『一』 A short story about scientists’ inventions and discoveries

Tang Feifan (1897-1958) was born in Liling, Hunan. He graduated from Xiangya Medical College in 1921 and received a doctorate in medicine. In 1925, he went to Harvard Medical School in the United States for further study. After returning to China, he successively served as a professor at Shanghai Central University School of Medicine, director of the Department of Bacteriology at Shanghai Resid Research Institute, and professor at Shanghai Medical College. In 1943, he used crude equipment designed by himself to produce my country's first batch of penicillin. He is the founder of my country's first antibiotic research laboratory and penicillin production workshop, the first experimental animal breeding farm and the first formal BCG laboratory. In 1948, he was elected as a permanent director at the 7th International Society of Microbiology. He once served as the director of the Central Institute of Biological Products of the Ministry of Health and the chairman of the Chinese Society of Microbiology. In 1956, trachoma virus was isolated for the first time in the world and was called "Thomson's virus" by the world's microbiology community.

『二』 The story of a scientist’s invention, 100 words is enough~

The story of a scientist’s invention

1. Newton - the discovery of gravity

Everyone knows the story of Newton discovering the law of universal gravitation when an apple fell to the ground. In fact, it was just a story written by the French Enlightenment thinker Voltaire to promote natural science.

Before Newton, people already knew that there were two kinds of "forces": objects on the ground are affected by gravity, and there are gravitational forces between the moon and the earth in the sky and between the planets and the sun. Are these two forces with different properties? Or are they different manifestations of the same force? Newton began to think about this problem when he was a student at Cambridge University.

When Newton was 23 years old, the plague was prevalent in London. In order to prevent students from being infected, the University of Cambridge notified students to suspend classes and go home to avoid the epidemic, and the school was temporarily closed. Newton returned to his native Lincolnshire countryside. He continued to study and think about gravity.

At that time, children in the countryside often used slings to swing around a few times, and then threw the stones far away. They can also forcefully turn a bucket of milk over their heads without the milk spilling.

This phenomenon inspired Newton's imagination about gravity: "What force keeps the stone in the sling and the milk in the bucket from falling?" This question reminded him of Kepler and Galileo. Thought. He started from the vast universe, the endlessly moving planets, the vast and cold moon, and finally the huge earth, and then thought about the interaction of forces between these behemoths. Newton clung to these magical ideas and plunged headlong into the calculation and verification of "gravity". Newton planned to use this principle to verify the behavior of the planets in the solar system. He first calculated the distance between the moon and the earth. Due to incorrect data cited, the calculated results were wrong. Because it is logically calculated that the moon revolves around the earth, the centripetal acceleration per minute should be 16 feet, but according to the calculation, it is only 13.9 feet. In the predicament of failure, Newton did not lose heart, but instead carried out arduous research with greater efforts.

In 1671, the newly measured value of the Earth's radius was announced. Newton used this data to retest his own theory. At the same time, he also used the calculus he invented to solve the problem of calculating the acceleration of gravity when the earth cannot be regarded as a particle in the relationship between the moon and the earth. With these two improvements, Newton obtained two identical acceleration values. This led him to believe that gravity and gravitation have the same essence. He also applied the three laws based on the motion of ground objects (i.e. Newton's three laws) to planetary motion, and also came to satisfactory and correct conclusions.

Newton went through seven springs, autumns, cold and summers. When he was 30 years old, he finally fully proved the world-famous "law of universal gravitation" and laid the foundation for theoretical astronomy and celestial mechanics.

The discovery of the law of universal gravitation declares that everything in the sky and on the earth moves according to the same laws, completely denying the different ideas in the sky and the earth promoted by religious forces since Aristotle. This is a first time in the history of human understanding. leap.

『三』 Short stories of scientists’ inventions, more than 100 words

Short stories of scientists’ inventions:

1. Franklin

One day in June 1752, in the suburbs of Philadelphia, USA, there were dark clouds, lightning and thunder. On a wide grassland, an old man and a young man were flying a kite there with great interest. Suddenly, a bolt of lightning split the clouds and made a "zigzag" in the sky, followed by a thunder and raindrops pouring down. I saw the old man shouting loudly: "William, stand in the thatched house over there and tighten the kite string."

