In the pre-Qin Dynasty, Mencius and his disciples
The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony. The city of three miles, the country of seven miles, is invincible when attacked by the ring. If the husband attacks it, he will have the right time, but if he doesn't win, the right time is not as good as the right place. The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the military is not too profitable, and the rice is not too much, so it is not as good as people and peace. Classical Chinese in junior high school, philosophical translation and notes
Translation
Weather and season favorable to combat are not comparable to geographical situation favorable to combat; The geographical situation conducive to combat is not as good as the will of the people and internal unity in combat.
For example, a small town in Sanli, Fiona Fang, has only an outer city in Qili, Fiona Fang. It is surrounded on all sides to attack it, but it cannot win. Surround the city on all sides, you must get the weather and season that is conducive to combat, but you can't win, because the weather and season that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat.
The city wall is not high, the moat is not deep, the weapons and equipment are not poor, and the food supply is not insufficient. However, the defending party still abandons the city and runs away, because the geographical situation is no better, and it is not as good as the people's will and internal unity.
Therefore, people can't settle down without moving to other places, and the consolidation of national defense can't rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers, and the shock of the world can't rely on the strength of force. A monarch who can do "benevolent governance" will have more people to help him, while a monarch who does not practice "benevolent governance" will have fewer people to support him. There are so few people who support and help him that even relatives inside and outside will betray him; There are so many people who support and help him that everyone in the world will submit to him. On the condition that all the people in the world submit to him, they will attack the king whose relatives are opposed to betrayal. Therefore, a gentleman will either not fight or win. Classical Chinese phenomenon
interchangeable words
(1) pan (pàn), tong: "rebellion", betrayal.
Different meanings in ancient and modern times
(1) city
ancient meaning: inner city
present meaning: city
(2) pool
ancient meaning: moat
present meaning: pond
(3) committee
ancient meaning: give up <
today's meaning: family or other members, relatives, excluding parents and brothers who are related by marriage or blood.
(6) Go to
the ancient meaning: leave
the present meaning: go to
(7) the domain
the ancient meaning: used here as a verb to restrict.
today's meaning: region
(8) is
ancient meaning: this
today's meaning: judging verb
(9) soldier
ancient meaning: weapon
today's meaning: soldier
(1) however
ancient meaning: this is
.
the word is polysemy
(1) advantage
the weather is not as favorable as the geographical position: favorable conditions
the military is not unswerving: sharp
(2) the
three-mile city: yes, the auxiliary word
is helpful: to
the world is smooth: pronoun, which refers to the Tao.
If you attack the city in a roundabout way, you will be invincible: pronoun, referring to the city
(3).
The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people's harmony.
I will mount a long wind some day and break the heavy waves, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea: opportunity, opportunity
Avoid the Qin Dynasty chaos since the ancestors of Yunzi: Generation, facing the DPRK
Every time you compare yourself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, you will be better than others. When the season is
, women clap their hands: when
(4) and
the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people's harmony: harmony
Spring and tranquility
(5) Go to
Committee and leave: leave, escape, escape
Fuck your muscles. Go somewhere else
I'll get close to people when the sun rises: the distance
(6) beats the
ring, but I can't win: win
Seeing the scenery of Guanfu Baling: very beautiful, wonderful
There are countless people who cross the state and connect with the county: exhausted, exhausted
The donkey is furious, and the hoof: can bear, can bear. More than
(7) consolidating
the country is not at the risk of a mountain stream: consolidating
the solidity of your heart, which is impenetrable: stubborn, stubborn
the strangeness of it: it turns out that
the scholar was poor: be safe, stick to
(8) die
Today is dead, too. Seven-mile Guo: the inner city
the city is not high, but the city wall is
(1) and
ring, but it is invincible, and the conjunctions are left at a turning point
, and the conjunctions are invincible, and the conjunctions are decorated
and the parts of speech are flexibly used
(1) The local people do not want to be sealed. Consolidate)
(3) A probe into the problem of not taking advantage of the military revolution (adjectives are used as verbs to deter) in the world
1. Is the central argument of this short article "Getting more help from the Tao, but getting less help from the Tao" that "the weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as people's harmony" or "Those who get more help from the Tao, but those who lose it are less helpful"?
