1. Official titles and place names in classical Chinese
1. The three-gong system, the three-gong refers to the prime minister, the censor, the doctor, and the Taiwei.
The Communist Party of China exercises the powers of the prime minister, assists the emperor in handling national government affairs, participates in the administrative decision-making of the central government, and is responsible for specific implementation. 1. Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is the first among the officials, has the highest salary, is in charge of the emperor, and has many assistants.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister had the power to select officials, the power to impeach hundreds of officials and execute punishments, the power to take charge of the county and state's planning and examinations, and the authority to lead hundreds of officials to discuss and report matters. Quan has the power to refute the emperor's edicts and remonstrances, and has the power to deal with important political affairs, such as establishing a new king, establishing a heir, making gifts, rewarding merits, punishing crimes, etc., as well as finance, elections, civil affairs, law, etiquette, border affairs, etc. For important matters such as affairs, the emperor often entrusts the prime minister to preside over it and convenes a meeting of officials. The results of the meeting are led by the prime minister and reported to the emperor, and then the emperor and the prime minister make decisions together. The officials, positions and salaries of the Prime Minister's Mansion are as follows: Prime Minister, with gold seal and purple ribbon, has a salary of ten thousand stones.
The prime minister is direct, assists the prime minister, reports lawlessness, and earns a salary of thousands of stones. The prime minister has a long history, assists the prime minister, supervises and leads the officials, handles various government affairs, and has a salary equivalent to a thousand stones.
When the prime minister is in charge of military affairs, his salary is equivalent to six hundred stones. The history of the prime minister has a salary of four hundred stones.
The prime minister has a little history and a salary of three hundred stones. Dong Cao was in charge of the state affairs of the county, appointed by the chief historian, and went out to supervise the prefectures and counties, with a salary of four hundred shi.
Yi Cao, mastermind the discussion.
Ci Cao, chief judge of litigation. Play Cao, the main chapter tells the story.
Thief Cao is in charge of thieves and thieves. Jue Cao, mainly guilty of legal affairs.
Ji Cao, the master of accounting affairs, has a rank and salary of three hundred stones. Hucao is in charge of household sacrifices to farmers and mulberry trees.
Fa Cao, in charge of postal affairs. Wei Cao is in charge of the transfer of soldiers and disciples.
Cangcao is in charge of Canggu affairs. Bing Cao, in charge of military matters.
Jin Cao is in charge of coin, salt and iron affairs. The prime minister is responsible for planning affairs in the county and country.
The main bookkeeper records everything in the province. Serving Cao, he mainly reports things.
2. Taiwei is an official position in the court second only to the prime minister. He specializes in military affairs and has the same status as the prime minister. It is the highest military officer position, with a salary of ten thousand stones, a gold seal and a purple ribbon. Officials mainly have long history and chief records.
3. The Yushi Dafu mainly exercises the power of deputy prime minister. He is the assistant to the prime minister and supervises all administrative activities of the officials, including the prime minister. He has the lowest status among the three officials and has the highest rank and salary. It's two thousand stones, with silver seal and green ribbon. 2. Jiuqing system Jiuqing refers to the nine institutions of Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taipu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong and Shaofu.
At the same time, they were in charge of Jinwu and Da Changqiu. The status and salary of the generals who were great craftsmen were the same as those of Jiuqing, so they and Jiuqing were collectively called Zhuqing. Yin in the north of Beijing, Fufeng on the right, and Feng Yi on the left are the local chief executives of the third auxiliary area of ????the capital. They are qualified to participate in court meetings and have a special status higher than ordinary county officials, so they are also listed among the ministers.
1. Taichang was originally named Fengchang, but was renamed Taichang during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. The person in charge of temple affairs generally does not participate in specific administrative affairs and is the head of the nine ministers.
The subordinate officials mainly include Taishi, Taile, Taizhu, Taizai, Taibu, Liulingcheng, the doctor, the doctor's wine minister, and the temples and cemeteries. The organization is complex and the establishment is huge. The officials of the Taichang organization, their salaries, seals and their positions are as follows: Official name, rank, seal, position, Taichang Qing, rank salary of two thousand stones, silver seal and green ribbon, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette.
