cao)
A berth at the foot of Beibao Mountain (Wang Wan)
Spring outing in Qiantang River (Bai Juyi)
Xijiangyue (Xin Qiji)
Tianjingsha Qiu Si (Ma Zhiyuan)
Fourth unit
20.* Shancheng (Pu Songling)
Fifth unit
25. Two articles of Shi Shuo Xin Yu
Xue Yong
Chen Taiqiu and Friendship Period
Sixth unit
30.* Four Fables
Think children are smart and doubt your neighbors.
The old pioneer lost his horse-a blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise.
Full translation of classical Chinese in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Edition.
First unit
5. Shang (Wang Anshi)
Second unit
10, Mulan poem
Third unit
15, * Sun Quan advised Zijian
Fourth unit
20, ventriloquism (Lin Sihuan)
Fifth unit
25. Two short essays
Kuafu's Daily Classic of Mountains and Seas
Two children argued about Japanese Liezi.
Sixth unit
30.* Wolf (Pu Songling)
4. Sort out seven categories of classical Chinese of oil sellers, 1, 2. Classical Chinese notional words+function words.
(1) Good shooting: good at it, good at it. (2) Self-satisfaction: boasting. Show off, boast. (3) Taste: once. (4) Home Garden: This refers to the home archery range. (5) release: release. (6) Wind: Looking sideways, it describes indifference. (7) but omitted: but only; Chin, nod. (8) bosom friend shooting: bosom friend. (9) angry: angry. (10) Er 'an dares to shoot lightly: An, what? Light, look down upon, despise. (1 1) Scoop up the oil: Xu, slow down, slow down. (12) Only proficient: only, only, but. (13) Send away with a smile: Send away.
This word is ambiguous.
(1) Pro: Er, it's the same as "ear", which means "just".
Er' an dares to shoot lightly: Second, you.
(2) You also know shooting: shooting, archery.
I am not good at shooting: shooting, archery skills.
Second, dare to shoot lightly: shooting, archery (skill).
(3) The public is also proud of this: rely on, rely on, rely on.
I know from my oil: a little while, a little while, a little while.
Cover his mouth with money: use, use.
4. Common words
Pro: Er, the same as "ear".
5. Special sentence patterns
(1) ellipsis: Try shooting at home. (Omit the subject Chen Yaozi)
(2) Elliptic sentence: nine times out of ten, its goal is slightly ambiguous. (omit the subject, oil seller)
6. Explain sentences in modern Chinese.
(1) Gong is also proud of it. Kang Su Gong is also proud of it.
(2) Some oil sellers unload their bags and come forward, but they won't be gone for long. An old man who bought oil put down his burden, stood aside and watched him shoot arrows with oblique eyes for a long time.
(3) Do you know how to shoot? Am I good at shooting? Do you also know archery? Isn't my archery superb?
(4) Kang Su said angrily, "Dare to shoot lightly?" Kang Su said angrily, "How dare you underestimate my archery?"
I know it from my oil. I know this truth from the experience of pouring oil.
I have no one else, but I am familiar with them. I have no other secrets, but I am familiar with them.
7. Referential usage of "zhi".
(1) notation: "Zhi", pronoun, refers to archery.
② But omitted: "Zhi", a pronoun, refers to archery "nine times out of ten".
(3) As far as I know, "Zhi" is a pronoun, which refers to archery with the hand.
(4) scoop up the oil and drain it: "zhi", pronoun, refers to gourd.
(5) Send it with a smile: "Zhi", a pronoun, refers to the seller of oil.
5. How to distinguish the eight sentence patterns of classical Chinese actually has different points from different angles.
For example, from the tone, there are declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, affirmative sentences and negative sentences.
If it's just an exam, there's no need to delve into the suggestions.
We only talked about three kinds in the General Theory of Ancient Chinese.
The tone can be seen at a glance, so I won't say much. I think you must be confused about word order and sentence patterns.
Sometimes a question says you can tell what sentence pattern it is, but you want to say it's upside down, right? Or a prepositional object?
Write it down like this.
Inverted sentences: including prepositional objects. Adverbial postposition attributive postposition This is the word order in the sentence. As long as it is these three kinds, it must be inverted.
According to the part of speech of predicates, they can be divided into narrative sentences (verb-verb phrases as predicates), descriptive sentences (adjectives-adjective phrases as predicates) and judgmental sentences (noun-noun phrases as predicates).
It's mainly a judgment sentence. Shi is generally used as a symbol in modern Chinese. But there are no judgment words in ancient Chinese. So nouns are predicates after the subject. If you can't figure out the part of speech, remember it like this. "Zhe" and "Ye" are not judgment words, but they are both used in general judgment forms. "No. . Also. " "yes. . Also ""this. . "Yes" and "Yes". But remember, these are not judgment words. Generally speaking, sentences using these words are judgmental sentences. It's too deep and troublesome
Passive sentences: I think it is necessary to include them in the analysis of the article, and some of them have obvious words such as: Yu, Wei. Laugh for the world. And some have no signs, such as ridiculous and generous, but they don't. So this depends on the article.
