Tokugawa Ieyasu, (とくがわいえやすTokugawa Ieyasu) December 26, 11th year of Astronomy - April 17th, Yuanhe 2nd year; January 31, 1543 - June 1, 1616 ) was an outstanding statesman and military strategist at the end of the Warring States Period in Japan, and the first general of the Edo shogunate to conquer barbarians. Known as the "No. 1 Ninja of the Warring States Period" and "The Biggest Ninja of the Warring States Period", he was a high-ranking minister. Born in Okazaki near Nagoya, he was the son of Mizuno Yuota, the first wife of Okazaki Castle lord Matsudaira Hirotada (the eldest son was born to Aku). His original surname was Matsudaira, his nickname was Takechiyo, his first name was Motonobu, and later he was named Motoyasu, and finally His name was changed to Ieyasu, and in 1566 he was ordered to change his surname to Tokugawa. The ancestor of Tokugawa Ieyasu was a local tycoon who made his fortune in the Mikawa area. During the Warring States Period, he gradually rose to the rank of Warring States Daimyo. By the time of Matsudaira Hirotada's generation, the Matsudaira clan was already a powerful family in Nishi Mikawa. However, it was sandwiched between the two more powerful daimyo, the Oda clan of Owari and the Imagawa clan of Suruga, and its position was not consolidated.
[Edit this paragraph] Life experience
In 1547, Matsudaira Hirotada fought against Owari's Oda Nobuhide. In order to ask Suruga's Imagawa Yoshimoto for assistance, he sent the six-year-old Ieyasu to He was sent as a hostage to the Imagawa clan, but was captured by the Toda clan (Toda Yasumitsu) of Tahara on the way. Together with Amano Sannosuke and Abe Tokuchiyo, he was sent to Atsuta of the Oda clan and was kept under his supervision for two years. (It is said that he was detained in Naguye). During this period, his father Guangzhong was assassinated by his close ministers. In 1549, Taiyuan Yusuzai, who served as Imagawa's military advisor, commanded an army of 7,000 troops to capture Anxiang City, the strategic capital of Mikawa, and captured the defender Oda Nobuhiro. Yusuzai negotiated with Oda Nobuhide and successfully exchanged Nobhiro for the kidnapped Matsudaira Takechiyo. (Tokugawa Ieyasu). Tokugawa Ieyasu returned to Okazaki and became the Imagawa clan's hostage only ten days later. For twelve years from the age of eight to nineteen, Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Suruga as a hostage. When he was thirteen years old, he married Imagawa Yoshimoto's niece Sena Hime (Tsukuyama-den) as his wife.
In the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Oda Nobunaga defeated the Imagawa clan and Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed. From then on, Tokugawa Ieyasu became independent from the Imagawa clan. In 1562, he formed an alliance with Oda Nobunaga and began to fully manage Mikawa. Due to the support of Takenouchi Hataro and others and the instigation of various temples, the Ichiko clan uprising was triggered throughout the Mikawa Kingdom in 1563. After nearly half a year of fighting, he finally used psychological attacks to disintegrate the uprising and consolidate his ruling base.
In 1568, Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu's ally, entered Kyoto and took the first step towards unifying the country. At this time, Tokugawa Ieyasu, who had laid a solid foundation in Mikawa, began to adopt the eastward policy. In 1570, he teamed up with Oda Nobunaga to defeat the Asai and Asakura clans in Anegawa, which was known as the "Battle of Anegawa" in history. After that, he joined forces with Takeda Shingen to attack the Imagawa forces. After Takeda defeated Sunfu Castle, he also led the army to conquer the Toe River. Hikimano, and moved the administrative office to Hikimano (the name was changed to Hamamatsu when the residence was moved to the city). But at this time, Takeda Shingen also wanted to seize power across the country. In order to clear the obstacles on the road to advance, he repeatedly sent troops to Toe and Mikawa.