"The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people" is the central argument, and "those who gain the Tao will help more, while those who lose it will help less" is the conclusion.
from the point of view of the factors that determine the outcome of the war, this paper expounds the decisive role of "human harmony" in the victory of the war by comparing the three conditions of "time", "geographical location" and "human harmony". From this, by extension, the thesis that "those who gain the Tao help more, those who lose it help less" is put forward, and the necessity of implementing "benevolent government" is expounded. This paper uses the method of layer-by-layer reasoning to demonstrate. At the beginning, it puts forward the argument that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people", and then sets an example to demonstrate, and then expounds and extends it according to this, and finally draws a conclusion, which is very logical. Therefore, it is concluded that "those who gain the Tao are more helpful, but those who lose it are less helpful" is a conclusion, not a central argument. The central argument is that "the weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as people's peace".
second, what are the characteristics of this essay in the method of argumentation?
It is mainly reflected in three aspects:
(1) Level-by-level demonstration and level-by-level deepening. In the first paragraph of the article, the central argument is put forward directly, and then, by using war examples, it is proved that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position" and "the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people", which highlights the importance of "harmony between people". The fourth paragraph further expounds that if you want to achieve "harmony between people", you must first "get the Tao". The full text closely revolves around the center of "human harmony", interlocking and reasoning layer by layer, showing extremely strict argumentation art and strong logic.
(2) The use of parallelism, contrast and other methods in argumentation makes the article magnificent, well-written and well-structured. Central argument
The central argument should be: the weather is not as good as the geographical location, and people are not as good as harmony. Writing characteristics
(1) The article is good at using metaphors. From the end of the article, although Mencius opposed war, he mentioned it many times. This is to cater to the psychology of the governors, for example, so as to have the opportunity to publicize their own "benevolent government" proposition to the governors. A brief analysis of
the central argument is the first two sentences of the article. Mencius put forward three concepts: the right time, the right place, and the harmony between people, and compared these three concepts to promote them layer by layer. It emphasizes the importance of "human harmony" with two "not equal" and reflects Mencius' "benevolent politics" at the same time. The comparison between the three is essentially the comparison between the former and the latter, emphasizing that all kinds of objective and many factors are inferior to the subjective conditions of people and the factors of "harmony between people" in the war, and it is people, not things, that determine the outcome of the war. It is extremely impressive to argue in comparison. The sentence pattern is the same, the tone is very positive, and there is no doubt about it.
the second and third paragraphs focus on the central argument, and further demonstrate it with two arguments, using negative parallelism. In the second paragraph, the example of attack and war is selected to illustrate that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position". A small town is surrounded on all sides and cannot be defeated. Even those who have the "weather" cannot win, aiming at explaining that "geographical position" is more important than the weather; In the third paragraph, the example of attack and war is also selected to illustrate that even though the city is in a favorable position-the pool is not high, the soldiers are not determined to gain profits, and the rice is not much, some people abandon the city and flee, because the favorable position is hard to compare with the harmony between people. These two examples are not actual examples of war, but generally, that is, except in special circumstances. Therefore, the debate has universal significance and certain persuasiveness. Famous sayings and epigrams
1. Brothers are United, and their profits are broken.
2, home and everything.
3. Brothers are United in gold, but sisters-in-law are United in family.
4. When people gather firewood, the flames are high.
5. Unity is strength.
6, people are United, Taishan moves. Grasp the whole
At the beginning of this essay, I put forward the view that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as harmony with people", and pointed out that "harmony with people" is the primary condition for defeating the enemy. "Harmony among people" means "more help" and "obedience to the world" mentioned below, that is, the support and support of the people, which reflects Mencius' political thought of "valuing the people and neglecting the monarch". Song Zhuxi's comment on this chapter is: "Yin Shi said: He who speaks the world wins the hearts of the people." Jiao Xun's annotation in Qing Dynasty is: "People are more important than heaven and earth, so it is said that Qiu Min is the son of heaven." It can be seen that this chapter is not about war, but about the people's hearts, and it is about the importance of implementing "king" (that is, "benevolent government") by war. From this, step by step, the essay first compares the weather and geographical position, geographical position and human harmony, and points out that the three factors play different roles in the war; Finally, the conclusion that "those who gain the Tao can help more, and those who lose the Tao can help less" is deduced by human harmony to complete the demonstration of this paper.