At this time, lightning flashed one after another, and the thunder was louder than the other. Suddenly William shouted: "Dad, look!" The old man looked in the direction his son pointed, and saw the tightened hemp rope, which was originally smooth. Suddenly, he became furious, and the thin fibers stood upright one by one. Get up. He shouted happily: "The lightning has arrived!" While telling his son to be careful, he slowly approached the copper key connected to the hemp rope with his hand.

Suddenly he fell to the ground as if he had been pushed by someone, his whole body numb. Ignoring the pain, he climbed up from the ground and connected the Leyden bottle he brought with him to the copper key. Sure enough, there was electricity in this Leyden bottle, and it also released sparks. It turns out that electricity from the sky and electricity from the earth are the same!

He and his son took the Leyden bottle home as if they had found a treasure.

The people who captured the sky lightning were Franklin and his son William. Franklin was not only a great scientist, but also an outstanding statesman and diplomat. He was one of the initiators of the Declaration of Independence and the first ambassador of the United States to a foreign country.

2. Archimedes

Archimedes was born in a noble family in Syracuse. His father was an astronomer. Under the influence of his father, Asmid loved learning, was good at thinking, and liked debating since childhood. When he grew up, he traveled across the ocean to study in Alexandria, Egypt. He learned philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, physics and other knowledge from Conon, a student of Euclid, a famous scientist at the time. Finally, he learned about ancient times and the present, and mastered the rich Greek cultural heritage.

While studying in Alexandria, he often went for walks along the Nile River. During the long drought season, he saw farmers struggling to lift buckets of water from the Nile River to irrigate their fields. He invented a spiral water lifter that could lift water from the river through the rotation of the screw, saving farmers a lot of effort. Not only is it still in use today, but it is also the original prototype of all contemporary propellers used in water and air.

3. Pavlov

When he was a child, Pavlov and his younger brother dug a hole for planting apple trees. The hole had been dug, and his father took a look and said the location. No, dig again. The younger brother put down the shovel and stopped working, but Pavlov started digging again, ignoring the blood blisters on his hands. He didn't stop until the pit was dug and the apple tree was planted.

Later, Pavlov became a physiologist and spent all day studying the conditioned responses of dogs in the laboratory.

He often uses his salary to buy dogs for experiments. When dissecting a dog, it takes four or five hours. He very carefully counted the dog's saliva flowing out of the glass tube and recorded it in detail in his notebook. A new assistant counted for a while and then felt monotonous and bored.

But Pavlov solemnly said to him: "If science needs it, give him ten or twenty years!" When Pavlov was eighty-seven years old, he contracted hepatitis. Later he suffered from pneumonia, but he was still doing "scientific hard work". He also regretted that he had not fully fulfilled his obligations to mankind as a scientist.

4. Radar

In the January 1947 issue of the British magazine Endeavor, a scientist published a very funny text explaining to us how bats How does it guide itself to fly in the dark? No matter how dark or how narrow the place, it never hits a wall. What is the reason? How does it know whether there is an obstacle in front?

There are two American biologists on this matter. In 1940, Griffin and Garangbao proved that bats can avoid collisions by using a kind of natural radar, but using sound waves instead of electromagnetic waves, and the principle is exactly the same. A very high-frequency sound wave is emitted from the bat's mouth, which is beyond the range of human hearing.

The two scientists used a special electrical device to record the high-frequency sound waves emitted by bats when they flew. This kind of sound wave will inevitably turn back when it hits the wall. Its eardrum can distinguish the distance of the obstacle and fly in the appropriate direction. The sound waves transmitted by bats are also like radar, they are separated by a very short time and are very regular.

And each bat has its own inherent frequency, so that the bat can distinguish its own sound without causing disturbance. For this reason, when a bat flies, it often opens its mouth. If you close its mouth tightly, it will lose its command function. If you plug its ears, it will hit the wall and be unable to fly. This funny experiment revealed its secret.

5. Nobel

Nobel’s father was a talented inventor who was devoted to chemical research, especially the study of explosives. Influenced by his father, Nobel showed a tenacious and brave character since he was a child. He often went to experiment with explosives with his father. After many years of studying explosives with his father, his interest soon turned to applied chemistry. He began research on nitroglycerin.

This is an arduous journey full of danger and sacrifice. Death was always with him. An explosion occurred during an explosives experiment. The laboratory was blown up without a trace, and all five assistants died. Even his brother was not spared. This shocking explosion dealt a very heavy blow to Nobel's father, and he died not long after.

