Sren Kierkegaard
Danish Christian thinker. A pioneer of existentialism. Born in Copenhagen on May 5th, 2003, 18 1855, 165438+ 10/. He studied theology at the University of Copenhagen in his early years and was famous for criticizing rational philosophy, especially hegelianism. Its philosophical purpose is to demonstrate the principle of individuality and belief in God through personal experience. In his view, existence is an individual existence composed of pain, worry, loneliness, despair, lust, enthusiasm and other emotions. Individuals constantly surpass themselves, tend to God, and define themselves in the "absolute opposition" relationship with God. Most of his philosophical thoughts are expressed through literary works, often in the form of diaries and aphorisms. His thoughts had a great influence in Germany, France and other countries after the First World War, and played a leading role in the emergence and development of existentialism. He is the author of Either-or: Fragments in Life and so on.
Kierkegaard (kyrk Guo, Kierkegaard, Kierkegaard, Kierkegaard) (18 13- 1855) wrote at least 25 works in his short life of 42 years-his works were once unknown after his death. Salute!
Kierkegaard is a Danish philosopher, theologian and pioneer of existentialism. After Hegel's death, his unprecedented philosophical system collapsed, and Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard contributed greatly. He was born into a Christian wool merchant family in Kebenhagen, and was born to his father and a maid at home when his ex-wife died. His father felt deeply guilty. After his death, his family was shrouded in anxiety and depression for fear of God's punishment. Kierkegaard also spent his life in depression and lived in seclusion. At that time, Denmark was a subsidiary country of Germany, and the bourgeoisie living in Denmark's backward agricultural country was very afraid of revolution. They were afraid of the socialist movement in Europe at that time and panicked about the revolutionary trend of bourgeois liberals. Kierkegaard established Christian existentialism in his philosophical work The Concept of Fear. Christian existentialism denies the existence of the material world and Hegel's abstract spiritual existence. I think that what really exists can only be what exists in my heart, not my personality. Man is the only reality in the world and the measure of everything. Man is a person's subjective consciousness, but this is not a perceptual and thinking consciousness, but an irrational consciousness and a personal psychological experience. In the consciousness of individual psychological experience, the most direct, vivid and profound experience is the existence of pain, enthusiasm, need, lust, ambiguity, ambiguity, absurdity and vacillation, which is purely subjective and the most basic existence.
"Existence" is a logical category in Hegel's view, but Kierkegaard defined it as a concept that can only be applied to individuals. "Being" is a life process of human beings, including three links: self-participation, free choice and self-realization. At this point, Kierkegaard defined "being" as an important theme in philosophy, because it is irrational and humanistic. In Locke's view, the existence of God, itself and mathematics is a self-evident definite term, which comes from "experience" (including "sensory experience" and "inner feelings"); Descartes believes that there are three entities: God, spirit and matter. In Spinoza's place, there is only one entity. Kierkegaard's thought has no ontology, and his focus has always been on man, his existence and his free choice. His "self-participation" refers to actively participating in the whole process of life; "Self-choice" means making completely independent choices emotionally, with uncertain results. In Kierkegaard's view, this is always a leap to a goal rather than a deviation; Kierkegaard's "self-realization" is the realization of individuals, and it is a process in which individuals exist more and more out of society. He hates the group, the group and the whole. At this point, he opposed Hegel's nationalism theory. Hegel believes that the era embodiment of "absolute spirit" is the state, which conforms to the national church by rationalizing Christian beliefs and theological speculation.
Kierkegaard's Dialectics of Life is innovative besides his "ontology". We must bear in mind that Kierkegaard, like Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, is irrational, and the internal driving force of his dialectics is "irrational psychological transformation", which is different from the driving force of Hegel's dialectics-rationality. Kierkegaard's Dialectics of Life is also divided into three stages: perceptual stage, ethical stage and religious stage. He pointed out that at every moment of jumping, people who choose this way have a sense of fear, which he called "sympathy, disgust and aversion to sympathy."
Kierkegaard said: "No matter how deep a person is, he may be deeper, and this may be the object of fear." According to Kierkegaard, existence itself contains fear, that is, we have fear when we are alive. When terrible things come true, then people will have another special feeling-despair. Kierkegaard divided despair into unconscious and conscious. He explained that the former is like a door behind the soul of a desperate person, but there is nothing behind it; The latter, also known as introverted despair, means "I sit there behind the door of my soul, as if I had been there, watching myself do the work of filling time instead of being myself."