Taichang Cheng, with a salary of thousands of stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of all sacrifices and rituals, and is in charge of Cao affairs and all mausoleums. Praise for the meal, a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and a palm to praise the emperor.
A ceremonial official, from a thousand to six hundred shi, with no official seal. He is the etiquette consultant of Taichang. Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, helps Taichang Cheng.
The anecdote has a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of political affairs. The capital is Changcheng, and the main mountain tomb is the entrance.
Du Shui Changcheng, in charge of the water control embankment of the ancestral temple cemetery. Director of Qutai, in charge of Diantai palace affairs.
Taishi's subordinate official: Taishi Ling, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, which controls the sky and the celestial calendar. Taishi Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, assisted Taishi Ling.
Serving the imperial edict, the salary is two hundred stones, and he is responsible for the celestial calendar, tortoise divination, and asking for rain. Governing the calendar, controlling the calendar.
Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, assists Taichang Cheng. The anecdote, with a salary of two hundred stones, is the main story, and is in charge of national sacrifices, funerals and marriages in history.
Dadianxing, palm ephemeris. Wang Qi Zuo, the main Wang Qi.
Mingtang Cheng, with a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, is in charge of Mingtang. The Lingtai Prime Minister has a salary of two hundred stones and a yellow ribbon with a bronze seal. He is in charge of the Lingtai.
The Lingtai serves the imperial edict and controls the stars, sun, celestial phenomena, and clock rules. Taiyue is an official: Taiyue Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is responsible for the sacrifices of all countries, the invitation to play music and the use of music for great feasts.
Tai Le Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, Tai Le ordered his assistant. An official, with a salary of one hundred stones, is a concrete worker under Tai Le Cheng.
Musician Bayi Dance is performed during sacrifices. Taizhu's official: Taizhu Ling, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, used to read blessings and greet the gods when all countries offer sacrifices.
Taizhu Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, can wish for small gods. Officials, with a salary of one hundred stones to fight for food, and an assistant order, Cheng.
Blessing people, the person who tells ghosts and gods during sacrifices. Rip people off, chef.
Officials subordinate to Dazai: Dazai Order, with a salary of 600 stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and the food utensils are placed in the hands of all countries when offering sacrifices. Dazai Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of the gongs, tripods, food and utensils.
The Prime Minister of Mingtang, with a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of the food and utensils of Mingtang in all countries. Officials, one hundred stones to fight for food, Dazai Prime Minister is the one who handles the specific affairs.
Rip people, chef. The butcher is responsible for slaughtering animals.
Guard, main guard. Taidivination belongs to the official: Taidivination order, with a salary of 600 shi, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and he is the master of divination when it comes to important state affairs.
Taibu Cheng, with a salary of three hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, assists in Taibu orders. An official is a person who handles specific tasks.
The Imperial Physician is an official: Imperial Physician Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of medicine. The Imperial Physician Cheng has a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of medicine.
Imperial physician is responsible for medicine. Each ancestral temple's dormitory belongs to an official: Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, to guard the ancestral temple, and to clean the cases.
The Food Supervisor has a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and the order of the chief food officer. Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, helps the order to guard the temple.
The principal, with a salary of 400 shi, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is responsible for the ancestral temple and has been involved in military affairs and robberies. Supervisor, with a salary of three hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, and an assistant to the Food Supervisor.
Zhonghuangmen, Food Supervisor Assistant. The food officer who sleeps in the cemetery belongs to the official: temple man, who is in charge of the ancestral temple.
The sleeping man, the master of sleeping. Gardener, the main guardian of the garden.
Officials, guards, in charge of guarding temples and cemeteries. The official affiliation of a doctorate: offering wine, a salary of 600 shi, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and focusing on education.