Out of fear, his neighbors also complained to the government about Nobel. After that, the government did not allow Nobel to conduct experiments in the city. But Nobel was unyielding and moved his laboratory to a boat in a lake on the outskirts of the city to continue his experiments.

After long-term research, he finally discovered a substance that is very easy to cause explosions-mercuric fulminate. He used mercury fulminate to make explosive detonators and successfully solved the problem of detonating explosives. , this is the invention of the detonator. It is a major breakthrough on the road to Nobel science.

『四』A story about scientists’ inventions and discoveries (150~200 words)

In 1747, French engineer Fran?ois Freno made the world’s earliest raincoat. He Using latex obtained from rubber wood, cloth shoes and jackets can be waterproofed by dipping them in the latex solution.

At the Scottish Rubber Factory, wheat Due to his poor life, Jintosh could not afford to buy rain gear, so he had to commute to get off work in the rain every rainy day. One day, he accidentally stained his clothes and pants with rubber juice and could not wipe it off, so he had to go home wearing the dirty clothes. It was raining outside, but McIntosh came home and was pleasantly surprised to find that the clothes he was wearing were not wet at all. He simply smeared rubber juice all over his clothes. This was the world's first tape raincoat.

"Wu" Scientist Stories (within 100 words)

Qimeng Science provides you with 3 short stories of scientists:

1. Boyle

Boyle believed that only experiment and observation were the basis of scientific thinking. He always illustrated his views through rigorous and scientific experiments. In 1680, he was elected president of the Royal Society, but he declined the honor. Although he was born into a noble family, his lifelong passion was working and living in scientific research. He never married and devoted his life to the exploration of natural sciences.

Engels once made the most noble evaluation of him: "Boyle established chemistry as a science."

2. Edison

Edison was a poor worker before he became famous. Once, his old friend met him on the street and said with concern: "This coat on you is worn out. You should get a new one." "Is it useful? No one knows him in New York. Me." Edison replied nonchalantly. A few years later, Edison became a great inventor. One day, Edison met that friend again on the streets of New York. "Oh," the friend exclaimed, "Why are you still wearing this shabby coat? This time, you have to get a new one anyway!" "Is it useful? Everyone here already knows him. "Me." Edison still replied nonchalantly.

3. Li Siguang

The famous geologist Li Siguang studied hard for six years at the University of Birmingham in the UK and obtained a master's degree in geology. His teacher advised him to stay for further studies and return to China after obtaining a doctorate. Li Siguang declined the teacher's kindness and replied: "No, I want to contribute the knowledge I have learned to my motherland as soon as possible." In 1920, he returned to China and worked until the Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937. After that, he continued to study geology while abroad. By 1950, he put aside the favorable conditions abroad and resolutely took a detour from the UK to return to China when New China was in dire straits. As the Minister of Geology of New China, he made outstanding contributions to my country's petroleum industry.

If you want to know more scientific knowledge, come to Qimeng Science for help!

"Lu" A scientist's invention story in 100 words

Madame Curie

Madame Curie is famous all over the world, but she neither seeks fame nor profit. She won 10 bonuses of various kinds, 16 medals of various kinds, and 107 honorary titles in her life, but she didn't care at all. One day, a friend of hers came to her home and suddenly saw her little daughter playing with the gold medal that had just been awarded to her by the Royal Society. He was surprised and said: "Mrs. Curie, she got a gold medal from the Royal Society." Medals are extremely high honors, how can you give them to children to play with?" Madame Curie smiled and said: "I want children to know from an early age that honors are like toys, they can only be played with and must not be seen. Too heavy, otherwise nothing will be accomplished. ”

Edison

Edison invented the electric light and conducted more than 1,500 experiments but failed to find a suitable material for electric light filament. After working tirelessly on more than 1,600 experiments on heat-resistant materials and more than 600 kinds of plant fibers, he created the first carbon filament light bulb, which can burn for 45 hours at a time. Later, he continued to improve the manufacturing method on this basis, and finally invented a bamboo filament light bulb that can burn for 1,200 hours. His perseverance is worth learning from.

『撒』 A short story of a scientist's invention in 100 words

Once, Edison was alone in a quiet laboratory studying how to improve the telegraph machine that printed symbols on paper tape. At this time, a monotonous voice from the telegraph attracted him. While trying to eliminate this sound, Edison unexpectedly discovered that it was the sound made by the paper tape under the pressure of the small shaft. As you change the pressure on the small shaft, the height of the tone also changes. This gave him the idea of ??recording and recycling sound with the help of grooves of different depths on the moving carrier.

