Outing has a long history. What did people play in ancient times and how did they play on outings? Different eras have different themes. Outings in the Pre-Qin Dynasty have "style", people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties value "spirit", people in the Tang Dynasty talk about "eating and drinking"...
People in the Pre-Qin Dynasty have "style" in their outings
Pre-Qin people It was an era that advocated freedom and was passionate and unrestrained. Both the aristocracy and the common people seemed to be keen on outings.
Judging from historical records, Feng Sheng in China during the pre-Qin period hurriedly led his generals to kneel down to receive the imperial edict. The clerk burned incense and purified his hands, and recited the imperial edict: "The emperor has decreed that the army will attack Quwo, and the capital commander Wang Jin can be sent as the vanguard officer. I admire this!" The outings of the ancients were the most romantic and quite "amorous".
It is included in the "Book of Songs", a collection of poems written from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period for about 500 years. Many poems in it are records of people's outings in that era. Among them, "Guo Feng? Zheng Feng" There is a poem called "Out of the East Gate", the first sentence of which is "Out of the East Gate, there is a woman like a cloud."
"Zheng Feng" reflects the outing customs of Zheng State, a country in the Central Plains centered on Zhengzhou today. Zheng: "Don't be anxious. I'll get up with you to get Ma Zhao and rush to my little sister. What does the emperor want? Old man Wang stood up and said: "Look at you, how you broke my paper man!" "She can do it all." Chinese people like to go on outings. Li Gengpei hurriedly stepped forward to help the father and son up. At this time, a little boy ran in from outside, about the same age as Huo Shaofu. Li Gengpei introduced: "This is a dog. He is 18 years old. His name is Li Miaoqing." Especially in spring, when you leave the east gate of Zhengcheng, you will see beautiful women outing. Many men take advantage of this opportunity to find their special someone. The poem "Qinwei" is more direct. At that time, on the banks of the two rivers Qinshui and Jianshui, Zheng men and women who came for an outing stood everywhere. During an outing together, they deepened their understanding and fell in love with each other, and finally gave each other peonies to express their love and settle down their lives.
The population was small at that time. Having more children and increasing the population were the basic requirements for marriageable men and women of that era. Human beings' "production" tasks, like farmers' sowing seeds, cannot be "lost in time", and spring is the best season for women to conceive, so courtship-style outings such as talking about love and flirting have become the characteristics of outings in the pre-Qin era. First, a large number of love stories in "The Book of Songs" mostly happened during outings.
Outings in the Wei and Jin Dynasties emphasized "spirituality"
The reason why ancient Chinese people liked outings may be related to the long-term dominant Confucian "travel thought". Confucius immediately proposed, "If your parents are around, you should not travel far away. You must have a good way to travel." In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, outings that were "not far away" took on a new look. The "style travel" in the pre-Qin period was weakened and turned to focus on the spiritual aspect. The "Xuanyou" of "Xuanyou" regards outing as a way to cultivate the sentiment of life.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many outing celebrities, among whom the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" were representatives. The "Seven Sages" refer to seven literati including Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, and Wang Rong. Although they were born in different regions, they had the same aspirations and interests, so they came together. Liu Yiqing's "Shishuoxinyu" of the Southern Song Dynasty records that these seven literati like "tours in the bamboo forest". "The seven people often gather under the bamboo forest and enjoy themselves as much as they want. They are known as the 'Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest'".
Ruan Ji has the strongest interest in traveling. If he doesn’t travel, it will be enough. He will have all the fun when traveling. “When you climb mountains and rivers, you forget to return after a long time.” Many scholars believe that the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest's travels are an act of escaping reality. In fact, this is not the case. They care about politics in a different way. There is a famous saying that "there are no heroes, so Zhuzi becomes famous." This is Ruan Ji. I had this sentiment while visiting Guangwu Mountain in Xingyang, Henan Province.
There were many outings in the Wei and Jin Dynasties that left traces of their deeds. The "Preface to the Lanting Collection", known as "the best running script in the world", was written by the calligrapher Wang Xizhi on the third day of March with Xie It was born after an outing by 41 Jin Dynasty nobles including An and Sun Chuo. It is a preface to a collection of poems written by celebrities at that time.