In October 1572, Takeda Shingen mobilized 25,000 people with the intention of marching to Kyoto, passing through Tokugawa Ieyasu's Toe Country. After hearing the news, Tokugawa Ieyasu led his 5,000 men and more than 3,000 reinforcements from Oda Nobunaga to fight at Mikatahara. It is known in history as the Three-Party Original Battle. (Legend has it that when Ieyasu was being chased by Takeda Gunyama Prefecture Masakei, he was so frightened that he defecated. He had someone paint his sad face on the spot for future encouragement. The portrait still exists.) Due to the huge disparity in military strength between the two sides, and the use of troops Miao Shingen was slightly better. As a result, the Tokugawa and Oda coalition forces were defeated, and Oda's reinforcements, Hirate Nohide, died in the battle. In this battle, the Tokugawa family suffered more than 1,600 casualties. His subordinates dressed up as Tokugawa Ieyasu in four batches to attract the Shingen army. Tokugawa Ieyasu himself fled back to Hamamatsu. Although Tokugawa Ieyasu was defeated in this battle, Takeda Shingen admired the bravery and tenacity of the Tokugawa army. Takeda Shingen's fierce general Baba Nobuka (also known as Baba Nobharu) said to Shingen afterwards: "Looking at the corpses of the Mikawa Army, those who fell facing our army were all face down, and those who fell facing Hamamatsu were all face up. , This shows that these soldiers were all killed while charging forward, and none of them were executed for trying to escape." It is said that Tokugawa Ieyasu gained the reputation of "Kaido Kazuo" after this battle. As for Takeda Shingen, he continued his western expedition, but suddenly turned back after capturing Noda Castle. The reason was that Shingen was seriously ill and died of illness when he returned. As a result, the Tokugawa family escaped being destroyed. After Takeda Shingen's death, Oda Nobunaga eliminated the Muromachi shogunate and the Asai and Asakura clans in the same year. The overall threat to Oda and Tokugawa was temporarily ended.
Since then, Tokugawa Ieyasu, while confronting the Takeda clan, strengthened the construction of his territory. In May 1575, Takeda Katsuyori, who inherited the Takeda family after the death of Takeda Shingen, led 15,000 men to attack Nagashino, where Okuhira Nobumasa led 500 men to garrison. The Tokugawa clan joined forces with the Oda clan, who wanted to wipe out the Takeda clan in one go. The "Battle of Nagashino" severely defeated Takeda Katsuyori. In 1581, the Takaten God Castle in Toe was trapped, and the Takeda clan was expelled from Toe. In 1582, Oda and Tokugawa attacked the Takeda territory. First, Kiso Yoshimasa betrayed the Takeda family, and then Nobunaga and Ieyasu attacked the Takeda base in three groups. The Takeda army continued to lose ground. After the defeat at Tianmu Mountain, Katsuyori and his wife committed seppuku. Because of his military exploits, Ieyasu was granted the title of Ieyasu Suruga by Nobunaga. Ieyasu actively recruited the remaining ministers of the Takeda family, which is different from Oda Nobunaga's murder of the remaining ministers.
Oda Nobunaga regarded himself as a "people of the world", entered the capital, and was awarded the title of Shogun of the Right House. He appointed his retainer Mitsuhide Akechi to supervise the construction of the huge project Azuchi Castle, and began to attack China (Nakakaidō region, Japan) , intending to command the world. Ieyasu was invited to Azuchi Castle by Nobunaga. His subordinates found the food unpalatable, so Nobunaga punished the host Mitsuhide Akechi on the spot. In June 1582, Mitsuhide Akechi launched the Honnoji Rebellion, and Oda Nobunaga died in Honnoji. After Nobunaga's death, a fierce struggle began among the daimyo over whose hands the power would fall. At the time of the Incident at Honnoji Temple, Tokugawa Ieyasu was in Sakai City (also known as "Sakai Port"). He needed to take a shortcut back to Mikawa via Ise. During this period, Hattori Hanzo, Chaya Shirojiro and others escorted him back to Mikawa safely, thus avoiding danger.
After Tokugawa Ieyasu returned to Okazaki, he was about to send troops to attack Akechi Mitsuhide, but found that Hashiba Hideyoshi (former Toyotomi Hideyoshi) had taken the lead and eliminated Akechi Mitsuhide and gained real power in the central region. Tokugawa Ieyasu accumulated strength to prepare to compete with Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the future, and he further strengthened his determination to advance eastward. Soon he sent troops to occupy Kai, and at the same time reached into Shinshu. Later, he fought with Hojo and finally reached a state of peace with the Hojo army. By around 1583, Tokugawa Ieyasu had successively brought Mikawa, Toe, Suruga, Kai and the southern Shinano area into his sphere of influence, becoming a great daimyo with the strength of one million koku.