Ellipsis: 1 Save the theme. 2 convenient objects, 3 convenient predicate verbs and 4 convenient preposition quantifiers. Let's take a look at this article, you can see it at a glance. Make up for any missing. Let me give you an example. Subject: (XXX) is @ # #% # .......................................................................................................................................................... Verb: Keep the momentum, and then (drum) decline. .
Tired. . . That's about it. I don't know how good it can be.
Finally, I suggest not to write big boxes when writing sentence patterns in the exam. There are three word orders for writing events, and passive inversion is better.
6. The Eight-level Encyclopedia of Peach Blossom Spring is one of the representative works of Tao Yuanming, a scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was written in the second year of Yongchu (42 1), which was the second year of the usurpation of the throne by Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties.
Depicted a paradise. Taking the whereabouts of Wuling fishermen in and out of the Peach Blossom Garden as a clue, in chronological order, the tortuous stories of seeking, staying, leaving and seeking Taoyuan run through, depicting a society without class, exploitation, self-sufficiency, peace and tranquility, and everyone enjoying themselves. In sharp contrast with the dark society at that time, it was the ideal society that the author and the working people yearned for, which reflected people's pursuit and pursuit.
In Shanxi/Taiyuan,/fishing is a profession, and/walking by the stream, forgetting the distance/. Suddenly meet/peach blossom forest, sandwiched between the two banks/a hundred paces away, medium/no miscellaneous trees, lush grass/delicious, lost English/colorful, fisherman/very/different; Retreat/advance, want to be poor/its forest.
When there is no forest/water source, there will be mountains with small mouths, as if/if there is light. Take the boat away/away, through the mouth/in.
Beginners/extremely narrow, talented/versatile. Repeat/dozens of steps, suddenly/cheerful.
Land/open, houses/like, fertile land/beautiful ponds/mulberry trees/. Architecture/transportation, chickens and dogs/listening to each other.
Among them, there are men and women, and some people are familiar with each other. Yellow hair/drooping, and/or happiness.
See/fisherman, yes/scare, ask/never, have/answer, then/home, drink/kill chicken/eat, village/smell this person, salty/inquire. Since the cloud/ancestors avoid/Qin chaos, rate/wife/people come here/put all your eggs in one basket, no longer/get in the way; And then/or separated from outsiders.
If you ask what the world is today, do you know if there are any Han people, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties? This person/one by one/said/listened, and all/regretted it.
The rest of the people/went home/stayed home, all went out/ate and drank. Stop for a few days and resign. This middleman/as the saying goes: "insufficient/for outsiders/Tao!" Once out, get/get the boat, then help/guide, everywhere/ambition.
And/down the county, easy/satrap, say/so. The satrap/that is/sent someone to follow him, looking for direction/ambition, and then lost, no longer/got the road.
Nanyang/Liu Ziji, noble/scholar, heard of it, gladly/regularly. Failure, discovery/death. After/after not/interested.
The humble mountain is not high, but there are immortals. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit.
I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green.
There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian.
There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form. Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu.
Kong Ziyun: "What's the matter?" Ailian said that flowers and aquatic plants on land are lovely: Tao Jinyuan loves chrysanthemums, and since Li Tang came, the whole world loves peonies. Give the only love lotus a muddy but not dirty, clear but not demon; Straight through the outside, not loose; The fragrance is far away and clear, graceful and pure, so you can watch it from a distance without playing.
Say: chrysanthemum, the hermit of flowers; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Hey! The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard after Tao.
Who gave the lotus love? Peony love is suitable for all ages! The humble room inscription (translation) mountain is not high, but it is famous when there is a fairy (living); The water doesn't have to be deep. Where there is a dragon, there is aura. This is a humble house, but I don't feel humble just because of my noble character.
Moss marks green, reaching the steps, grass green, reflected in the curtains. All the people I talk and laugh with are learned people, and there is no one who doesn't understand learning.
You can play simple guqin and read Buddhist scriptures. No (noisy) music bothers the ears, and no official documents make the body and mind tired.
It seems that Zhuge Liang Caotang in Nanyang and Yang Ziyun Xuanting in Xishu. Confucius said: What's so simple about this? Ailian said that there are many flowers of various vegetation on the water surface and the ground, which are worth taking care of.
Tao Yuanming in Jin Dynasty only liked chrysanthemums. Since the Tang Dynasty, people all over the world like peony very much.
I only like lotus flowers-lotus flowers grow out of mud, but they are not polluted by mud; Wash with clear water, but it doesn't look enchanting; (Its stem) is hollow inside and straight outside, without (winding) vines and (also) without (escape) branches; The fragrance spreads far, making it more fragrant; It stands upright and is clean in the water. You can see it from a distance, but you can't play at close range. I think chrysanthemum is a hermit in flowers, peony is a rich one in flowers, and lotus is a gentleman in flowers.
Alas! Tao Yuanming seldom heard of this hobby of chrysanthemum after that. Who else is like me for the love of lotus? Of course, there are many people who love peony.