Coincidentally, when Edison was testing a telephone on another occasion, he discovered that the diaphragm in the microphone vibrated with the sound of words. He found a needle, stood it upright on the diaphragm, gently pressed the upper end with his hand, and then spoke to the diaphragm. Experiments have shown that the higher the sound, the faster the vibration; the lower the sound, the slower the vibration. This discovery further established his determination to invent the phonograph.

A few days later, Edison drew a sketch and immediately started working with his assistant. The main component of the gramophone is a metal cylinder with spiral grooves engraved on the side. It is pressed on a long shaft. A crank is installed on one end of the long shaft. When the crank is shaken, the cylinder will rotate accordingly. In addition, there are two small metal tubes, one end of which is equipped with a membrane plate with a blunt needle tip in the center. After countless modifications, the world's first phonograph was born.

Edison recalled: "After I finished speaking a sentence loudly, the machine played back my voice. I have never been so surprised in my life."

When Edison first invented the phonograph, he changed it again and again. Ten years later, he took the phonograph down from the dust on the shelf and continued to improve it. He patented more than a hundred inventions on the phonograph alone. He is a deaf person, so it is amazing that he can invent such a sound-making machine. When we look at today's phonograph, don't forget that it is filled with Edison's countless hard work. In fact, for more than a century, the great wave of civilization and invention caused by the phonograph has been very far-reaching. Record players, tape recorders, video tape recorders, laser audio and video recorders... have come out one after another. Tracing their origins, not all of them came from Edison. great invention?

"Eight" A short story about a scientist (only 100 words)

Once, Einstein wanted to replace an old painting on the wall, so he moved a ladder Climb up. Suddenly, he fell into deep thought. After falling from the ladder, he ignored the pain and immediately thought: Why do people fall straight down? It seems that objects always move along the line of least resistance. Einstein limped to the table and jotted down the idea. This greatly inspired the theory of relativity he was studying.

The theory of relativity has had a huge impact on the development of modern physics and the development of modern human thought. The theory of relativity unifies classical physics logically and makes classical physics a perfect scientific system. It fundamentally solves the problem that the previous physics was limited to the inertial system, and obtains a reasonable arrangement logically.

The theory of relativity strictly examines the basic concepts of physics such as time, space, matter and motion, and provides a scientific and systematic view of time, space and matter, thus making physics a logically perfect science. system.

(8) 100-word extended reading of scientists’ stories of discoveries and inventions

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, Germany, and graduated from the Federal Republic of Zurich Polytechnic, Jewish physicist.

Einstein was born into a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany in 1879. He graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. In 1905, after receiving a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich, Einstein proposed the photon hypothesis and successfully explained the photoelectric effect. As a result, he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics and founded the special theory of relativity in 1905. Founded the general theory of relativity in 1915.

Einstein often said to people: Learning time is a constant, but its efficiency is a variable. It is unwise to pursue learning time alone. The most important thing is to improve learning efficiency. Einstein also summed up a formula based on his own personal experience, namely A=X Y Z. A is for success, X is for the right way, Y is for hard work, and Z is for less nonsense.

Einstein laid the theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy and ushered in a new era of modern science and technology. He is recognized as the greatest physicist since Galileo and Newton. On December 26, 1999, Einstein was selected as the "Great Man of the Century" by Time Magazine.

"Nine" The story of a scientist's invention is about 100 words

The story of scientific discovery

Pasteur (Louis) was born on December 27, 1822 Born in Dole in the Jura province of France, his father was a veteran of Napoleon's army and a tanner who was engaged in tanning. In 1847, Pasteur graduated from the Paris Normal School. After graduation, he engaged in chemical research and studied tartrate crystals. He found that these crystals were not exactly the same. They had hidden asymmetry. Some crystals were mirror images of other crystals. , just like the relationship between the left hand and the right hand. His achievements in crystal research played a decisive role in promoting stereochemistry.

Later, it was discovered that Pasteur was very lucky when he adopted the method of preparing crystals. To obtain the two separated crystals, a special method must be used, and Pasteur adopted this method completely by accident. Special method, few people after him can produce large asymmetric crystals like him. As Pasteur said, "Chance favors the prepared mind."

Pasteur became famous in one fell swoop. He received many professorships and became a member of the Legion of Honor. Although he became famous in chemistry, it was his great achievements in microbiology that made him shine in history.

