1. Montesquieu
Main propositions:
Separation of three powers
Law should embody rationality
2﹑Voltaire?
Main advocates:
Advocating the establishment of an enlightened monarchy relying on the power of the bourgeoisie Voltaire
Advocating natural human rights, freedom and equality< /p>
Everyone is equal before the law
Criticizes the Catholic Church and advocates freedom of belief
3. Rousseau
Main claims:
< p>Innate human rights and popular sovereignty?Social contract theory (works include "Social Contract Theory", "On the Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality", etc.)?
Revolutionary Legitimacy< /p>
Private ownership is the root of inequality
4. Kant?
Main claim:
Man is the end.
He emphasized the importance of people,
Proposed that people are people, not tools to achieve any purpose.?
5. Locke?
Main claims:
Considering that private property is the basis of human rights,
without private property, there is no human rights.
In terms of the form of political power,
he It supports a constitutional monarchy and advocates that the country's legislative power, executive power and the right to handle foreign affairs should belong to the parliament and the monarch.
Extended information:
The background of the French Enlightenment: In the 17th and 18th centuries, Western European capitalism developed greatly, and the power of the emerging bourgeoisie grew stronger. to gain stronger economic strength.
However, the politics of the European continent at that time were still dominated by authoritarianism and clericalism.
Therefore, the bourgeoisie’s anti-feudal struggle must first strip off the sacred cloak of the feudal system in order to offend it, deny it and destroy it.
As a result, the trend of thought that emphasized human value and rights flourished, forming the Enlightenment Movement centered on promoting rationality. This illustrates the view of historical materialism: the economic base determines the superstructure.
The economic foundation and superstructure of French feudalism were in profound crisis. At this time, French capitalist industry and commerce were developing rapidly. The bourgeoisie was not only becoming stronger, but also becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the feudal autocratic rule.
This injected new factors into the original class composition and class contradictions under the French feudal order. The bourgeoisie began to assume the historical mission of being the most stubborn leader of the third class masses to oppose feudal rule.
The development of France’s capitalist economy and the increasing strength of the emerging bourgeoisie have formed a group of representatives of the emerging class with both economic strength and cultural education, providing a class basis for the rise of the Enlightenment Movement .
The development of France’s capitalist economy and the increasing strength of the emerging bourgeoisie have formed a group of representatives of the emerging class with both economic strength and cultural education, providing a class basis for the rise of the Enlightenment Movement .
Baidu Encyclopedia-Enlightenment Movement