At that time, the separation of soldiers and peasants in the Tokaido area was proceeding slowly, and daimyo castle towns had not yet been formed like the Ouchi clan and the Hojo clan. Retainers and their own fiefdoms were still closely connected, so retainers had to be controlled. The land must be firmly controlled. In view of this situation, Tokugawa Ieyasu adopted the form of granting fiefs to all his retainers at that time, and controlled the retainers through the bond of land.
During this period, Tokugawa Ieyasu also attached great importance to the development of industry and commerce within his territory. As early as in the Sanhe Kingdom, he used Xiaoshanxin City in Sanhe as a "music city" and exempted it from all kinds of taxes and servitude. After moving to Hamamatsu, he reorganized various industrial and commercial groups. After conquering Kai, he unified the weights and measures throughout Kai and recruited foreign merchants to trade in Sanhe and Yuanjiang. Through these measures, Tokugawa Ieyasu not only stabilized his control over the new territory, but also strengthened his economic strength.
After Nobunaga's death, the Oda family was mainly divided into two factions, headed by Hashiba Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie. In 1583, Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shibada, and soon captured Katsuie's base city, Koku no Sho Castle, and then allied with Oda Nobuo, the second son of Oda Nobunaga, to eliminate the power of Oda Nobutaka, Nobunaga's second son. In 1584, Nobuo broke with Hideyoshi and formed an alliance with Ieyasu against Hideyoshi. In 1584, the two armies fought at Komaki and Nagasute in Owari Province. Hideyoshi's army consisted of more than 190,000 people, and Ieyasu's Nobuo coalition force was about 30,000 to 40,000. Because Hideyoshi's surprise attack on the special forces was discovered by Ieyasu, Hashiba's army was killed in battle, including Ikeda Tsuneki, Mori Nagaka, and Ikeda Motosuke. Later, Hideyoshi had no intention of fighting again and retreated, and instead attacked Nobuo's Ise country. Nobuo surrendered to Hideyoshi. Soon, Ieyasu also negotiated peace with Hideyoshi and sent his second son Hideyasu, who was only 12 years old, to Osaka Castle as a hostage. Subsequently, Hideyoshi forced Sasanagi Masagi to surrender in Vietnam, pacified the Zaga clan in Kii country, and won victory in the conquest of the four countries. Ieyasu sent Okubo Tadayo and Torii Motochu to attack Ueda Castle, but were defeated by Sanada Masayuki. In addition, retainer Ishikawa Tsumasa suddenly defected to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Under numerous adverse circumstances, Hideyoshi attempted to induce Ieyasu to become his retainer. Hideyoshi initially married his sister Asahihime to Ieyasu as his wife, but Ieyasu had no intention of becoming a subordinate. However, when Hideyoshi sent his biological mother, Omasa, to Okazaki Castle as a hostage, Ieyasu decided to obey and arrived at Okazaki Castle on October 26. Banjo officially subordinated himself to Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the 27th.
After that, Toyotomi Hideyoshi promoted domestic unification step by step, and soon became the Minister of Guanbai and Taizheng, truly taking control of the national power. The relationship between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu naturally became something close to a master-slave relationship.
When Toyotomi Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu, Tokugawa Ieyasu was not mobilized and got rid of a huge consumption. After 1589, the Hojo clan refused to surrender to the Toyotomi family, so Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all Japanese daimyo to attack Hojo. Ieyasu made many contributions on the support front, and eventually Hojojo surrendered after being surrounded for a while at Odawara Castle. After the war, Ieyasu was transferred to Kanto, and owned all of Sagami, Izu, Musashi, Ueno, and Shimotsou, most of Shimotsou, and a small part of Kamiso (as of the Battle of Sekigahara, it was about 2,557,000 koku). , rebuilt Edo Castle as a residential castle. Although Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea two years later (the Battle of Bunroku and Keicho), Hideyoshi allowed Ieyasu not to go out because he was attacking the remnants of the Hojo clan in the military territory. Ieyasu therefore only did garrison work in Nagoya Castle. During this period, Ieyasu inspected the territory.
First, adopt new methods to allocate retainers. Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered lower-level retainers who had direct jurisdiction and fiefdoms of less than 10,000 koku in Musashi, Sagami and other places close to Edo. High-ranking retainers above ten thousand koku were placed as far apart as possible, and the distribution density was slightly sparse in the southwest of Kanto and denser in the eastern border areas with hostile daimyo. Obviously, this configuration is a combat system. And when he entered Kanto, he decided to convert the fiefdom into output and distribute it to his retainers. These measures played a great role in further controlling retainers and consolidating the new territory of Kanto.