at the beginning of this chapter, the central argument is put forward, and it is proved by a very general war example. Then it is demonstrated theoretically, and the conclusion that "those who gain the Tao help more, those who lose it help less" is drawn, and the essence of "human harmony" is clarified. At the end of the essay, the "gentleman" who won the "human harmony" and "victory in the war" concluded, highlighting that "human harmony" is the most important condition to determine the outcome of the war. Analysis
We usually use the phrase "If you gain more help, if you lose it, you will get more help": Those who are in line with justice will get support and help in many ways, and those who violate justice will fall into isolation. Here, we understand "Tao" as "justice". So, what is justice? Modern Chinese Dictionary says: "Justice" refers to "the truth that is just and beneficial to the people". This is a modern understanding, but it is in the same strain as its original meaning.
It is a famous assertion of Mencius that "if you get the Tao, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help". "Mencius Gongsun's Ugliness" said: "Those who gain the Tao will help more, but those who lose the Tao will help less. When there is little help, relatives will be on the side; If you help more, the world will be smooth. Take the world as it pleases and attack the relatives, so if a gentleman doesn't fight, he will win. " The word "Pan" here means "rebellion", which means betrayal and opposition. This passage means that there are many people who help the right person; For those who have lost their way, fewer people help him. When there are few people to help, even relatives will oppose him; When there are so many people who help, the whole world will obey him. Take the power that the whole world obeys to attack those who are opposed by even relatives, or you will win the first world war without fighting.
The "virtuous" and "immoral" people mentioned by Mencius here are not ordinary individuals, but the monarch of a country. The king of a country is both the commander-in-chief of the war and the political leader. Mencius, by discussing the victory or defeat of the war, led to the view that "getting more help from the Tao, but getting less help from the Tao". However, in Mencius' view, "people's hearts are turned back" is of fundamental significance to the war and equally important to politics. Mencius said: "If you get the people, you will get the world.": There is a way to win the people: win their hearts and win the people. " It means that if you win the world, you must win the people first, and if you win the people, you must win the hearts of the people first. The so-called "winning the people" means getting the people's support, support and help. The so-called "winning the world" means "ruling the world" through benevolent policies, rather than fighting for the world by force alone. Benevolent politics is to serve people with virtue, make people completely convinced, and automatically join in; And convincing people with strength can't convince people's hearts. In Mencius' view, the way to win the world is to implement benevolent government. Because benevolent government is the policy of "winning its heart".
so, how to "win the heart", that is, how to conduct benevolent government? Mencius put forward the idea of "protecting the people". Protecting the people means caring for and protecting the people. It requires the monarch to "gather with them what he wants, and do not do evil", that is, accumulate for them what the people want, and do not impose on them what the people hate. What do people want? Of course, it is a rich and happy life. Mencius believes that this is the fundamental focus of benevolent governance. When this is done, no force can stop the people's hearts and the whole world from surrendering. I love learning when I am young. Because of poverty in the home, unable to get books to read, often borrow money from the library, copy it personally, and send it back on the appointed day. When the weather is cold, the water in Yanchi is frozen solid ice, the fingers can not extend, I still do not relax reading. After copying, please return home, dare not to slightly exceed the agreed time limit. So most people will lend me the books, so I can read all kinds of books. Having grown up, he admired the teachings of the sage, and suffered from the inability to associate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities. he walked quickly out of the hundred miles and took the scriptures to his fellow - townsman. The senior men of honor, the Yemeni students crowded with his room, his words and attitudes have never been slightly tactful. Yu Lishi left and right sides, assisted the suspect, and leaned over to ask; Or when you encounter it, the more respectful you are, the more courteous you are, and you dare not say a word; As soon as it is happy, please ask again. So I am stupid, and finally get a lot of lessons. When I was looking for my master, I was carrying a book box, tala shoes, walking in the mountains Otani, the cold winter wind and cold, the snow depth of a few feet, feet and skin frozen cracks do not know. After the house, the limbs were stiff and unable to move, the servant gave me the hot water, covered with the quilt cover, after a long time to warm. Living in the hotel, I eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment. All the students were embroidered by Qi, wearing a hat decorated with Zhu Ying's treasure, a ring of white jade on the waist, a sword on the left, and a stinking face on the right. In the meantime, the rest of me was dressed in a robe, but I didn't mean anything to be content with it