The story of the nuclear ship-The original text shows that there was a wise man named Wang Shuyuan, who could make palaces, vessels, figures, even birds and animals, wood and stones with different postures regardless of the occasion. I tasted a nuclear ship and covered the red cliff cloud of Dasu.
The nuclear boat is about eight minutes long from beginning to end and can reach a height of two meters. In Xu Li, the cabin was opened, covered with a canopy. There are small windows on the side, four on the left, four on the right and eight on the * *.
When you open the window, the carved columns are opposite. If it is closed, it is engraved on the right with "the mountain is high and the moon is small, and the water comes out" and on the left with "the breeze is Xu Lai, and the water waves are stagnant", which is the same as the stone.
There are three people sitting in the bow. Dongpo is the one with the highest crown and the most beards. Fo Yin is on the right and Lu Zhi is on the left. Sue and Huang have read books.
Dongpo's right hand is holding a curly tail, and his left hand caresses Lu Zhi's back. Lu Zhi held the end of the book in his left hand and the book in his right hand, saying something.
Dongpo's right foot and Lu Zhi's left foot are slightly different. Compared with the knees, they are all hidden in the folds of the bottom clothes. Is a unique Maitreya Buddha, topless, holding her head high, her expression does not belong to Su and Huang.
Lying flat on your right knee, punting on your right arm, standing on your left knee and leaning on your left arm, you can count pearls vividly. The stern is horizontal.
There is a boat on each side. The man who lives on the right has a spine bun on his back, his left hand leans against a balance beam, and his right hand climbs his right toe, which makes him scream.
The person who lives on the left holds a banana fan in his right hand and touches the stove in his left hand. There is a pot on the stove, and their eyes are silent. If they listen to the sound of tea. When the back of the ship was slightly reduced, it was engraved on it. The text said, "It's the beginning of autumn, and the book of King Yushan has just been engraved." As thin as a mosquito's foot, the hook is painted and the color is ink.
He also used the seal to say "Chu Pingshan people", which is Sedan. Row a boat for five; Window 8; Make tents, pots, stoves, pots, hand rolls and rosaries; Couplets, titles and seal scripts are * * * with thirty characters and four characters.
But those who fail to cover the peach stone and narrow it will do it. Alas, the skills are also strange.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was a very handy man named Wang Shuyuan, who could carve houses, utensils, figures, birds, animals, trees and stones from wood with a diameter of one inch. He didn't imitate the shapes of these things, didn't follow the original appearance of wood, and each one had its own shape. Wang Shuyuan once gave me a boat engraved with peach stones, which was an original of Su Dongpo.
7. How to quickly master the eight learning skills of classical Chinese: the main goals of pre-reading are: to read the pronunciation accurately, pause accurately and grasp the rhythm; Understand the common sense of writers' works; Grasp the basic content of the article as a whole. The specific method is: (1) refer to reference books and add notes to new words. (2) Read the text clearly and accurately according to the teacher's model essay reading or text recording. (3) To understand the common sense of writers' works by combining written notes with Chinese reference books. (4) Combine preview tips or self-reading tips to understand the text as a whole. (5) Grasp the basic content and stylistic features of the article by solving problems and reading the full text.
Two. The main goal of copying is: to be familiar with the text, to learn by yourself when in doubt, and to make clear the key points and difficulties of learning. The specific method is: (1) Tick out or copy the new words and famous sayings in the text. (2) Tick or copy difficult sentences in the text. (3) Record the difficult problems when reading the text. (4) Read or extract (or make a summary or catalogue) auxiliary materials related to the text. (5) Combine unit learning summary, text preview tips, thinking and practice to determine the key and difficult points of children's learning.
Thirdly, the main goal of interpretation is to perceive the content of the text through language analysis and grasp the author's views, attitudes or ideological tendencies expressed in the article. The specific way is: (1) Combining with the context, deeply understand the meaning of difficult words and sentences from the sentence structure and context. (2) Using the common sense of ancient Chinese to analyze the special language phenomena in the text. (3) Translate (orally or in writing) the text or text fragments, so as to deeply grasp the article as a whole. (4) Classroom discussion, implementation of key and difficult points, after-class analysis and answer the language training questions in Thinking and Practice.
Four: The main goal of reading is to appreciate the literature and aesthetics of the article from the aspects of ideological content, structure, expression, language art and artistic style. The specific approach is: (1) Starting from the stylistic features, grasp the basic features of the article as a "type" as a whole. (2) Comparative reading, analyzing the specific characteristics of the article and the author's artistic personality from the aspects of content and form. (3) Guide students to consult literature, write Chinese compositions on important notional words, function words and grammar issues, consolidate knowledge and strengthen ability training.
The main purpose of reading aloud is to deepen understanding, strengthen memory, enrich language, accumulate materials, train language sense and cultivate quality. The specific way is: (1) On the basis of understanding, read aloud repeatedly and try to be familiar with it. (2) Read the taste aloud, recite famous articles, paragraphs and sentences, and remember them accurately. (3) Expand reading, study the materials related to the article, and expand knowledge, so as to understand the text more comprehensively and deeply. (4) Organize study notes, write study summaries, and highlight key and difficult points. (5) Guide reading or writing comments to cultivate sentiment.