Secondly, Tokugawa Ieyasu also carried out large-scale land inspections in order to adjust the tenancy relationship in the countryside and stabilize the order of the new territory. The specific method is to put a name shoulder letter on the upper right side of the name of the farmer registrant in the land registration book, indicating to which owner the ownership of the land cultivated by that person belongs. In doing so, it not only recognized the title of the landowner as the lord, making him responsible for paying annual tribute, but also recognized the unstable farming rights of the tenants. This measure is suitable for governing relatively backward areas like Kanto.
Finally, Tokugawa Ieyasu also paid great attention to the development of industry and commerce within his territory. In order to solve the problem of land transportation and attract foreign businessmen to do business in Edo, men were recruited from Edo and surrounding rural areas to establish the Dozhong Unma Service. In order to solve the waterway traffic problem, manpower was organized to dig ditches so that ships could dock directly under Edo Castle. He also appointed special personnel to manage the weights and measures in the territory; entrusted local tycoon-style merchants who came from the old territory to develop Edo's urban construction and manage industry and commerce; after 1592, one or two gold coins known as Musashi Koban were minted to promote currency circulation. . With the gradual progress of Edo's construction and the prosperity of industry and commerce, businessmen from other places came to Edo one after another. Tokugawa Ieyasu's construction of Kanto provided him with huge economic support and a solid base for his subsequent seizure of national power.
After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu acted as the agent of the country as one of the five old leaders. In July 1600, he issued a crusade order and pretended to attack Uesugi Kagekatsu. Then in September of that year, he sent his troops to Meino, defeated Ishida Mitsunari and other enemy daimyo in the Battle of Sekigahara, and took control of the national power. In February 1603, he was appointed by the imperial court as the general of the conquest of barbarians, the right minister, and the elder of the Minamoto clan (i.e., the clan leader and head of the Minamoto clan). In the same year, he established the shogunate in Edo. In 1605, he gave up the post of shogun to his son Hidetada, proclaimed the family empire, called himself the imperial palace and lived in seclusion in Sunfu Castle, but he still held the real military and political power behind the scenes. In the battle of Osaka (today's Osaka) in May 1615, Toyotomi Hideyori was killed and the so-called "Yuanhe Yanwu" was realized. In March 1616, he served as the Minister of Taizheng and professed vassal status to the Ming Emperor. He was canonized as "King of Japan" by the Ming Emperor. He died in Sunfu Castle on April 17 at the age of 73 and was buried in Mount Kuno. In the following year, he was given the posthumous title of Zhengyi, and received the imperial edict of Dongzhao Daquanxian. He was later buried in Riguang Mountain. The burial place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Toshogu Shrine. During the Warring States Period in Japan, the feudal princes were divided and the struggle for power among the daimyo was very fierce. The realization of national unification was an inevitable trend of historical development during this period. Under this situation, if Tokugawa Ieyasu wanted to make a difference in politics and finally seize power across the country, he must have a clear understanding of the overall situation of unification, adopt flexible policies and strategies according to the time and local conditions. At this point, it can be said that he followed the current situation and acted appropriately.
After the Honnoji Incident, Toyotomi Hideyoshi took the lead and took control of the situation, causing Tokugawa Ieyasu to lose an opportunity to seize national power.
Although the overall situation was very unfavorable to him at that time, the relationship and strength between him and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were no longer comparable to the relationship between Oda Nobunaga and him in the past. He took limited action to improve his situation. In 1584, Tokugawa Ieyasu, at the request of Oda Nobuo, fought against Toyotomi Hideyoshi at Komaki and Nagatte, which was a limited act for a limited purpose. In the Battle of Nagakute, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated a detachment of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, killed Toyotomi Hideyoshi's brave general Nobuteru Ikeda, and forced Toyotomi Hideyoshi to make peace on terms quite favorable to him, which had a great impact on the whole country. , Toyotomi Hideyoshi had to treat Tokugawa Ieyasu differently. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea, he did not include Tokugawa Ieyasu's troops in the sea crossing battle line. On the surface, this seems to be Tokugawa Ieyasu's luck, but in fact it was achieved by Tokugawa Ieyasu's use of his own strength and clever strategies. Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea, causing heavy losses to the Toyotomi regime and the southwestern daimyo, but Tokugawa Ieyasu accumulated financial resources and strengthened his power in peace construction. These changes were one of the important reasons for the collapse of the Toyotomi clan and were also an important turning point for Tokugawa Ieyasu in later seizing power across the country.
