original text

The ministers of the Qin imperial clan all said to the king of Qin, "The princes who came to serve Qin probably stayed in Qin Er as the chief inspector. Please drive all the guests away." Li Siyi is also in the middle.

Snay wrote a letter saying: "As soon as I heard officials talking about expelling guests, I felt that it was too much!

In the past, Mu Gong invited scholars to win glory in the west and thousands of miles in the east to welcome the Song Dynasty, and asked Pi Bao and Gong Sun to help him with money. Wuzi was not produced in Qin dynasty, but Mu shared it, and the country was twenty, so it was the Lord's glory. Filial piety, using the method of Shang Yang, changes customs, makes the people rich, makes the country rich and strong, enjoys the people, and the princes serve them personally. They are the teachers of Chu and Wei, who have raised thousands of miles to govern the country so far. King Hui used Zhang Yi's stratagem to pull out the land of Sanchuan, merge Ba and Shu in the west, take the county in the north, take Hanzhong in the south, build nine cities, control Yanying, rely on the danger in the east, cut fertile soil, and then disperse the vertical of the six countries, making it a matter of the Western Qin Dynasty, which has made great contributions so far. Wang Zhao became a fan, abolished Hou, chased Huayang, strengthened public office, encroached on vassals, and made Qin an emperor. These four monarchs all take the guests' contributions. From this point of view, why did the visiting team lose to Qin Zi! To make the four monarchs refuse guests instead of scholars is to make the country rich and strong, and Wu Qin has a strong name.

"Today, your majesty sent the jade of Kunshan, hanging the pearl of the bright moon with the treasure of harmony, taking the sword of Tai 'a, riding the horse of fiber separation, building the flag of Cuifeng and the drum of tree spirit. This number of rare treasures, Qin is not born, your majesty is happy, how can you see it? If the State of Qin is born, it is ok, but the luminous jade is not adorned with the imperial court, the rhinoceros elephant is not well played, the daughter of Zheng Wei is not filled in the harem, and the word "Jue Ti" for a good horse should be a fake stable beside the horse, not for Suk Kim in the south of the Yangtze River, and not for painters in the west of Sichuan. Therefore, people who adorn the harem, fill in the past, entertain the soul and entertain the eyes must come from the Qin Dynasty, but the hairpin of ten thousand columns, the ear of Fu Ji, the clothes of A Long, and the resplendent ornaments do not advance ahead, but the elegant and graceful Zhao Nv, who follows the customs, does not stand by. It's really Qin Zhisheng who knocks on the urn, plays the guzheng and plays the moustache, and sings fast. Zheng, Wei, Sang, Wu Xiang, exotic music. Today, instead of playing the urn, I will take Zheng and Wei, and take this opportunity to play the piano. If so, what is it? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. It's not like this to bring people today. Don't ask if you can, regardless of merits and demerits, those who are not in Qin go for the guests. However, the most important people care about color, joy, pearls and jade, while the lightest people care about the people. This is not the art of crossing the sea to control princes.

"I heard that the region is wide and there are many millet, and there are many people in big countries. A strong soldier is brave. Therefore, Taishan does not allow soil, so it can become big; Rivers and seas do not choose trickle, so they can be deep; The king is not only popular, so he can understand his virtue. There is no good place in the old land, no foreign country for the people, beautiful seasons and blessings for ghosts and gods. The reason why these five emperors and three kings are invincible is also. Today, we abandon the leader of Guizhou (2) and vote for the enemy, while the guest is a vassal, which makes the people of the world retreat and dare not go west, and cannot be bound to Qin. This is the so-called thief stealing food.

"Husband is not produced in Qin, but there are many treasures; Scholars were not born in the Qin Dynasty, but were willing to be loyal to many people. Today, we chased our guests to invest in enemy countries, hurting others and hurting ourselves. We are self-defeating, blaming foreign princes, seeking the country without danger, and we can't get it. "

In addition to the marching orders, the King of Qin restored Li Siguan.

