1. Comprehensive Knowledge of Chinese History

Comprehensive Knowledge of Chinese History 1. The oldest known primitive human being living in China is the "Yuanmou Ape Man".

An ancient human tooth fossil discovered in the Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan Province, China, has been scientifically identified to be more than 1.7 million years old. 2. About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, "Peking Man" (referred to as "Peking Man") lived in the caves of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.

3. Beijingers already know how to use natural fire. For the first time, humans gained the ability to control a natural force.

4. About 18,000 years ago, a group of ancient humans called "Dingdong people" still lived in Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.

5. The cavemen in Shanshan Mountain not only made fire artificially, but also created the first bone needle in the history of Chinese sewing technology. The bone needle was about as thick as a matchstick and 82 mm long. 6. Six or seven thousand years ago, the ancient painted pottery culture and black pottery culture appeared in China.

7. The painted pottery of the Banpo Culture in Xi'an, Shaanxi is very exquisite. The various patterns on the human face reticulated basin are the crystallization of primitive fine arts, primitive writing and primitive art.

8. The black pottery of Longshan Culture in Shandong is black and shiny, with a luster like metal utensils. 9. The Hemudu Culture in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin is as old as the Banpo Culture in the Yellow River Basin. People there 7,000 years ago were already using large wooden components to build houses.

10. About 4,000 years ago, some tribal wars took place. Huangdi was the leader of one of the tribes. Because he was popular, smart and brave, he won the final victory.

11. In the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Huaxia tribe, the Yellow Emperor played an important role, and the Yellow Emperor was revered by later generations as the "humanistic ancestor" of the Huaxia tribe (the predecessor of the Chinese nation). 12. After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding figures appeared in the Chinese nation: Yao, Shun, and Yu.

Yao’s Zen was located in Shun, and Shun’s Zen was located in Yu. 13. In the era of Yao, Shun and Yu, floods caused widespread disasters.

Dayu was ordered to control the floods and finally conquered the floods. 14. Later, Yu's son Qi inherited the throne and established the first slave dynasty, the Xia Dynasty (about 22nd century BC to 17th century BC).

15. It is said that the calendar began to exist in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, so people call the ancient traditional Chinese calendar the Xia calendar. 16. The lunar calendar is based on the movement cycle of the moon, and is also called the lunar calendar.

Because there are changes in solar terms and agricultural arrangements in the calendar, it is also called the lunar calendar. 17. Jie, the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, was cruel and cruel.

The Shang tribe in the east became stronger under the leadership of Tang, defeated Xia and established the Shang Dynasty (around the beginning of the 17th century BC - the 11th century BC). 18. The bronze manufacturing industry in the Shang Dynasty developed greatly.

The Simuwu Dafang Ding made in the late Shang Dynasty weighs 875 kilograms and is the largest unearthed bronze in the world so far. 19. The oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty are an ancient script carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. They are already quite mature scripts.

Among the 150,000 oracle bones with inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins, the total number of characters reached more than 1.6 million, including more than 4,600 single characters, and more than 1,000 of them have been identified. 20. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, a tribe called "Zhou" became powerful on the Loess Plateau.

By the time of King Wen of Zhou, Zhou had become the new leader of the Western princes. 21. King Zhou, the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty, was fond of drinking and having sex.

During the reign of King Wu of Zhou, Zhou united with other tribes to attack the Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Muye, they overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty (about 11th century BC to 256 BC). 22. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, 71 small countries, large and small, were enfeoffed, including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song, Yan, etc.

The kings of these small countries are called princes. 23. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 180 years, many large-scale music and dances occurred in the Central Plains.

When offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, the "Da Xia" dance is used to express Dayu's control of floods. The martial dance to commemorate King Wu's achievements in defeating Zhou is the "Da Wu" dance. 24. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital eastward and named it "Eastern Zhou".

It is divided into two periods: "Spring and Autumn Period" and "Warring States Period". 25. During the Spring and Autumn Period, more than 100 vassal states stood up and competed with each other. The winner became the overlord, and the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" emerged. Generally speaking, they were Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Xianggang of Song, and King Zhuang of Chu.

26. In 606 BC, King Zhuang of Chu "aspired to win the throne of greatness and importance". The tripod is a symbol of royal power. Legend has it that Yu the Great made nine tripods to represent the nine states.

The King of Chuzhuang aspired to the throne, which showed that he had the ambition to be the emperor. 27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, Wu and Yue were at odds with each other.

First, King Wu Helu was defeated and died of injuries. His son, King Wu Fucha, was determined to take revenge, so he had people remind him loudly every day: "Fucha, have you forgotten the revenge of killing your father?" Later, under the leadership of Fucha, the state of Wu defeated the state of Yue.

28. King Gou Jian of Yue was determined to avenge his shame.

He "satisfied his courage" and asked himself loudly every day: "Gou Jian, have you forgotten the shame of subjugation?" After ten years of gathering and ten years of lessons, the Yue State defeated the Wu State again, and King Wu Fucha committed suicide.

29. About 2,500 years ago, China had a great thinker - Laozi. Lao Tzu is the founder of the Taoist school.

30. "Tao Te Ching", also known as "Laozi", writes: Misfortunes sometimes become the cause of blessings, and blessings sometimes hide disasters. Therefore, we must pay attention to the fact that "things must be reversed when they reach their extremes", and we must also pay attention to the mutual growth of "Tao" and "Virtue".

31. Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, was a great thinker, educator, and the founder of the Confucian school. 32. Confucius was the first to establish a private school in China. He had 3,000 disciples and 72 sages.

33. Confucius made immortal contributions to the development of ancient Chinese culture. He organized and edited the "Book of Changes", "Poetry", "Li", "Yue", Laozi's teachings and the portrait of Sun Wu in "Shangshu" , "Spring and Autumn" and other "Six Classics". 34. Confucius died at the age of 73. After his death, he was buried in the north of the capital of Lu (now "Konglin" in Qufu, Shandong).

The former residence of Confucius was later converted into the "Confucius Temple". 35. Confucius's students recalled Confucius' daily teachings and life behaviors and compiled them into a book of quotations called "The Analects of Confucius". This book became a Confucian classic and had a great influence on later generations.

36. Sun Wu was an outstanding military strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. There are thirteen chapters in the famous military book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu.

37. "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu puts forward many famous war principles such as "Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger", "Attack the enemy unprepared, take the enemy by surprise", "Soldiers have no constant momentum, and water has no constant shape". 38. The fundamental purpose of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is that the purpose of mastering war is to "conquer the enemy without fighting."

"Sun Tzu's Art of War" is therefore called the "Holy Book of Military Science".

2. An introduction to the history of China in both Chinese and English is a must

China: About 6000-7000 years ago, many scattered civilizations appeared in China, which can be said to be the dawn of Chinese civilization. .

About 5000-4000 years ago, the earliest national system was gradually born. After experiencing ethnic integration and wars with foreign nations, a unified country was gradually formed.

During the period of the Pre-Qin philosophers, he theorized Chinese culture. After the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism", the general development direction of Chinese culture based on Confucian culture was established. In the great ethnic integration after the Han Dynasty, the Han culture also absorbed the culture of many ethnic minorities, making China's culture more diverse.

The invention of the imperial examination system allowed China's poor families to finally enter the center of power. It was also an important reason why China was far ahead of the world in ancient times. However, China has always been a centralized system, with most power concentrated in the hands of one person or a small number of people. This is conducive to the unification of the country, but on the other hand, it seriously restricts China's democratic development, making modern China far behind the world. Today, China is catching up with developed countries at an unprecedented speed.

England: In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century and was part of the Danish pirate empire from 1016 to 1042. After the short-term rule of the English king, the Duke of Normandy crossed the sea and conquered England in 1066. In 1215, King John was forced to sign the Great Treaty, and the royal power was suppressed. From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought the "Hundred Years War", and Britain first won and then lost. Wales was united with England in 1536. In 1588, he defeated the Spanish "Invincible Fleet" and established maritime hegemony. In 1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution to break out in the world and became a pioneer of bourgeois revolution. On May 19, 1649, the Republic of China was established. The dynasty was restored in 1660, and the "Glorious Revolution" took place in 1688, establishing a constitutional monarchy. England merged with Scotland in 1707 and with Ireland in 1801. From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, China became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. The 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire. In 1914, the colonies it occupied were 111 times larger than the mainland. It was the largest colonial power and called itself the "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets." It began to decline after World War I. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and from 1921 to 1922, it allowed southern Ireland to break away from its rule and establish an independent country. In 1931, the Act of Westminster was promulgated and the British Empire was forced to recognize its autonomy in domestic and foreign affairs. The colonial system of the British Empire was shaken from then on. During World War II, Britain's economic strength was greatly weakened and its political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. In January 1973, the United Kingdom joined the European Union. Historically, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland were four countries. Later, England and Wales were merged by marriage. Later, the last king of the Tudor Dynasty, Elizabeth I, had no descendants and passed the throne to her nephew, King James of Scotland, so Scotland and England merged. Later James's son Charles was overthrown by Cromwell's revolutionary army, and Cromwell conquered Ireland by force during his reign.

In 1923, the British Parliament decided to divide Ireland into two parts. The 23 southern counties became independent as the Republic of Ireland, and the 4 northern counties remained in the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. Great Britain is an island composed of England, Scotland and Wales. The so-called UK is the abbreviation of United Kingdom, which means the United Kingdom.

Monarchy

Monarchy is the oldest political system in the world today. Queen Elizabeth II has been the head of the United Kingdom since she came to the throne in 1952, and she is also a direct descendant of King Egbert. During his reign, King Egbert unified Britain in 829 AD. Before the birth of the parliamentary system, the monarchy had existed in Britain for hundreds of years, with only one interruption, from 1649 to 1660, when Britain adopted the system of the Republic. Over the centuries, the absolute power of the monarch has been continuously eroded and weakened. However, as the constitutional head of state, the monarch still retains important symbolic significance.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, also known as the Industrial Revolution, refers to the early process of capitalist industrialization, that is, capitalist production completed the transition from factory handicrafts to machine industry. Transitional stage. It was a production and technological revolution in which machine production gradually replaced manual labor, and large-scale factory production replaced manual production in individual workshops. It later expanded to other industries. Some people believe that the Industrial Revolution had begun around 1750, but it did not really take off until 1830. Most opinions believe that the Industrial Revolution originated in the Midlands of England. The emergence of the spinning jenny in 1765 marked the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. In the mid-18th century, after the Englishman Watt improved the steam engine, a series of technological revolutions caused a major leap from manual labor to power machine production. It then spread to England, the entire European continent, North America in the 19th century, and later, the Industrial Revolution spread to countries around the world.