Attention to internal governance was another important factor in Tokugawa Ieyasu's success. Tokugawa Ieyasu's internal governance was integrated with the reorganization and strengthening of the feudal order. Before obtaining national power, every time a territory is occupied, the rule of the new territory must be reorganized, rather than blindly pursuing the expansion of territory by force. After seizing power across the country, in order to consolidate power, in addition to maintaining the political achievements of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a series of measures were taken to reorganize and strengthen the feudal order.
1. Confiscating and reducing the territories of hostile daimyo to enrich the economic foundation of the shogunate: Tokugawa Ieyasu confiscated 87 territories of hostile daimyo, with a total income of 4.14 million koku (one said that he confiscated 90 The territory of three daimyo), the territory of three daimyo was reduced, and the total income was 2.07 million koku (it is said that the territory of four daimyo was reduced). 3/4 of it was transferred to his heroes and close daimyo, and the remaining 1/4 was designated as the direct jurisdiction of the Tokugawa clan, plus Kai, Shinano, Mino, Omi, Echizen, Sado, southern Mutsu, etc. The area's direct jurisdiction has a total revenue of more than 60,000 koku. In addition, Tokugawa Ieyasu also integrated important mines in Sado, Iwami, Izu and other places, as well as important cities and ports such as Kyoto, Osaka, Nara, Sunfu, and Nagasaki. It was placed under the direct jurisdiction of the shogunate. In this way, the shogunate almost controlled most of the country's important financial resources.
2. Establish the feudal governance system of the shogunate system. Tokugawa Ieyasu divided the country's daimyo into three categories based on their support for the shogunate. The first category is his sons and close branch clans of the Tokugawa family, this category is called "close feudal lord"; the second category is the heroes who are loyal to themselves and their ancestors, this is called "general Daimyo", "close feudal lord" and "Gokuyo" is the pillar of the shogunate's regime; the third category is those who were the same daimyo as Tokugawa Ieyasu before the Battle of Sekigahara, or those who were loyal to Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the war and surrendered after the war. Those who belong to this category are called " A great name in appearance." Tokugawa Ieyasu mixed the three types of daimyo, allowing the pro-vassal and genealogical daimyo to monitor the outside daimyo. Secondly, in order to strengthen the rule of the samurai and establish the authority of the shogunate, the "Samurai Laws" was promulgated in 1615. Its main purpose is to reward civil and military officials, to prohibit leisure and luxury, to observe frugality, to strictly enforce class (i.e., the regulations on clothing and riding classes), not to have prostitutes, not to repair the city without authorization, not to have private marriages, and not to form parties. But the most important thing is to stipulate that The daimyo's "participation account" system. According to regulations, the country's foreign daimyo are divided into east and west halves, with half living in Edo and half living in the territory; April every year is the handover period for the east and west halves of the daimyo (there are separate regulations for the generation of daimyo), and the daimyo's wife must always live in Edo. The household, in fact, served as a hostage, and the daimyo led his attendants according to his status, forming a "line of princes" and visiting Edo on a regular basis to pay his respects. Due to the large number of people in the "process of princes", traveling between Edo and the territory was very expensive. Therefore, this system not only allowed the shogunate to actually control the daimyo entrusted by Edo as hostages, but also consumed a large amount of daimyo's financial resources, making them unable to rebel. At the same time, Tokugawa Ieyasu further implemented Toyotomi Hideyoshi's policy of separation of soldiers and peasants, improved the identity system, and divided the entire Japanese society into four hereditary classes: gentry, farmers, industry, and merchants, with each class running through A vertical master-slave relationship. Finally, in 1615, the "Forbidden and Public Laws" and the Laws of Five Mountains and Ten Temples were promulgated for the royal family, court, and temples. In this way, with the status system as the core and the shogunate as the center of the political power, a complete shogunate system was formed, ranging from the emperor and ministers to the daimyo, ordinary samurai, monks, farmers, craftsmen, and merchants of each domain.
The Tokugawa Shogunate mainly relied on this system to rule the country.