A doctor, with a salary of six hundred stones, is a teacher. 2. The corresponding names of ancient official positions in classical Chinese
1. The three-gong system. The three-gong refers to the prime minister, the imperial censor, and the Taiwei.
The Communist Party of China exercises the powers of the prime minister, assists the emperor in handling national government affairs, participates in the administrative decision-making of the central government, and is responsible for specific implementation. 1. Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is the first among the officials and has the highest salary. He is in charge of the emperor and has many assistants.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister had the power to select officials, the power to impeach hundreds of officials and execute punishments, the power to take charge of the county and state's planning and examinations, and the authority to lead hundreds of officials to discuss and report matters. Quan has the power to refute the emperor's edicts and remonstrances, and has the power to deal with important political affairs, such as establishing a new king, establishing a heir, making gifts, rewarding merits, punishing crimes, etc., as well as finance, elections, civil affairs, law, etiquette, border affairs, etc. For important matters such as affairs, the emperor often entrusts the prime minister to preside over it and convenes a meeting of officials. The results of the meeting are led by the prime minister and reported to the emperor, and then the emperor and the prime minister make decisions together. The officials, positions and salaries of the Prime Minister's Mansion are as follows: Prime Minister, with gold seal and purple ribbon, has a salary of ten thousand stones.
The prime minister is direct, assists the prime minister, reports lawlessness, and earns a salary of thousands of stones. The prime minister has a long history, assists the prime minister, supervises and leads the officials, handles various government affairs, and has a salary equivalent to a thousand stones.
When the prime minister is in charge of military affairs, his salary is equivalent to six hundred stones. The history of the prime minister has a salary of four hundred stones.
The prime minister has a little history and a salary of three hundred stones. Dong Cao was in charge of the state affairs of the county, appointed by the chief historian, and went out to supervise the prefectures and counties, with a salary of four hundred shi.
Yi Cao, mastermind the discussion.
Ci Cao, chief judge of litigation. Play Cao, the main chapter tells the story.
Thief Cao is in charge of thieves and thieves. Jue Cao, mainly guilty of legal affairs.
Ji Cao, the master of accounting affairs, has a rank and salary of three hundred stones. Hucao is in charge of household sacrifices to farmers and mulberry trees.
Fa Cao, in charge of postal affairs. Wei Cao is in charge of the transfer of soldiers and disciples.
Cangcao is in charge of Canggu affairs. Bing Cao, in charge of military matters.
Jin Cao is in charge of coin, salt and iron affairs. The prime minister is responsible for planning affairs in the county and country.
The main bookkeeper records everything in the province. Serving Cao, he mainly reports things.
2. Taiwei is an official position in the court second only to the prime minister. He specializes in military affairs and has the same status as the prime minister. It is the highest military officer position, with a salary of ten thousand stones, a gold seal and a purple ribbon. Officials mainly have long history and chief records.
3. The Yushi Dafu mainly exercises the power of deputy prime minister. He is the assistant to the prime minister and supervises all administrative activities of the officials, including the prime minister. He has the lowest status among the three officials and has the highest rank and salary. It's two thousand stones, with silver seal and green ribbon. 2. Jiuqing system Jiuqing refers to the nine institutions of Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taipu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong and Shaofu.
At the same time, they were in charge of Jinwu and Da Changqiu. The status and salary of the generals who were great craftsmen were the same as those of Jiuqing, so they and Jiuqing were collectively called Zhuqing. Yin in the north of Beijing, Fufeng on the right, and Feng Yi on the left are the local chief executives of the third auxiliary area of ????the capital. They are qualified to participate in court meetings and have a special status higher than ordinary county officials, so they are also listed among the ministers.
1. Taichang was originally named Fengchang, but was renamed Taichang during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. The person in charge of temple affairs generally does not participate in specific administrative affairs and is the head of the nine ministers.
The subordinate officials mainly include Taishi, Taile, Taizhu, Taizai, Taibu, Liulingcheng, the doctor, the doctor's wine minister, and the temples and cemeteries. The organization is complex and the establishment is huge. The officials of the Taichang organization, their salaries, seals and their positions are as follows: Official name, rank, seal, position, Taichang Qing, rank salary of two thousand stones, silver seal and green ribbon, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette.
Taichang Cheng, with a salary of thousands of stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of all sacrifices and rituals, and is in charge of Cao affairs and all mausoleums. Praise for the meal, a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and a palm to praise the emperor.
A ceremonial official, from a thousand to six hundred shi, with no official seal. He is the etiquette consultant of Taichang. Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, helps Taichang Cheng.
The anecdote, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of political affairs. The capital is Changcheng, and the main mountain tomb is the entrance.
Du Shui Changcheng, in charge of the water control embankment of the ancestral temple cemetery. Director of Qutai, in charge of Diantai palace affairs.