He said, "Boredom is the root of all evil". The gods created human beings because of boredom, and God and human beings are bored together; Adam created Eve because of boredom, and men and women were bored together. Then Adam and Eve got tired of Cain and Abel's family ... In the aesthetic stage, people enjoyed themselves because of boredom, became more bored because of pleasure, and finally died of cruel self-mutilation. Kierkegaard pointed out before Freud that the secret of hedonism principle is the desire for death. The choice of oneself is also the choice of subjective truth, existence and belief. The choice must be painful and accompanied by fear. This process is a leap. After the leap, people enter the second stage, the ethical stage.
In the third stage, religious stage, people become "knights of faith", divorced from human beings and society, and began to embark on the road of inner faith. Kierkegaard analyzed Abraham's behavior in Either or, and finally came to the conclusion that he didn't understand Abraham either, and Abraham was a madman. He wrote sarcastically that Abraham is greater than anything, and Kierkegaard's greatness lies in his ability-his strength is weakness, his cleverness is ignorance, his hope is madness, and his love is hatred for himself.
Some views:
1. The birth of tragedy
From Socrates' "Know Yourself", the ideal kingdom of harmony and tranquility in ancient Greece collapsed, and the so-called perfect life based on wisdom and knowledge gradually unveiled its idol-like veil. For the first time, mankind looked at the majestic nature full of primitive vitality in amazement and became a living individual with independent spirit for the first time.
However, tragedy is also born from here. Individual awakening means rebellion and subversion. People began to stare at God. As a result of meaningful communication between man and nature, everything became ironic and made them anxious and weak. Because, from now on, we are no longer protected, we must face life naked.
2. Self conflict
Man exists without existence, and God exists without existence.
Individuals tend to be existential in existence, which is embodied in the constant pursuit of self.
On the one hand, there is no static existence, and individuals keep asking about this existence. Therefore, existence is embodied in efforts to build a perfect ideal self, individuals constantly seek survival and self-extension. On the other hand, in the individual's struggle for existence, people constantly satisfy their future self, but the higher call makes people constantly set a higher self, which will only calm down under the embrace of a certain spiritual belief, so individuals must abandon people's self to obtain divinity.
This way of existence not only leads to the opposition between real self and potential self, but also leads to the opposition between human self and God's self. The former shows the transcendence of human nature, while the latter shows the transcendence in theological sense, from time to eternity.
Therefore, I dare say that living in this era of declining belief, individuals live in this situation, and when they meet with divine self and potential self, they will always exist in an almost unreachable future. Nothing is sadder than this!
3. Spiritual redemption
Kierkegaard said, ego is a kind of relationship that connects oneself with oneself, or in a relationship, connects oneself with oneself. Man is a synthesis of finiteness and infinity, temporality and eternity, freedom and necessity. In short, it is synthesis.
Every individual has the direction of returning to himself, exerting his potential and constructing his ideal. The opposition of a series of binary factors in this individual makes this effort have a seesaw dynamic significance; The requirement of a certain degree of unity (or integration) between the two enables this kind of effort to maintain a balance within the individual itself.
What is the defender of this relationship of unity of opposites? Is the spirit. On the one hand, spirit is the product of self-becoming, on the other hand, it is the regulating force in the process of self-becoming, and it is the source of all-round coordination within individuals. Spirit is the driving force and process of self-ideal construction, and spirit does not exist outside of becoming self. Spirit is self.
Returning to oneself and becoming the true self is the goal of personal unremitting efforts. Kierkegaard tried to tell us that it is the spirit that makes people restless. In his view, modern science and technology constantly increase people's convenience in all aspects, reduce people's burden and make life easier and easier, which is essentially a manifestation of mental degradation. As a writer, Kierkegaard once asked himself, "What should you do?" Then I answered myself, "Because of my limited talents, I can't make everything easier than it is now. Because I am moved by the real enthusiasm of those who try to make everything easier, I imagine my task is to create difficulties everywhere. " In other words, the only way to make people full of passion is to let them face difficult tests.
Kierkegaard wrote: "Being a spirit, according to the New Testament, is death and death from this world." The spirit always lets oneself deal with oneself, makes oneself unwilling to be mediocre, and sharpens oneself. Everything depends on the struggle for survival, and it will only be occupied in the process of trying to get it. This is Kierkegaard's "spiritual law of possession".
The goal of an individual is to be himself, but the self is uncertain. The meaning of human beings can only be reflected in the pursuit. Therefore, an individual must always be enthusiastic, and he must persevere in his struggle. Of course, this kind of struggle is tragic. It points to infinity and uncertainty that will never be realized, just like Sisyphus's movement of pushing stones up the mountain will never stop. Spirit is always reflected in struggle for existence's nervousness. The more you rise, the more difficulties the spirit faces, so the more you need the spirit of struggle, and therefore more tragic.
Of course, generally speaking, in the process of self-struggle, people will continue to move towards inner enrichment, calmness and sacredness.