3. In terms of foreign affairs, Tokugawa Ieyasu was not a complete separatist. After establishing the shogunate, he immediately sent an envoy to Korea and restored diplomatic relations with Korea in 1608. At the same time, he actively sought indirect trade with the Ming Dynasty, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty emperor, and obtained the title of King of Japan to rule the country. Out of his need for military supplies and raw silk trade, he was also very active in developing trade with Western European countries in the early days after establishing the shogunate. In 1608, he hired the Englishman Yasuzu Miura as a diplomatic advisor and trade officer, and learned world knowledge, astronomy and mathematics from him. He even acquiesced in the spread of Christianity, but later banned it because he felt it endangered Japan's traditional feudal rule. In 1612, the shogunate first promulgated a ban on Christianity in the areas directly under its jurisdiction, and the following year it implemented this law throughout the country. Starting from 1615, strict restrictions were placed on Zhuyin Ship trade.
4. Tokugawa Ieyasu strongly advocated civil rule. He is very studious and likes to read classics and historical books about governing the country and bringing peace to the world. In view of the fact that Buddhist power has been closely integrated with the manorial system since the Kamakura shogunate, he suppressed Buddhism and promoted Confucianism before the establishment of the shogunate. After the establishment of the shogunate, he believed that the manor system had been completely destroyed, and Buddhism had declined due to the loss of its old economic foundation and heavy political blows. At this time, restoring the prestige of Buddhism would not only be harmless but also beneficial to the consolidation of the new regime, so he gradually He supported Buddhism and discussed the Buddhist teachings of various sects with famous monks, and increasingly tended to the ideological rule of the integration of Confucianism and Buddhism.
Tokugawa Ieyasu's greatest achievement in his life was that he, following Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, reorganized and strengthened Japan's feudal order and pushed Japan's feudal society to a new stage. The Tokugawa Shogunate he founded maintained a peaceful unification for more than 260 years in Japanese history, which provided a slightly better social environment for the development of Japan's feudal economy than the manorial system era. However, the Japanese feudal system reorganized and strengthened by Tokugawa Ieyasu was still based on the self-sufficient small peasant economy. The strict status system firmly fixes everyone in a narrow frame, which seriously hinders social progress. His promotion of overseas trade was not to promote the free development of private trade and embark on the path of modern mercantilism, but to maintain the feudal political rule out of the political and economic needs of the shogunate, the scope of which was limited to a handful of shogunate officials, daimyo and privileged lords Once the official trade controlled by merchants exceeded the political needs of the shogunate, it was immediately banned or restricted. The ban on Christianity promulgated in 1612 was actually the beginning of the political seclusion of the Tokugawa shogunate. The restrictions on the Zhuinship trade from 1615 were a partial economic seclusion, which was the precursor of the later nationwide seclusion of the Tokugawa shogunate. In addition, Tokugawa Ieyasu promoted the ideological rule of Confucianism and Buddhism in his later years, which had a very bad restraint effect on the Japanese people's thinking. This influence continued even after the Meiji Restoration. Ieyasu's knowledge was not just motivated by a desire for knowledge, he wanted knowledge to help him.
Tokugawa Ieyasu once said to Honda Masanobu during a conversation: "When I was young, I was busy traveling on the battlefield and had no time to study knowledge, so I learned nothing when I grew old. But I once He learned something from Lao Tzu that he has never forgotten until now: 'Those who are content are always happy.'"
Ieyasu's philosophy of life is quality and frugality. He was "always contented" and hated luxury and waste, not only for himself but also for his retainers. I didn’t make any special preparations when I went hunting. I only took a handful of rice balls and prunes with me, and ate them in two or three times in the mountains. If there were any leftovers, I didn’t throw them away, so I took them back and asked the accompanying retainers to do so. They do the same.
During a certain hunting trip, a young retainer who was traveling with him wore the popular hairstyle of the time. When Ieyasu saw him, he called him to his side and scolded him: "You bastard, my grandfather is in an important position. When traveling around in martial arts, you are not as arrogant as you." He thought: "A warrior should look like a warrior. Simple clothing is most pleasing to the eye. Warriors walk around in sedan chairs, especially those under fifty years old. Wearing those stiff clothes of twisted silk and kapok, walking barefoot with straw sandals, and thinking that he is proud of himself, he is really a piece of rotten wood that cannot be carved."
Ieyasu has endured countless hardships since he was a child, and he often teaches his retainers. We must continue to be patient, patient, and patient. One of the retainers has a very impatient temper, and will immediately get angry when others say gossip, and then quarrel with the other party. Ieyasu taught the retainer: "It's not okay for you to get angry and quarrel over these small talk.