Taishi's subordinate official: Taishi Ling, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, which controls the sky and the celestial calendar. Taishi Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, assisted Taishi Ling.
Serving the imperial edict, the salary is two hundred stones, and he is responsible for the celestial calendar, tortoise divination, and asking for rain. Governing the calendar, controlling the calendar.
Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, assists Taichang Cheng. The anecdote, with a salary of two hundred stones, is the main story, and is in charge of national sacrifices, funerals and marriages in history.
Dadianxing, palm ephemeris. Wang Qi Zuo, the main Wang Qi.
Mingtang Cheng, with a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, is in charge of Mingtang. The Lingtai Prime Minister has a salary of two hundred stones and a yellow ribbon with a bronze seal. He is in charge of the Lingtai.
The Lingtai serves the imperial edict and controls the stars, sun, celestial phenomena, and clock rules. Taiyue is an official: Taiyue Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is responsible for the sacrifices of all countries, the invitation to play music and the use of music for great feasts.
Tai Le Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, Tai Le ordered his assistant. An official, with a salary of one hundred stones, is a concrete worker under Tai Le Cheng.
Musician Bayi Dance is performed during sacrifices. Taizhu's official: Taizhu Ling, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, used to read blessings and greet the gods when all countries offer sacrifices.
Taizhu Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, can wish for small gods. Officials, with a salary of one hundred stones to fight for food, and an assistant order, Cheng.
Blessing people, the person who tells ghosts and gods during sacrifices. Rip people off, chef.
Officials subordinate to Dazai: Dazai Order, with a salary of 600 stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and the food utensils are placed in the hands of all countries when offering sacrifices. Dazai Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of the gongs, tripods, food and utensils.
The Prime Minister of Mingtang, with a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of the food and utensils of Mingtang in all countries. Officials, one hundred stones to fight for food, Dazai Prime Minister is the one who handles the specific affairs.
Rip people, chef. The butcher is responsible for slaughtering animals.
Guard, main guard. Taidivination belongs to the official: Taidivination order, with a salary of 600 shi, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and he is the master of divination when it comes to important state affairs.
Taibu Cheng, with a salary of three hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, assists in Taibu orders. An official is a person who handles specific tasks.
The Imperial Physician is an official: Imperial Physician Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of medicine. The Imperial Physician Cheng has a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of medicine.
Imperial physician is responsible for medicine. Each ancestral temple's dormitory belongs to an official: Order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, to guard the ancestral temple, and to clean the cases.
The Food Supervisor has a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and the order of the chief food officer. Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, helps the order to guard the temple.
The principal, with a salary of 400 shi, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is responsible for the ancestral temple and has been involved in military affairs and robberies. Supervisor, with a salary of three hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, and an assistant to the Food Supervisor.
Zhonghuangmen, Food Supervisor Assistant. The food officer who sleeps in the cemetery belongs to the official: temple man, who is in charge of the ancestral temple.
The sleeping man, the master of sleeping. Gardener, the main guardian of the garden.
Officials, guards, in charge of guarding temples and cemeteries. The doctor's subordinate official: offering wine. 3. Classical Chinese translation of "Wu Lin capable of empowering the people" by Zheng Xuan of the Ming Dynasty
Wu Gonglin entered the official department and became an official. The emperor sent an envoy to inspect it. The messenger sneaked into the house next to the public house and saw a farmer sitting on a small table, pulling out seedlings and spreading them in the field. He looked very handsome. The envoy asked: "Where is the Master of Wu Shangshu here?" The Duke put his hands together and said: "This is Lin."
-- "Yesterday Fei'an Ri Compilation"
Translation: After Mr. Wu Lin entered the Ministry of Personnel, he was dismissed from office and lived at home. The emperor once sent someone to see him. The messenger quietly came to the vicinity of Wu Gong's house and saw a farmer sitting on a small table, pulling out seedlings and planting fields. He looked very dignified. The envoy asked: "There is a minister of Wu nearby. Where is his home?" Wu Gong raised his hands and saluted and replied: "I am Wu Lin." The envoy reported this, and the emperor respected him very much and summoned him again. When he became an official, he was restored to his original position.
Note: During the Ming Dynasty, Wu Lin, the Minister of Civil Affairs, returned to his hometown in Huanggang after retiring. Zhu Yuanzhang sent spies to secretly spy on his activities.
