Socrates (∑ωκρ?τη?, 469 BC - 399 BC) was a famous ancient Greek philosopher. He, his student Plato and Plato’s student Aristotle were merged into Known as the "Three Sages of Greece". He is widely regarded by future generations as the founder of Western philosophy.
As a citizen of Athens, it is recorded that Socrates was finally sentenced to death by the Athenian court for not believing in God and corrupting the minds of Athenian youth. Although he was given the opportunity to flee to Athens, Socrates still chose to drink poisonous pansy juice and die because he believed that fleeing would only further undermine the authority of Athenian law, and also because he was worried that Athens would no longer have good mentors after his escape. It’s time to educate people.
One evening in June 399 BC, an old man in his seventies was about to be executed in an Athens prison. I saw that his clothes were ragged and his feet were bare, but his face was calm and composed. After sending away his wife and family members, he chatted with several friends and seemed to have forgotten about the upcoming execution. It wasn't until the jailer brought in a glass of poisonous juice that he stopped talking, took the glass, and drank it all. Afterwards, he lay down, smiled and said to his friends who came to say goodbye that he had eaten one of his neighbor's chickens and had not paid him yet, so please pay him back. After saying that, the old man closed his eyes peacefully and fell asleep. This old man is the great philosopher Socrates.
Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC) was not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a famous historical figure with a distinctive personality who has been criticized and praised from ancient times to the present. His father was a stonemason and a carver, and his mother was a midwife.
As a teenager, Socrates learned the craft from his father, was familiar with Homer's epic poems and the works of other famous poets, and became a self-taught poet. A very knowledgeable person. He made a living by imparting knowledge. When he was in his 30s, he became a social ethics teacher who did not receive compensation or set up a library. Many children from rich and poor families often gathered around him to learn from him and ask him for advice. Socrates often said: "I only know that I know nothing."
He spent most of his life outdoors. He likes to talk with people from all walks of life in public places such as markets, sports fields, and streets on various issues, such as war, politics, friendship, art, ethics, etc. He participated in the war three times, served as a hoplite, and rescued wounded soldiers in battle more than once. Around the age of 40, he became a well-known figure in Athens.
Socrates lived a hard life. No matter how cold or severe the weather is, he always wears an ordinary single coat, often without shoes, and is not particular about his meals. But he didn't seem to notice this, and just concentrated on his studies.
Socrates’ teachings are mystical. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of various things in heaven and on earth are arranged by God, and God is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemous. He advocated people to understand the principles of life and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies ethical and moral issues.
Socrates often debated with others. During the debate, he used question-and-answer formats to help the other party correct and abandon their original misconceptions and help them generate new ideas. He abstracted the universal from the individual and took the four steps of sarcasm, midwifery, induction, and definition. "Satire" means to make the other party contradict himself and admit his ignorance about the issue through constant questioning; "midwifery" means to help the other party abandon the misconceptions and find the correct and universal things, that is, to help the truth come out; "induction" means to learn from the individual Find the uniqueness in things and find general rules through individual analysis and comparison; "definition" means to attribute a single concept to the general.
Socrates never gave students ready-made answers when teaching them. Instead, he used rhetorical questions and refutations to make students unconsciously accept the influence of his thoughts. Take a look at an interesting example of his Q&A with a student.
Student: Socrates, what is good deeds?
Surates: Are theft, deception, and selling people as slaves good or bad?
Student: It’s an evil act.
Socrates: Is it evil to deceive your enemies? Is it a bad act to sell captured enemies into slavery?
Student: This is a good deed. But I'm talking about friends, not enemies. Socrates: According to you, stealing is a bad deed to a friend. But if your friend is about to commit suicide and you steal the tools that he is going to use to commit suicide, is this an evil act? Student: It’s a good deed.
Socrates: You said that lying to friends is a bad thing. However, during the war, in order to boost morale, the commander of the army told the soldiers that reinforcements were coming. But there are actually no reinforcements. Is this deception evil?
Student: This is a good deed.
This teaching method has its merits. It can inspire people's thoughts and make people actively analyze and think about problems. He uses dialectical methods to prove that truth is concrete and relative. Under certain conditions, you can transform into your opposite. This epistemology is of great significance in the history of European thought.
Socrates advocated expert governance. He believed that all walks of life and even national power should be managed by trained, knowledgeable and talented people, and opposed democracy implemented by lottery election. He said: Managers are not those who hold power and bully others, nor are they elected by the people, but those who know how to manage. For example, a boat should be driven by someone who is familiar with sailing; when spinning wool, women should manage men because they are good at it and men do not. He also said that the best people are those who are competent at their jobs. One who is proficient in farming is a good farmer; one who is proficient in medical skills is a good doctor; one who is proficient in politics is an excellent politician.
In 404 BC, Athens failed in the Peloponnesian War. "The rule of the Thirty Tyrants replaced the democratic government." Critias, the leader of the Thirty Tyrants, was a student of Socrates. . It is said that once Critias called Socrates and ordered him to lead four men to arrest a rich man and seize his property. Socrates refused to obey and walked away. He not only dared to resist Critias' illegal orders, but also publicly condemned his atrocities. Critias called him away angrily and forbade him to approach the young man again, warning him: "Be careful, don't force us to lose another sheep from the flock." Socrates didn't like him at all. Ignore him and continue to go his own way.