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The royal family and ministers of Qin said to the king of Qin: "People from vassal States came to Qin mostly just to persuade their monarchs to alienate each other in Qin. Please order the expulsion of all foreign guests. " At that time, Reese was also excluded from the nomination. So he wrote to the king of Qin:

"I heard that officials are discussing the dismissal of Ke Qingshi, and I privately think it is wrong to do so. Once upon a time, I asked for a scholar, and I joined the army in the west, and I got Prissy in the east, Jian Shu in the Song State, and I got a public praise in the Jin State. None of these five people grew up in Qin, but Mu Gong reused them. As a result, 20 small countries were annexed, and Qin dominated Xirong. Xiao Gong carried out Shang Yang's political reform, which changed the backward customs of Qin State. As a result, the people became rich, the country became rich and powerful, the people were willing to serve the country, and the vassal States obeyed. He also defeated the army of Chu and Wei, seized thousands of miles of land, and still ruled firmly. King Hui of Qin adopted Zhang Yi's Lian Heng plan to capture Luoyang. It annexed Ba and Shu to the west, Shang Jun to the north, Hanzhong to the south, and swallowed the land of Jiuyi to control the State of Chu. Occupy the dangerous tiger prison in the east and occupy fertile land. So it disintegrated the six-nation alliance and made all six countries submit to the western state of Qin, which has continued to this day. He got a fan, abolished Hou, expelled Hua Yangjun, strengthened and consolidated the power of the royal family, blocked the situation of monopoly of politics by powerful people, gradually embezzled the governors and made Qin emperor. These four monarchs were all successful because of the appointment of Keqing. From this point of view, which guests are sorry for Qin? If these four monarchs kept people away, closed their doors and alienated foreign countries, Qin would not be rich and strong, and Qin would not have a strong reputation.

Now the beautiful jade that your majesty sent to Kunshan includes a pearl to accompany Hou and a piece of jade that is harmonious. The clothes are decorated with pearls as bright as the moon, wearing a Tai 'a sword, riding a rare detached horse, standing a flag decorated with jade feathers, and showing a good drum covered with giant salamander skin. None of these precious things were made by Qin, but your majesty likes them very much. Why? If it must be produced in Qin state before it can be used, then this luminous Baoyu will never become the decoration of Qin court; Articles carved with rhinoceros horn and ivory will not become your majesty's playthings; Women who can sing and dance well by Zheng and Wei will not fill your majesty's harem; Famous horses in the north will never enrich your stable; Suk Kim in the south of the Yangtze River will not be used by your majesty, nor will painters in the west of Sichuan be used as decorations. If these things are used to decorate the harem, serve the concubines widely, and are pleasing to the ear, and can only be used if they are planted and produced by the State of Qin, then the hairpins inlaid with precious stones, jade pendants hanging on the ears, silk clothes and gorgeous decorations will not be presented to your majesty; Those enchanting beauties who are leisurely and elegant and can do as the Romans do will not stand beside your majesty. Knocking on the earth, tapping the mustache and playing the piano, and singing in the dark are really authentic music of Qin State. The music of Zheng and Wei Sang, and Wu Xiang can be regarded as foreign music. Now, your majesty has abandoned Qin's real fight against Tao Le. What he wants is not Qin Zheng, but Zhao Yu. Why? Isn't it because foreign music can meet the needs of eyes and ears? Now, however, your majesty is not like this to his servants. He didn't ask if he was free. Regardless of merits and demerits, those who are not Qin will leave, and those who are not Qin will be driven away. Doing so shows that your majesty only values jade tune; What they despise is the people. This is not the way to control the world and subdue the princes!

Appreciation of American literature

A review of Lisi, a legalist figure

Social science forum, No.6, 2003

Long (Professor, China University of Political Science and Law)