If you are in a war, you must have the aura of a general who defeats the enemy. With this kind of momentum, from now on you should ignore the other person's ordinary words, just like a general attacking the enemy in your heart, he will only hit you when he misses the nonsense words. If you do this, you won't have such unnecessary quarrels. "
Another time, he said to the young retainer: "I have two key points for you to settle down and live in peace. They are three words and six words. Which one do you want to hear? "The retainers nearby replied:
"We all want to know. "
"The third word is 'look up' and the sixth word is 'don't forget your own limits'. You must not forget this. "Ieyasu teaches.
Looking upward is infinite. If you forget your own limits and just keep climbing up out of envy, you will make an unforgivable mistake.
Ieyasu is special Disliked waste, he once said: "There is no need to place retainers in a spacious mansion. If the mansion is spacious, unnecessary buildings will be built, springs and courtyards will be built, many people will be attracted, and a lot of money will be spent. As a result, they will be indolent and inactive. "
Ieyasu heard strange noises one night. He didn't know what was going on, so he went to the duty room to check. It turned out that it was young retainers having fun in sumo wrestling on the tatami. Ieyasu smiled and said: "Spirit Sumo wrestling is good, but please turn over the tatami before making trouble. ”
Another time, the maids in Edo Castle complained about the food: “How can anyone eat it when it’s all pickles?” Ieyasu called the chief cook Jingqing and told him the complaints of the maids. Jingqing replied: "There are still a lot of radishes used to make pickles. If you add sugar, you can't eat them." "
Ieyasu said: "That's right, then the saltiness of the salt is enough now, and it doesn't matter if it doesn't need to be sweetened. ”
For the sake of majesty, General Hidetada used gold ornaments on a certain castle tower in Edo. The gold ornaments can be seen from a long distance, shining under the sun and very beautiful. Ieyasu Mi Liao said: "Isn't it a waste to use gold in that kind of place? "As he said that, he asked people to take away the gold jewelry.
Ieyasu has numerous examples of such simplicity and thrift. It is said that after his death, Sunfu accumulated a lot of gold. Ieyasu lived in Congjiang When Todo moved to Sunfu, he left a large amount of gold to his successor Hidetada, and advised him: "This gold should be used as gold for the people of the world and must not be used for personal use. If you think that since the world is at peace, there is no need to save money, you are totally wrong. You must avoid unnecessary expenses and keep in mind the importance of saving money. There are three uses for this gold: military use when war breaks out, relief after major fires, and use to prevent natural disasters and bad years such as famine and floods. "Original Japanese text:
"One, the life of a person,
The heavy load is the burden, the distance is the road, the road is the same.
"Letter" Tokugawa Ieyasu in "Long Ambition 13: The Way of Heaven"
2. Unfreedom と思えば无なし
3. Heart みおこらば poverty. したる时を思い出すべし.
4. Can endure は Nothing is long.
5. Anger is the enemy と思え.
6. Victory. ことばかりりてnegative くるを知らざれば,
Harm その生に到る.
Seven, oneself is responsible, and others are responsible.
< p> 8. 与ばざるは过ぎたるに胜れり. 》Chinese translation:
1. Life is like carrying a heavy burden, so don’t be impatient.
2. If you regard lack of freedom as a normal thing, you will not feel it is insufficient.
3. When you have desires, you should look back at the time of poverty.
4. Be thoughtful If you are tolerant, nothing will last for a long time.
5. Treat anger like an enemy. Tokugawa Ieyasu in "Warring States Warriors"
6. Only knowing victory but not defeat will harm others body!
7. It is better to blame yourself than to blame others.
8. It is better to go short than to go too far.
Main wife: Chikuzanden (Sena, Sekiguchi's daughter)
Second wife: Suruga Gozen (Asahihime, sister of Toyotomi Hideyoshi)
Side wife: Choshoin ( Awan, Xiaodu Bureau, daughter of Yongjian Jiying)
Side room: Xixiang Bureau (Aai)
Side room: Xijun Bureau
Side room: Aai Tea Bureau
Side room: Ryōunin (Atake, daughter of Ichikawa Masanagi)
Side room: Shimoyamaden (Yutuma, daughter of Akiyama Toyasu)
Side room: Yu Mousu ??Nogata (daughter of Mitsui Yoshimasa)
Side room: Yu Chaa'a side room (daughter of Hanai clan, Chaokakuin)
Side room: Akaji's house Fang (Eishōin, daughter of Ota Yasushi)
Side chamber: Agui no Fang (Yingshengin, daughter of Shimizu Munekiyo)
Side chamber: Yu Wanzhofa (Yangzhu) House, daughter of Masaki Kunitoki)
Side room: Asha no Kata (Seiunin, daughter of Hasegawa Fujinao)
Side room: Ame nokata (Renkain, Daughter of Kazuki Aoki)
Side chamber: Roku no Kata (Yorokuin, daughter of Kuroda Naomasa)
Side chamber: Asen no Kata (Tairei-in, Miyazaki Taikage's daughter)
Son
Matsudaira Nobuyasu (1559-1579) (mother: Tsukuyamaden)
Yuki Hideyasu (1574-1579) 1607) (Mother: Xiaodu Bureau)
Tokugawa Hidetada (1579-1632) (Mother: Saigo Bureau)
Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1580-1607) (Mother: Saigo Bureau)
Takeda Nobuyoshi (1583-1603) (Mother: Yu Domo)
Matsudaira Tadayuki (1592-1683) (Mother: Acha Bureau)
Matsuchiyo (1594-1599) (mother: Chaa Bureau)
Senchiyo (1595-1600) (mother: Agui)< /p>
Tokugawa Yoshinao (1600-1650) (mother: Agui)
Tokugawa Yorinobu (1602-1671) (mother: Awan)
Tokugawa Yorifusa (1603-1661) (mother: Awan)
Illegitimate son (undetermined): Suzuki Ichizo (1565-?)
Illegitimate son: Nagami Sadae (1574-1605) (Mother: Awan)
Illegitimate son: Matsumoto Minbu (1582-1616) (Mother: Hokoin)
< p> Illegitimate son: Ogasawara Gon no Cheng (?-1615) (mother: Sanjo clan)Illegitimate son (undetermined): Doi Toshikatsu (1573-1644)
Daughter
Eldest daughter: Kamehime (1560-1625) (Mother: Tsukuzanden) - Okuhira Nobumasashi
Second daughter: Tokihime (1565-1615) ( Mother: Nishigunbu) - Hojo clan Nao Ikeda Terumasa's family
Third daughter: Shinhime (1580-1617) (Mother: Ryōunin) - Kamao Hideyuki Asano Nagasaki's family
Fourth daughter: Matsuhime (1596-1598)
Fifth daughter: Ichihime (1607-1610) (mother: Eishoin)
Adopted son< /p>
Ieharu Matsudaira - the second son of Nobumasa Okudaira and the grandson of Ieyasu
Tadamasa Matsudaira - the third son of Nobumasa Okudaira and the grandson of Ieyasu
Tadaaki Matsudaira - the fourth son of Nobumasa Okudaira and the grandson of Ieyasu Grandson
Prince Ryojun Rindo - the eighth prince of Emperor Goyosei
Adopted daughter
Komatsuhime (Taronin) - Honda Tadakatsu daughter, Sanada Nobunoshi
Mantenhime (Ye Zongin) - Matsudaira Yasumoto, Fukushima Masayuki Tsugaru Nobu Makimaki
Eihime (Oryoin) - Hoshida Hoshina , Kuroda Nagamasa's house
Aki (Koko-in) - Matsudaira Sadakatsuo, Yamauchi Tadayoshi's house
Hashime (Joushou-in) - Matsudaira Yasunao's house, Arima Toyo's house
Guo Ji (
Eiju-in) - Tadamasa Honda, Tadashi Hori, Naojun Arima
Kamehime (Marotho-in) - Tadamasa Honda, Tadama Ogasawara
Manki -{(Keidai-in)}- - Ogasawara Hidemasa and Hachisuka Shigemiro
Hisamatsu-in - Matsudaira Yasumotoe, Tanaka Tadamasa and Matsudaira Narushige
Jōmatsu-in Mei-in - Matsudaira Yasumoto's daughter, Nakamura Kazutada and Mori Hidemoto's house
Tangmei-in - Matsudaira's daughter, Ii Nao's house
Takagen-in - Oka's daughter-in-law, Nabeshima Katsushige
Seijōin - Tadashige Mizuno, Kiyomasa Kato
Sadatsuin - Tadashige Hoshina, Yoshie Koide
Unknown name - Matsudaira Yasumoto daughter, Matsudaira Tadamasa Suganuma Sadashiro family
Unknown name - Matsudaira Yasumoto daughter, Oka Nagamori family