Later, the rule of the "Thirty Tyrants" was overthrown, and the democrats regained power. Some people accused him of having a close relationship with Critias, opposing democratic politics, and poisoning young people with heresies. Socrates was arrested and imprisoned. According to Athenian law, before the court condemns the defendant, the defendant has the right to propose a punishment different from that requested by the plaintiff, so that the court can choose one of the two. Socrates took this opportunity to deliver an impassioned speech. He claimed to be innocent and believed that his words and deeds were not only innocent, but also conducive to social progress. As a result, he was sentenced to death. While in prison, his friends tried their best to persuade him to escape, bribed the jailer, and formulated an escape plan, but he would rather die than violate his beliefs. In this way, the 70-year-old man passed away peacefully.
Socrates had a large number of fanatical admirers and a large number of fierce opponents both during his lifetime and after his death. He did not leave any writings in his life, but his influence was huge. Historians of philosophy often regard him as a watershed in the development history of ancient Greek philosophy, and call his previous philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy. As a great philosopher, Socrates had a great influence on later Western philosophy.
A collection of Socrates' famous aphorisms
Know yourself (know yourself)
The fewer our needs, the closer we are to God.
The gods have reserved for themselves the knowledge of the most important things
Those who want to control the world must first be able to control themselves.
Only by knowing yourself can you know life.
Beauty is difficult
Virtue is knowledge or: Virtue is knowledge, ignorance is the source of evil
Ignorance is evil
Others live to eat, I eat to live.
Wisdom means knowing one’s ignorance
I only know one thing in my life, why am I so ignorant.
There are two kinds of people in this world, one is a happy pig, and the other is a painful person. Be a miserable person, not a happy pig.
If you put the pain of everyone in the world together and let you choose, you may still be willing to choose your original share.
Men live by forgetfulness, and women live by remembering.
Only reason is the most valuable
I know very clearly that I have no wisdom, no matter how big or small.
Education is a tool and method to seduce our hearts
The most effective education method is not to tell people the answers, but to ask them questions.
If you want to learn knowledge from me, you must first have a strong desire for knowledge, just like you have a strong desire to survive.
Ideas should be born in the hearts of students, and teachers should just act like midwives.
There is a sun in everyone, the main thing is how to make it shine.
Education is not indoctrination, but igniting a fire.
Problems are midwives, helping new ideas to be born.
The best person is yourself
The more you know, the less you know.
I know my ignorance, I know my ignorance.
An unexamined life is worthless or: An unexamined life is not worth living
My tongue is especially strong before many people.
Secret love is the most beautiful love in the world
Don’t rely on gifts to get a friend
Tell me your friends and I will know what you are like people.
In this world, besides sunshine, air, water and smiles, what else do we need!
I will die and you will live. Only God knows who will live happier.
I go around and do nothing else but ask you, young and old, not to care only for your bodies, but to protect your souls.
For philosophers, death is the final self-realization. It is a desirable thing because it opens the door to true knowledge. The soul is freed from the fetters of the body and finally realizes the visual realm of the bright heaven.
I only know one thing, and that is that I know nothing.
Anything that could have been done better is considered lazy!
People can make mistakes, but they cannot make the same mistake.
When you are angry, keep your mouth shut to avoid increasing your anger.
If I can tolerate my wife, I can tolerate anyone else!
A good marriage can only bring you happiness, but a bad marriage can make you a A philosopher.
No one refuses to do good just because they know it
Any real experiment shows that any kind of physical or mental disease can be alleviated by eating a vegetarian diet and drinking pure water illness.
I am not just a citizen of Athens, I am also a citizen of the world.
Thinking about it, I still owe someone a rooster that I have yet to pay back.
Socrates has a simple language and ordinary appearance, with a flat nose, thick lips, bulging eyes, a clumsy and short body and a sacred mind. He lectured in the streets of Athens, asking people questions such as, What is piety? What is democracy? What is virtue? What is courage? What is truth? And what is your job? What knowledge and skills do you have? Are you a politician? If so, what have you learned about domination? Are you a teacher? How do you conquer your own ignorance before educating ignorant people? etc. The purpose of asking this question, Socrates said: "My mother is a midwife, and I want to follow in her footsteps. I am a spiritual midwife, helping others to generate their own thoughts."
As for Socrates himself, he said: "I know only one thing, and that is that I know nothing." "I follow the trail of truth like a hound.
Socrates believed that the laws of a city-state are agreements unanimously made by citizens and should be implemented unswervingly. Only by abiding by the law can the people work together and make the city-state extremely powerful. Strictly observing the law is the fundamental guarantee for the happiness of the people and the strength of the city-state. His value is far greater than an individual's life.