In September 1854, the French Ministry of Education appointed Pasteur as the dean of the Lille Polytechnic and head of the chemistry department. There, he became interested in the alcohol industry, and an important process for making alcohol is Fermentation. At that time, an alcohol manufacturing factory in Lille encountered technical problems and asked Pasteur to help study the fermentation process. Pasteur went deep into the factory to inspect and brought various beetroot juices and fermented liquids back to the laboratory for observation. After many experiments, he discovered that there was a spherical body in the fermentation broth that was much smaller than yeast. When it grew up, it became yeast.

Soon after, buds grow on the bacteria. After the buds grow up, they fall off and become new spherical bodies. In this continuous cycle, the beetroot juice is "fermented" . Pasteur continued his research and found out that the alcohol and carbon dioxide gas produced during fermentation were derived from the decomposition of sugar by yeast. This process can occur even in the absence of oxygen. He believed that fermentation is the anaerobic respiration of yeast and controlling their living conditions, which is a key link in winemaking.

Pasteur figured out the secret of fermentation. From then on, Pasteur finally became a great microbiologist and the founder of microbiology.

At that time, the French beer industry was very famous in Europe, but the beer often became sour. The entire barrel of aromatic and delicious beer turned into sour slime that made people grin, and had to be poured out. The wine merchants complained endlessly, and some even went bankrupt as a result. In 1865, the owner of a brewery in Lille asked Pasteur to help treat beer ailments and see if he could add a chemical to prevent the beer from becoming sour.

Pasteur agreed to study this problem. He observed it under a microscope and found that there was a spherical yeast cell in the liquid of unspoiled aged wine and beer. When the wine and beer became sour, There are thin stick-like lactobacilli in the wine. It is this "bad guy" that breeds in the nutrient-rich beer and makes the beer "sick". He put the closed wine bottles in wire baskets, soaked them in water and heated them to different temperatures, trying to kill the lactobacilli without boiling the beer. After repeated experiments, he finally found a A simple and effective method: as long as the wine is placed in an environment of 50 or 60 degrees Celsius for half an hour, the lactobacilli in the wine can be killed. This is the famous "pasteurization method". This method is still used today. The sterilized milk sold in the market is sterilized in this way.

At that time, the brewery owner did not believe in Pasteur's method. Pasteur was not in a hurry. He heated some samples and did not heat others, telling the brewery owner to wait patiently for a few days. Months later, the result was that the heated sample had a pure wine taste when opened, while the unheated sample was already sour.

When Pasteur became a legendary figure in France, the sericulture industry in southern France was facing a crisis. A disease caused a large number of silkworms to die, which severely hit the silk industry in the south. , people asked Pasteur for help again, and Pasteur's teacher Duma also encouraged him to take up this burden.

"But I have never dealt with silkworms!" Pasteur said uncertainly.

"Wouldn't this be better?" Teacher Duma encouraged him.

When Pasteur thought that France was losing 100 million francs every year due to silkworm disease, he no longer hesitated. As a scientist, he had the responsibility to save the French sericulture industry that was on the verge of destruction. Pasteur accepted the appointment from the Minister of Agriculture and went alone to Alet, a sericulture-stricken area in southern France, in 1865.

Silkworms suffer from a mysterious disease that makes people feel very uncomfortable when they see it. The sick silkworms often raise their heads and stretch out their legs like cat claws to scratch people; The silkworms are covered with brown and black spots, as if they are covered in pepper. Most people call this disease "pepper disease". Some of the diseased silkworms die soon after hatching, while others struggle to survive until the third or fourth instar, but cannot survive and eventually die. A very small number of silkworms form cocoons, but the silkworm moths that emerge are incomplete, and their offspring are also diseased silkworms. The local sericulture farmers tried every means, but still could not cure the silkworm disease.

Pasteur observed with a microscope and found a small, oval-shaped brown particle, which infected silkworms and the mulberry leaves that raised silkworms. Pasteur emphasized that all infected silkworms and Contaminated food must be destroyed and made from scratch using healthy silkworms. In order to prove the contagiousness of "pepper disease", he painted mulberry leaves with these disease-causing particles. Healthy silkworms ate them and immediately became infected with the disease. He also pointed out that the pathogens of silkworms placed in the upper grid of the silkworm rack can be transmitted to the silkworms in the lower grid through the falling silkworm feces.