4. Civil servant Shi Yaochen’s classical Chinese translation
People’s parents, people’s thieves, and people’s servants (random translation of ancient notes, No. 24) The title of “parents official” comes from the allusion of “calling father and mother Du”.
"Han Shu? Xunshi Zhuan" records that during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty, the prefect of Nanyang County called on the ministers to be diligent and resourceful in government, and advised the people to farm mulberry trees, "so as to benefit the people", and "the people returned to them" , the household registration doubled, and the thieves' prison lawsuits declined." He was respected as "Zhaofu" by the locals. "Book of the Later Han? Biography of Du Shi" records that in the seventh year of Emperor Liu Xiu's founding in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi, the new governor of Nanyang County, was "frugal in nature and peaceful in politics." "Neibishi Yinzu" is respected by the local people as "Du Mu".
"There was Zhao Fu in the front, and Du Mu in the back." The governors of prefectures and counties were respectfully called "parent officials" and this was passed down. In ancient times, there were indeed some governors of prefectures and counties who could be regarded as the parents of the people.
"Mengxi Bi Tan" records that Chongyang County in Ezhou "has a lot of open land, and the people do not cultivate and weave, but only plant tea as their occupation." The county magistrate surnamed Zhang "ordered the people to cut down the tea gardens and induced them to "Grow mulberry and hemp", "When the tea law was changed in Jiayou, the people of Huxiang suffered from tea rent, but Chongyang had the lowest tea rent. The people supervised other towns, thought of the public's favor, and built temples to repay it"; farmers had " "Those who go to the market to buy vegetables." The magistrate summoned him and advised him that the residents in the city had no land to grow vegetables and there was no way to buy vegetables to eat. "As villagers, we all have land, so why not grow our own vegetables and spend money to buy vegetables?" And there is no need to do so. He was politely "whipped and sent away", and later local farmers "all set up gardens" and named a dish "Zhangzhi County Cuisine". Does this magistrate look a bit like a strict father to the people under his rule? In the 29th year of Kangxi's reign, the emperor issued an edict to "inspect and promote honest officials" and commended four county magistrates in one day. Jiading Order "Lu Longqi" was one of them.
Lu's deeds are all recorded in Wu Chichang's "Ke Chuang Xia Hua" in the Qing Dynasty, Qian Yong's "Lv Yuan Cong Hua" in the Qing Dynasty, and Gong Wei's "Chaolin Bi Tan" in the Qing Dynasty. When Lu settled the case, he "used reason and emotion, just like a father and son mediating family affairs", and the law gradually became a law-free trend in the country.
There were local robbers who wanted to enter the country to rob, but Lu "warned the officials and the people not to do anything" , "riding into the robbers", "the order said: 'You are all good people, but you are forced to be captured and chased away. Now I have come to order, and I want to do good to you. Can you make a new start?' Everyone disperses and returns home to punish you; otherwise, when the officers and soldiers arrive, no one will be left behind. ’” The robbers “wept with tears and said: ‘My true parents, life and death are subject to fate.
'"There was a cunning man in the territory who defaulted on taxes and deceived Lu into saying that he would sell his daughter and then pay. The people) deceived, and they were beaten to death." "It is natural that the people are afraid of losing and accepting the queen." Isn't this Lu County Magistrate a bit of a loving mother to the people under his rule? "Four Biography of Lang Qian Jiwen" by Chen Kangqi of the Qing Dynasty The fourth volume contains the stories of "Liu Gong Silk" and "Chen Gong Silk".
During the Kangxi period, Liu Jun, a Ningqiang herdsman, hired people from Shandong to the state to teach people how to raise silkworms and weave cocoons. Silk, the benefit of sericulture in Shaanxi Province, started from this. "
At that time, people in Shaanxi called the cocoon silk weaved "Liu Gong Silk." "The land in Guizhou Province is barren and the people are poor, but in Zunyi Prefecture, silkworm farming and silkworm farming are both common, and the livelihood is relatively prosperous.