Socrates also believed that laws, like city-states, all come from God and are principles set by God. Law was originally embodied as natural law, which is also the law of nature. It is purely a kind of God's will or God's intentional arrangement. Later, the laws promulgated by city-states were called human laws. Although man-made law is not as universal as natural law and is volatile, because man-made law originates from natural law, people accepting and obeying the guidance of man-made law means that people accept and obey the constraints of natural law, that is, obeying God's will. The ideal state of a city-state must be a state in which everyone abides by the law from the bottom of their hearts. This is not only the ideal and belief of Socrates throughout his life, but also the inner motivation for his generous sacrifice for the law in the end.
When Socrates was unjustly sentenced to death by his compatriots, he still talked about "obeying morality, respecting justice, the law is the most precious thing, and the rule of law is the most precious". He believed that the value of life is nothing more than this, which is really worthy of his praise. The spirit of freedom overflowed. Socrates is a hero who realizes the power of moral ideals and realizes them consciously and voluntarily, even if he sacrifices his own life for it. His death is a tragedy. The tragedy is that both sides of the conflict have reasons for existing, but they are irreconcilable. So Socrates used his own body to shoulder this great conflict and the responsibility and mission of free personality. For Socrates, his career was his spirit, the spirit of consciousness, voluntariness, self-discipline and thus freedom, which was magnified through him.
Socrates loved the city-state of Athens, and he would not allow the most sacred ideal to be desecrated in the slightest. Therefore, he resolutely chose death. It’s not that he doesn’t cherish his own life, but he pays more attention to his soul. He believes that God is everywhere and omnipotent, and that everything is God’s clever and deliberate arrangement. He did not betray God. In that case, death was God’s call to him. What else could he hesitate about? Maybe people laugh at him, laugh at his naivety, laugh at his stubbornness and stubbornness, but only those who truly have insight into his inner world will be impressed by his wisdom and loyalty: wisdom is what he sees and has been paying close attention to. The virtue that no one has noticed is that he is loyal to the city he loves, to the laws he obeys throughout his life, and to his eternal pursuit of ideals.
The "Apology" paints a clear picture: a very confident person, with a high mind who does not care about worldly success or failure, who believes that he is guided by a divine voice, and who deeply believes in clarity. Thought is the most important condition for right living. There seems to be no doubt that the historical Socrates did claim to be guided by the theism or destiny. Whether it was what Christians call the voice of conscience, or whether it was a real voice for Socrates, we have no way of knowing.
Before philosophy, Homer’s epic was the most popular and widely circulated cultural and ideological treasure house in Greece. It interweaves heroic stories with humane activities of the gods, expressing the Greeks' life imagination and world view. In fact, most of the Greek gods came from West Asian countries and Egypt. The Greeks accepted them from them and then changed them in their own way, organizing them into their own universe and picture of life. The Orphic myths, legends and religious doctrines that were popular in various parts of Greece around the same time as philosophy gave rise to Pythagoras, Empedocles, Socrates, and Plato with their basic ideas of soul reincarnation and purification. With extremely profound and huge impact.
Socrates’ teachings are indeed mystical. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of various things in heaven and on earth are arranged by God, and God is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemous. He advocated people to understand the principles of life and live a moral life. He defined philosophy as "the love of wisdom." One of his important points is that he knows that he is ignorant.
Socrates advocated the theory of "unity of knowledge and virtue". He believed that correct behavior comes from correct thoughts. Virtue is based on and originates from knowledge. Without knowledge, one cannot do good and there will be no real virtue. happiness. He believed that self-knowledge starting from doubting one's own knowledge is the source of epistemic virtue. He often said, "I know I know nothing." However, while affirming rational knowledge, he denied the role of perceptual knowledge. Socrates had his own new method of studying knowledge. He used the form of questions and answers to make the other party correct and give up his original misconceptions and help him generate new ideas. He was good at abstracting universal things from individual things. His method of applying dialectical methods to prove truth was concrete and relativistic, and had a great influence on the history of European thought. Politically, Socrates advocated that all walks of life and even national power should be managed by trained, knowledgeable and talented people, and opposed democracy implemented by lottery election.
Two: Socrates (Brazil)
Socrates is an alternative in Brazilian football, because he did not become famous at a young age like Pele, and more importantly, although because He is remembered by the world for football, but he himself never admitted that he was a professional player.
Socrates, Doctor of Football
A late bloomer
On February 19, 1954, Socrates was born in Pepe, the capital of the state of Pará in northwest Brazil. Randy. It is said that the reason why Socrates has the same name as the philosopher Socrates is because his father happened to be reading the classic political book "The Republic" when he was born. Therefore, his father named his son Socrates.
From doctor to star
Socrates was a late-blooming star. Before joining Corinthians in 1976, he was just a 22-year-old medical student at the University of Sao Paulo. . However, when he became a professional player, he quickly showed his football talents. During his six years at Corinthians, Socrates helped the team win three state league championships and is considered the most beloved player in the club's history. Since Socrates was a doctor by profession, everyone called him Doctor Socrates or Doctor, because doctor and doctor are the same word. When Socrates was 25 years old, he was selected for the Brazilian national team.
The back-heel pass is a masterpiece