Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer.
Dostoyevsky was born into a small aristocratic family and spent his childhood in Moscow and the countryside. In 1846, he published his first novel "The Poor Man", which was highly praised. In 1848, he published the novella "White Night". In 1849, he was exiled to Siberia for participating in anti-serfdom activities. During this period, he published the novels "Insulted and Damaged", "Crime and Punishment", "***", "Demons", "Karamazov" Brothers" and other works.
Dostoyevsky’s novels are highly dramatic and the plot develops quickly. The ensuing catastrophic events are usually accompanied by complex and intense psychological struggles and painful spiritual crises, thereby exposing the bourgeoisie. The complexity, contradictions and profound tragedy of relationships.
The French Republic at the end of the 18th century was a regime spawned by revolutionary idealism. In 1792, a French soldier shouted the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death!" in Pontoise, clearly indicating that the revolution had taken root in the hearts of the people and any opponent of the revolution would be treated as an enemy. . During the revolutionary rule, former mercenaries also took on the title of "national soldiers" and believed themselves to be the defenders of "freedom." An artilleryman in the French Revolutionary Army wrote in 1793: "I have no mercy for the enemies of the motherland. They should bleed and will continue to bleed! I will avenge the blood shed by my brothers. Those counterrevolutionaries will Death lies at the hands of the revolutionaries. "Revenge and terror have become the immediate motivations of these soldiers, who will then awaken their colleagues outside politics until the entire country is in an unstoppable rage.
In August 1792, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and several other monarchies formed an allied force to invade France in an attempt to attack those who clamored to overthrow the monarchy and chop off the king's head. The citizens of Paris carried out repression. After hearing the news, the angry Parisian people raided the Tuileries Palace and threw the royal family members into prison, overthrowing the monarchy for nearly a thousand years and ending the three-year monarchy since the capture of the Basilica. The body entered the stage of Girondin (industrial and commercial bourgeoisie) rule. Fear and anger filled the streets of Paris at the same time. Politicians who demagogued the people believed that "in order to fight against the outside world, we must first calm down the inside" - we must first eliminate the internal reactionaries. On November 11, 1821, Dostoevsky was born in a Russian doctor's family, which was also not a wealthy family. He was the second among seven children. His father was a retired military doctor and a complete alcoholic who worked at the Maria Hospital in Moscow. The hospital where my father worked was located in the wilderness of St. Petersburg. The prison cemetery, mental hospital and orphanage were the only landmark buildings. These scenes left a deep impression on the young Dostoevsky, and his compassion for the poor deeply hurt his soul. Although his parents did not allow it, the young Dostoyevsky still liked to walk in the hospital garden, see the patients basking in the sun, and listen to their stories, thus coming into contact with the real life of serfs[5].
It is rumored that Dostoevsky's father was very rough with his children. For example, he required his children to take turns swatting away flies for him when he came back from work and took a nap, and they must remain absolutely quiet. However, Joseph Frank, the biographer of Dostoevsky, believed that the father in "The Brothers Karamazov" was not the author's own father. Letters between father and son, including their own comments, point to a good relationship between father and son.
Dostoyevsky suffered from epilepsy, which first occurred at the age of 9, and continued to have epilepsy episodes throughout his life. In "***", Duke Myshkin also suffers from epilepsy, and one has to think that Dostoyevsky did it intentionally.
In 1834, he entered the Chermak Boarding School in Moscow. After graduation, he entered the Petersburg Military Engineering School and worked in the Drawing Bureau of the Engineering Department of the school. A year later, he voluntarily resigned and devoted himself to literary creation.
His mother died of tuberculosis in 1837, and he and his younger brother were sent to the Petersburg Military Engineering School. In 1839, his father, a doctor in Moscow, died of unknown cause. Some people say that it was because he lost his temper with the serfs when he was drunk. The serfs were so angry that they subdued him and poured vodka into him until he drowned. Some people thought it was a natural death, and the neighboring landowner made up this story to easily get the land. Perhaps this authoritarian father had such a great influence on Dostoyevsky that he transferred his father's image to the "evil and emotionally fragile clown" father of the old Karamazov in "The Brothers Karamazov".
While at the Petersburg Military Engineering School, Dostoevsky studied mathematics, which he disdained. At the same time, he also dabbled in the literary works of Shakespeare, Pascal, Victor Hugo and others. With a wide range of literary interests, he received excellent examination results and was commissioned in 1841. That year, he had completed two romantic plays, "Mary Stuart" and "Boris Godunov", which were deeply influenced by the German romantic poet Schiller, but they were both lost. His brother Andrei Mikhailovich confirmed: "He read more serious historical works.
"The writer remembered an unforgettable "famous quote" from the beginning of the chapter describing the French Revolution and the emergence of Napoleon in F. Kedanov's "New History": "When the great Frederick closed his eyes forever When I look at it, silence is falling over all Europe; but such silence never precedes such a great storm! "