When I was young, I studied Reese's masterpiece, The Book of Departure, and I was amazed to see his talent and literary thoughts. The book of remonstrance and expulsion is really clever. In order to weaken Qin's national strength and curb Qin's eastward expansion, North Korea Zheng persuaded Qin Wang to build water conservancy (later), which is called "Qin's exhaustion strategy" in history. When the canal was built, the plan of tiring Qin was discovered, and the king of Qin was furious and wanted to expel all non-Qin people, including "tourists" who defected from six countries. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, for the sake of "autumn of lobbyists", the vassals recruited as many as "three thousand men and women" in order to dominate the world or protect their territory. As a result, talented people wandered around and worked for their princes. The so-called "a scholar dies for a bosom friend." The "excellent scholar" system initiated the so-called talent flow in China. Li Si is one of them. He was originally a "Chu Shangcai" who defected to the State of Qin as an official, and was also deported. In order to persuade the king of Qin to take back his life, Reese wrote a letter to remonstrate the expulsion. In "The Book of Departing Guests", on the one hand, Lisi listed the historical contributions of tourists to the State of Qin and left a deep impression on the King of Qin, saying that "Qin became the emperor ... with the help of guests. From this perspective, why did the visiting team lose to Qin Zi "; On the other hand, by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of staying and expelling guests, we can understand the advantages and disadvantages. "Abandoning customers and investing in the enemy, harming the people and benefiting the enemy, and blaming the princes from the inside out, seeking the country without danger, can not be obtained." Among them, there are many famous sentences, such as "the husband's things are not produced in Qin, but how valuable they are;" Scholars are not born in Qin, but are willing to be loyal. " "Make the four kings a guest, not a guest, and a scholar, but not a guest, then the country will be rich and Qiang Qin will have nothing" and so on. The king of Qin was deeply moved after reading it. He immediately abolished the marching orders, restored Reese's official position, reused it, took its strategy, and finally unified the whole country. From this point of view, Li Siwen is a talented person, an advocate and strategist of Legalism. He assisted Qin Shihuang in unifying the whole country, ranking third. Arguably, his achievements should be the highest in all previous dynasties, and it seems that he can be on an equal footing with Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong, which is admirable.

Later, when I was in college, I read historical records and read Biography of Reese, only to know that the idea of admiring Reese was all wet, and I couldn't help sighing. In Sima Qian's historical records, Reese is actually just a snob. Li Si helped Qin Shihuang complete his imperial career, but his misdeeds were full of stains and spots, which was absolutely unforgivable for the destruction of China's culture and system. Although he was framed by Zhao Gao for remonstrance, and sentenced to the death penalty of "five punishments" and "beheading Xianyang" by dissolute Qin Ershi, his death was self-inflicted, and what goes around comes around, because the "severe punishment" he suffered when he died was exactly what he suggested to "serve the people" before his death. Li Si left a "reputation" as a representative of the Legalists in history, but his "reputation" gave the Legalists an indelible historical stigma. What Reese did also made his significance as an assistant minister of Qin Shihuang's opening to the DPRK disappear. Tai Shigong attached the following comments to the article Biography of Lisi: "Lisi became a vassal of Yan Li, and when he entered Qin, he was the emperor because of his shortcomings, but he was the emperor, and he was the three, which can be said to be respected. Knowing the return of six arts, I don't care about the lack of court support. I value the throne, I obey cruelty, listen to high heresies and abolish my throne. The vassal has been sentenced, but it is a fight, not as good as the end! People are all killed by five punishments for loyalty, which is different from the common discussion on its roots. Otherwise, our achievements will keep pace with Zhou and Zhao. "

There are indeed countless sins in Reese's life. Culturally and institutionally, there are at least three disadvantages. First, it is suggested that Qin Shihuang "burn books to bury Confucianism", cut off a hundred schools of thought and respect legalism alone. We are familiar with the story of "burning books to bury Confucianism", but it means that Reese may have been ignored by us. If the narrator is represented by Li Si, his taste is too low, because this is the institutional convention of the Qin Dynasty, and in the concept system of Li Si, it is based on the idea of "ignorance". In order to maintain Qin Shihuang's "one respect", Li Si suggested that freedom of thought and freedom of speech should be cut off, that is, "if you enter, you will be wrong, and if you leave, you will be discussed in the street", and "the party and success will fall" based on freedom of speech, and on this basis, legalist rule should be implemented. Let's take a look at Reese's letter: "Your Majesty has no world today, so don't decide on a black and white statue;" Private schools are an illegal teaching system. On hearing the order, each of them discussed it with his own private knowledge. If you enter, you will be wrong. If you leave, you will talk about it. Non-owners think fame, different interests think high, and lead a lot of people to create slander. There is no way, the main situation will collapse and the party will succeed. Then ban it. I invite all people who have literature, poetry, books and a hundred languages to get rid of them. Let it be 30 days, and [Black Well] will be a city. I won't go: books on medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn, you should take an official as your teacher. "It is so beneficial to absolute monarchy that Qin Shihuang is willing to adopt it." It makes sense to take away poems, books and the words of a hundred schools of thought to fool the people and make the world forget the past and the present. "The statutes and decrees of the Ming Dynasty all began with the emperor. "It was this legalist who abolished the contention of a hundred schools of thought, safeguarded the monarchy, and ended the contention of a hundred schools of thought, active thinking and cultural prosperity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Therefore, the development of China's cultural thought has fallen into an illiberal predicament. Later, after the rise of Confucianism, it was also self-centered, which probably had something to do with the stimulation of this historical event.