Since the Qianlong period, Chen Jun, a native of Licheng, Shandong, came to guard this county. He saw that the green oak tree in the area was the oak tree in Shandong, and its leaves could feed mountain silkworms. He donated his salary and sent his men to Shandong to buy cocoons. He planted the seeds, visited silkworm masters, and taught them widely. He has achieved success year after year and is still enjoying success. "The weaving is called "Chen Gong Silk".
To the people under his rule, did the Dukes of Liu and Chen look like loyal parents who devoted themselves to the welfare of their children? However, the relationship between the officials and the people and the real parent-child relationship There is an essential difference in the relationship between parents and children. There is a natural and inseparable blood connection between parents and children, while the connection between officials and people is "artificial": looking at it directly, officials are sent by the emperor to the people. To put it a little further, officials in ancient China were all fruits on the tree of force planted by the ruling class.
Because of this, the relationship between officials can be broken. With the emperor on his back and the big tree of force leaning on his back, in fact, if he wants to treat the people like his sons, he will treat the people like his sons. If he doesn't want to treat the people like his sons, he will treat the people as money bags or lambs.
The contents of the chapter "Seeing the Benefits and Forgetting the Harms" in Volume 4 of "Chaolin Bi Tan" can be used as excellent evidence of the great difference in the relationship between officials and people and parents and children: "In the 29th year of Qianlong, Zhuji ordered Huang Ruliang to attach great importance to In the 51st year of the Zheng Dynasty, Pingyang ordered Huang Mei to be harsh, because his son had always been preoccupied with official affairs, and he saw benefits and forgot about harm, so that he was reincarnated and his son was also punished. "Look, the official and his son "see benefits and forget about harm." "The objects of "heavy expropriation" and "harsh extortion" are of course the people.
There have never been fewer thieves. From what is recorded in "Chaolin Bi Tan" alone, the following two can easily be recorded.
According to the article "The County Magistrate Loves Butterflies", in the Ming Dynasty, the county magistrate surnamed Wang in Rugao County was "sexually fond of butterflies". After the case was concluded, the defendant who needed to be punished with "whipping" could only "lose butterflies" to him. , you can be exempted from punishment. Isn’t the plaintiff angry? According to "Relief for Bureaucratic Disasters", in the autumn of the 10th year of Yongzheng's reign, probably due to a typhoon, "coastal residents were swept away without a plan." The victims ran to the city, "sometimes gathered outside the academy gates and died on their pillows." The people gave a little relief," but unexpectedly, "the officer's wishes were displeased."
Officials believed that the death of the disaster victims "had nothing to do with the officials", but the "relief" kept the victims "incarcerated" in the city for a long time, which burdened the officials. How can such an official still have any humanity? Zhang Jixin served as a local official in many places during the Qing Dynasty. His "Daoxian Official Records" recorded more detailed "deeds" of civilian thieves, some of which were truly unheard of.
The people pay taxes to the officials, and in addition to the regular amount, there is sometimes a floating tax; in Gansu and other provinces, there is a so-called "the old grain is released from the warehouse and the new grain is replaced". The old grain in the warehouse is "not clean at all", and local officials However, "the punishment was forced and the people were ordered to collect the grain." When collecting the grain, they had already deducted the measurement, and the old grain was "mixed with grains of barnyard grass and ugly grains." Often two stones of new grain are not enough to pay for one stone of old grain." In Sichuan, there is a method called "shooting off firecrackers" to raise money, that is, "when an official leaves his post, he reduces prices and collects taxes, which is called firecrackers." New officials also "fire off firecrackers" when they take office. "It's called "shooting the cannon". Even when he was in office, he deliberately spread rumors that when he left office, he would also set off the cannon. It was euphemistically called "the cannon of peace". If he used the "cannon", most of the income tax money would be misappropriated. To what extent has the extortionate levy been imposed! And when people cannot pay taxes, rent grain, or repay debts, they are often framed as unruly people who resist food, donations, taxes, and default on debts, and are arrested and tortured.
If there was even a slight resistance, they would be charged with banditry and other crimes and tortured indiscriminately. The Sichuan government has a so-called "card room". "Hundreds of people are always detained in the card room in large counties, and no less than dozens of people are detained in small towns." Witnesses "are also detained there" and "given a bowl of rice milk every day, they disappear all year round." Every day, the suffering is a hundred times that of a prisoner." "There are no more than one or two thousand people who die from imprisonment in the whole province every year."