Pasteur also discovered another disease of silkworms - intestinal disease. The bacteria that cause this silkworm disease live in the intestines of silkworms, causing the entire silkworm to turn black and die. The body is as soft as an air sac and can easily rot.

Pasteur told people that the method to eliminate silkworm disease is very simple. Eliminate diseased moths through inspection, curb the spread of the disease, and do not use the eggs of diseased moths to hatch silkworms. This approach saved the French sericulture industry.

Pasteur invented many things in his life and made outstanding contributions to biological science and medicine. By chance, he found a panacea for taking chicken.

Chicken cholera is a rapidly spreading plague that is extremely violent. Once chickens raised at home are infected with chicken cholera, they will die in large numbers. Sometimes, people see some chickens that were looking for food just now, but after a while their legs suddenly trembled, and then they fell down and died after struggling a few times. When some peasant women were closing the chicken coop at night, they were still glad to see that all the chickens were dead and lying in a mess in the nest. In 1880, the terrible chicken cholera was prevalent in rural France, and Pasteur was determined to conquer the plague.

In order to clarify the cause of chicken cholera, Pasteur used the culture of pure chicken cholera bacteria as a breakthrough. He tried many kinds of culture solutions. He concluded that chicken intestine was the most suitable breeding environment for chicken cholera bacteria. The vector of infection is chicken feces. He tried many experiments, but they all failed. In confusion and disorder, he had no choice but to relax, stop his research work, and rest for a while.

After a few days of rest, Pasteur began research experiments again. At this time, they discovered the "New World". He used old culture fluid to inoculate chickens, but the chickens were not infected, as if the cholera bacteria had lost its effect on the chickens. What's going on? Pasteur followed the example and finally discovered that the toxicity of cholera bacteria gradually weakened due to the effect of oxygen in the air. So, he injected a few days', 1 month's, 2 months' and 3 months' worth of bacterial liquid into healthy chicken bodies respectively, and conducted a set of comparative experiments. The chicken mortality rates were 100, 80, 50 and 10 respectively. . If the bacterial solution is injected for a longer period of time, although the chickens will also get sick, they will not die. The matter did not end there. He used fresh bacterial liquid to inoculate the same batch of chickens again. To his surprise, almost all the chickens that had been inoculated with the old bacterial liquid were safe, while the chickens that had not been inoculated with the old bacterial liquid died. Pure light. Practice has proved that any chicken that has been injected with a low-toxic bacterial solution and then injected with cholerae bacteria that is poisonous enough to cause death will also be resistant, and the disease will be mild or even have no effect at all.

The method to prevent chicken cholera has been found! This accidental discovery led Pasteur to confirm the principle of attenuated disease immunity, which led to his idea of ??creating a vaccine against anthrax. Although the British doctor Jenner invented the cowpox vaccination method before him, Pasteur was the first person to consciously create a successful immune vaccine and widely use it to prevent many diseases.

“Will, work, and success are the three major elements of life.

Will will open the door to your career; work is the path to success; at the end of this path, there will be success to celebrate the results of your efforts... As long as you have a strong will and work hard, you will be successful one day." This is a wise saying about success by Pasteur.

One day, while drinking tea, he looked at the moving pot lid and suddenly looked at the pot on the stove. Inspiration came: the tea needs to be cold, pour it into the cup; the steam needs to be cold, why not also "pour" it out of the cylinder?

Thinking like this, Watt immediately designed a device that is separate from the cylinder. The thermal efficiency of the condenser was increased by three times, and the coal used was only a quarter of the original. Once this key breakthrough was made, Watt suddenly felt that his future was bright. He went to the university to ask Professor Black for some theoretical questions. The professor introduced him to technician Wilkin who invented the boring machine. The technician immediately used the method of boring the barrel to make the cylinder and piston, which solved the most troublesome air leakage problem.

A leather merchant. He likes fishing, and the place he often goes to is the Newfoundland fishing ground. One winter morning, the leather merchant came to this fishing ground again. Maybe it was because it had snowed heavily the night before, and the weather was very cold, and the wind was blowing on his face. It was like cutting with a knife. The leather merchant spent a lot of effort to drill a hole in the frozen sea, and then started fishing. He saw an interesting phenomenon: the fish he caught froze quickly as soon as they were put on the ice. It's hard, and as long as the ice doesn't melt, the fish won't taste bad for three to five days. Can food be kept fresh by freezing? Other foods, such as beef and vegetables, can be kept fresh under freezing conditions. He decided to build a freezing machine.