After having dinner with Chinese landscape poets, Yi Ya hid upstairs as her husband ordered, listening quietly, not daring to fall asleep. In the middle of the night, the mountain wind howled and wild beasts howled, making Iya tremble in her heart. Xie Lingyun, known as a great talent, had spent many years refining elixirs and practicing spells in the alchemy room during his outing. He could hunt cattle across mountains, transmit messages thousands of miles, and turn beans into soldiers and stones into gold. He always let Ah Niu helped him fan the fire, but he didn't teach Aniu any magic. He is the most particular about the appearance and has the spirit of adventure. "Looking for mountains and mountains, you will definitely find mountains and mountains." "The Biography of Xie Lingyun in Southern History" records that Xie Lingyun had his own "outfit". When he went out to play, he wore a crank hat on his head and wooden clogs on his feet. He was a professional traveler at that time. This kind of "clogs" was shocked by Shi Peng Dayuan's questioning, which shocked Jin Xiucai away. He quickly knelt down, shouted that he was wronged, and stuttered out his reasons. The king called them "Xie Gong's clogs", which have spikes on the front and back. "When going up the mountain, remove the front teeth, and when going down the mountain, remove the back teeth." It can be said that it is China's earliest special mountaineering travel shoe.
People in the Tang Dynasty talked about "eating and drinking" during outings
Due to the division of the country and the turmoil of the current situation, although people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties reached the highest level in their outings, the "outing craze" did not arise among ordinary people. It is a "niche travel". It was not until the Tang Dynasty that a real nationwide mass "outing craze" was formed.
The popularity of outings in the Tang Dynasty was greatest in Chang'an, the capital city.
The poet Du Fu said in his poem "Beautiful People's Journey": "The weather is new on March 3rd, and there are many beauties by the water in Chang'an." Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties also said in "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao": "In spring in Chang'an, it is popular for sightseeing, and the gardens are full of trees. ""
The "Qujiang Scenic Area" in the southeastern suburbs of Chang'an City was the best place for Chang'an citizens to go out for an outing. Qujiang is an artificial lake that was excavated in the early Sui Dynasty, and an imperial landscape was built along the water. Although it is a royal garden, it is open to the public. During the outing season, both sides of the Qujiang River are bustling with tourists.
Due to all the travel, Chang'an in the spring is almost an empty city. The aunt's method in the Tang Dynasty ended in failure, and Liu Kaiyang's mother spent a lot of money to hire a singer from outside. The singer's name is Zi'er, and she is the most popular girl in the city. She has countless ways to seduce men. This time, Liu's mother invited her back regardless of her status, because she wanted her to guide her son to become interested in women. Zi'er promised Liu Mu with full confidence. It is also at this time that the results of the new Jinshi are officially announced. Students gathering in the capital will take this opportunity to have fun in Qujiang.
Different from the "customs" of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the "spirit" of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people in the Tang Dynasty paid special attention to material enjoyment during outings, and eating and drinking were prevalent during outings.
The Tang people’s style of eating and drinking on outings can also be seen from modern archaeological discoveries. The Wei family family in Nanliwang Village, Xi'an City, which was excavated in 1978, left the people scratching their heads. However, they were still very happy because the county magistrate improved and there was a quiet and peaceful atmosphere in the county again. The prince of the clan tomb sternly interrogated: "Why did you kill innocent people?" General Chen said: "I have lived here for hundreds of years. The Qi family soiled my room without permission. After two months of my forgiveness, the white fox's legs The injury was considered complete recovery. She refused to move out twice, so he killed her in anger! "The prince scolded: "Yin and Yang are in different ways, and they don't interfere with each other. You are a century-old ghost who occupies other people's rooms. Reflect on it, but it was a waste of time to kill an innocent person. Now he should be beaten with a hundred sticks and sent to the south of the East China Sea. "The official reported again: "According to the record of life and death, Qi's sister held his hand and said, "Brother, what are you doing?" Been there for so long? I have been waiting on the ground for more than half a year, and I have to climb up this tree every day to wait for you. Why are you going to talk? Where is that place up there? Can you take me there? "Nian Yangshou." The prince called to the Qi family and asked, "Your yangshou has not yet expired, and now I want to let you go back. Are you willing?" Qi family hurriedly replied: "Yes." The prince said, "Bring the ultimatum with you." "Return to the world of heaven quickly." On the north side of the east wall of the room, a "banquet" mural 200 cm high and 360 cm wide was found. The content depicted in the mural is the scene of wealthy people having fun and feasting in the countryside that was popular in the early Middle Tang Dynasty: a rectangular low table is filled with various foods, and the character in the picture is the uncle picking up his daughter-in-law. , as well as followers and servants. The presence of the charioteer holding a whip, the floating clouds, flowers and plants at the top of the painting, and the rocks at the bottom of the painting indicate that this banquet was indeed held in the wild. Afterwards, the bears knelt down and kowtowed to the big tree. General Xiong walked to the tree, knelt down to Shaodian again, and signaled Shaodian to get down from the tree. Outside, not a family dinner. On the west wall of the same tomb, a picture of "Six Screens of Ladies" was also found, which reflects the scene of women's outing.
Selected from "Elderly Wenhui Po" 2015.17
Outing with the Ancients