Cheng Mian. 5. The Way of the King in Classical Chinese
The Way of the King Duke Ping of Jin asked Yu Shikuang: "What is the way of a person to be a king?" He replied: "The way of a person to be a king is pure and inactive. The task is to be philanthropic, and the tendency is to appoint the virtuous; widely. Open your ears and eyes to observe all directions; do not stick to the popular customs, do not stick to the left and right; be far-sighted and independent; review your performance repeatedly to judge your subordinates.
This is the conduct of a king. " Duke Ping said: "Good!" King Xuan of Qi asked Yin Wen: "How is the matter of the ruler?" From this, the law is easy to cause; therefore, the people will not be punished by politics. The great road tolerates the people, and the saints do little and the world is in order. He said, "If there is a barbarian attack in Qi, your descendants will protect it." King Xuan said, "Good!" King Cheng made Boqin the Duke of Lu, and called him and said, "Do you know the way to be respected?" Those who hold the position must be respectful, follow the rules and regulations of the people, open the door to the truth, and be restrained and quiet to use it. Those who admonish should not show their power, do not follow their words, and use their words extensively, so that they can be respected.
If a man has civility but no martial arts, he cannot be intimidating. If he has martial arts but no civility, the people will be afraid and will not be friendly to him. If he practices both civil and military skills, his majesty and virtue will be achieved. Once he has established his majestic virtue, the people will be obedient to him. He will be honest and clear, and he who is clever and sycophantic will be imprisoned and admonished. To get in, loyalty is a beast." Bo Qin bowed again and accepted the order.
Chen Linggong went to a secluded place and said, "Chen Qi is dead! I suddenly remonstrated with you, but if you don't listen, you will lose your majesty. The transformation above me is just like the wind blowing grass, and the east wind blows The grass spreads to the west, and when the west wind blows, the grass spreads to the east. Wherever the wind blows, the grass spreads. This is why you should not be careless in your movements.
Those who have crooked trees are evil and have a straight view. If a ruler does not straighten his actions and disrespect his words, he will not be able to maintain the title of emperor and show the name of his order. Yi said: "If a gentleman lives in his room and speaks good words to him, he will respond to his words from thousands of miles away. How much more so if he is so close?" If someone lives in his room and says something bad, then he will violate it if he is thousands of miles away. How much more so if he is far away? Words come from the body and are applied to the people; actions are far away and sights are far away.
The words and deeds of a gentleman are the cardinal, the cardinal's hair, the master of honor and disgrace. The reason why a gentleman moves heaven and earth, is it careless? ’ The heaven and earth move and everything changes. The poem says: "Be careful with your words and respect your majesty. They are all gentle and graceful."
'This is what it is called. Today, if you are not careful and wantonly, you will be killed if you do not die. "
When Duke Ling heard about it, he thought Xieye was a monster and killed him. As a result, he killed Zhengshu. Duke Ai of Lu asked Confucius: "I heard that gentlemen are not rich. Is this true? Confucius replied: "Yes." "
Duke Ai said: "Why don't you do a good job? Confucius said to him, "There are two vehicles for it." Duke Ai said: "If there are two vehicles, why not gain a lot?" Confucius said to him, "It's because of evil ways." "
Duke Ai was afraid. One day he said: "What if this is the evil way of a gentleman! Confucius said to him: "If one cannot hate the evil way much, then one cannot love the good way much; if one cannot love the good way much, then the people will not be able to love each other much." "
The poem goes: "I have not seen a gentleman, and I am worried. I have stopped when I see it, and I have stopped, and my heart is talking." This is also the case with poetry.
Duke Ai said: "How good! I heard that the beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of a man, but the evil of a man is not. Confucius, how can I hear these words? "Hejian Xianwang said: "Yao had his heart in the world, and was determined to be poor. He was saddened by the sins of all the people, and worried about the failure of all living beings.
If there is a people who are hungry, it is said that I am hungry; if there is a person who is cold, it is said that I am cold; if a people is guilty, it is said that I am trapped. Benevolence is shown and righteousness is established, virtue is broad and widespread; therefore, if you do not reward, the people will persuade you, if you do not punish, the people will rule.
Forgive first and then teach, this is the way of Yao. At the time of Shun, there was a Miao clan who was dissatisfied. The reason for his dissent was that the mountains were to the south and Dianshan Mountain was to the north. The waves of Dongting were on the left and the Pengli River on the right. This was because of the danger, so they were dissatisfied. Yu wanted to attack them, but Shun would not allow them, saying :'The teachings of the imperial edicts have not yet been exhausted. After examining the edicts and teachings, the Miao family asked to obey them. When the world heard about them, they all rejected the righteousness of Yu and returned to the virtues of Shun.
'" Zhou Gong practiced his position as the Son of Heaven and extended his virtues and benefits to people far away and beyond the Ming Dynasty. Twelve shepherds and three people from each side went out to help the people in distant places. There were those who were hungry and cold and had no food and clothing. There were lawsuits for dereliction of duty. If there are talented people but do not promote them, they will report them to the emperor. The emperor, in his dynasty, will take pictures and say: "I think there are people who are not good at my political and religious affairs!" Why are there people who are hungry and cold without food and clothing, people who have been jailed and neglected their duties, and people who have talents but are not promoted? "When the king returned, he summoned the officials of his country to tell him the emperor's words. When the people heard this, they were all happy and said: "This is the emperor! How can I live so far away and see my clarity? How can I be deceived? "Therefore, the shepherd opens four doors, clears the four eyes, and achieves the four intelligences, so that those who are close will be close to each other, and those who are far away will be safe. The poem says: "The soft and distant can be close, so as to determine my king." This is what it means.
King Xian of Hejian said: "Yu said that the people had no food, so I couldn't do it; if the success was not beneficial to people, then I couldn't persuade him; so I dredged the river to guide it, and dug the river to connect the nine factions. , Sprinkle the five lakes and settle the East China Sea, the people are also working hard, but those who do not complain will benefit the people. "Yu went out to see the sinner, got out of the car and asked him, weeping. He said to the left and right: "Husband, the sinner is not following the way, so why do you do this? Why does the king feel pain for this? Yu said: "The people of Yao and Shun all took the hearts of Yao and Shun as their hearts. Now I am a king, and the people all take their hearts as their hearts, so they feel pain." "
The book says: "The people are guilty, and it is only one person who is guilty. "The people of Yu and Rui were the hostages of King Wen. When they entered King Wen's territory, they saw their people turning into scholar-bureaucrats; when they entered his country, they saw their scholar-bureaucrats turning into ministers. The people of the two countries said to each other: "The people turned into scholar-bureaucrats. His scholar-bureaucrats were given the title of public ministers, but their lord was also given the title of the world's ruler and did not live in it. "
The two countries did not see the person of King Wen, so they let what they fought for be regarded as idle land and rebelled. Confucius said: "How great is the way of King Wen! It cannot be added! Change without moving, achieved by inaction, be cautious and respectful to yourself, and be at peace with yourself. "
The old book says: "Only King Wen's respect and taboo. "This is what is called.
When King Cheng lived with Tang Shu Yu Yan, he cut a sycamore leaf as a guide, and gave it to Tang Shu Yu, saying: "I will use this to grant you the title." Tang Shu Yu was delighted and informed Zhou Gong, and Zhou Gong asked him: "The emperor conferred the title of Yu Ye ?" King Cheng said: "Yu Yi and Yu are playing."
Zhou Gong said to him: "The emperor heard it and said it in the history book, and the officials recited it." So. Then Tang Shu Yu was granted the title of Yu in the Jin Dynasty. Zhou Gongdan was good at speaking, and he became the king of Yi Zhongyan. He clearly loved his younger brother and had the solid support of the royal family.
In the time of Yao, Shun was the Situ, Qi was the Sima, Yu was the Sikong, Houji was the Tianchou, Kui was the Lezheng, Tui was the Gongshi, Boyi was the Zhizong, Gaotao was the Dali, Yi Yao's palms can drive birds, but Yao's physical strength cannot be the same. Yao was a king and his nine sons were ministers. Why? Yao knew the affairs of the nine offices, and made each of the nine sons do their job, and all were qualified for their duties to achieve the nine achievements. Yao then succeeded and ruled the world. ----------- (You can refer to it on the Internet (Look) The above comes from Baidu.