The second thing that Reese did was to participate in the event of "growing up and raising children". He conspired with his wife, Zhao Gao, to conceal the testamentary edict, forged a fake imperial edict, killed the "resolute and kind" Prince Fu Su, and put the "mediocre and dissolute" youngest son, Hu Hai, on the throne. It is not absolutely necessary to abolish the elder brother and establish the younger brother. However, Reese's move, whether in private or in public, must be criticized Personally, Li Si is the promoter of legalist thought, claiming to "obey the imperial edict", but actually ignoring the "transmission of testamentary edicts". Isn't this a slap in the face? Therefore, his legalist view is not a consistent system, but a practical and utilitarian means, which is completely different from today's so-called "rule of law" thought. As far as the public is concerned, it is inappropriate to abolish and kill a successor who is recorded as "kind" in history and establish a ignorant and dissolute Hu Hai. In the words of the ancients, he is not only disloyal, but also an "immoral" minister. Maybe some people think that this is what he did as a politician. However, judging from his behavior, he is not a "politician" at all. The so-called "home" must have a certain "realm pursuit" and live in an upward and independent ideological belief. In this historical event, Reese showed the selfish image of a "politician". Zhao Gao, whose position is lower than his, used two beautiful poems when discussing with him: "In autumn, the first frost falls on the vegetation, and the water shakes everything." The so-called practitioner is Jie Jun. It is suggested that he should choose what is beneficial to himself and seek his own safety first in the case of uncertain security. Mo Wen's world is full of floods. Zhao Gao reminded Reese that once Fu Su ascended the throne, Meng Tian would be reused, and he would probably lose his position as prime minister. Li Si knows that "the ancestral temple doesn't eat blood because of the three fates", but he was finally "moved" and sighed: "Oh dear! I am alone in troubled times, and I can't die, so I entrust it to my life! " Walk with Zhao Gao and put on a historical drama of "growing up". This practice, in today's view, is "unconstitutional theft of government." Where is the "rule of law"?

Li Sigan's third bad thing was to suggest that Qin Ershi should carry out the system of "severe punishment and severe punishment", so that the legalists painstakingly managed by Shang Yang, Han Feizi and others in China's history not only failed to become a theoretical system based on humanistic care, but completely became emperors' skills, from "ignorant" who burned books and buried Confucianism to "slaves" who were so-called "unqualified Yan Jia". It's ridiculous to say it. The reason why Reese proposed "torture" was actually for "Al-Yi should be tolerant". In other words, Shun had sex to save himself and sold his soul (maybe he had no soul at all). Qin Ershi is bohemian, and his philosophy is that life is short. For example, "I want to hire six horses to cross the gap", and I should try my best to eat, drink and be merry in time. "I know what my eyes and ears are like, and I will be happy if my heart is poor". In order to satisfy Qin Ershi's wishes, Zhao Gao put forward the strategies of "eliminating ministers, keeping a distance" and "making the poor rich, making the lowly expensive", which made everyone in Qin feel insecure and "concerned about the country and the people". At this time, because of "fear", Reese even contributed a shameless "letter" He criticized Yao, Yu and other ancient sages for not being emperors, because they regarded the world as a shackle rather than enjoyment, which was not noble at all. He suggested that if Qin Ershi wanted to be a real emperor, he should "make himself expensive and others cheap", enforce cruel and cruel laws, supervise the world and serve it. He distorted and quoted Han Feizi's famous saying that "a loving mother has a defeated child, but a strict family is not qualified" to demonstrate this point, and put forward a set of paradoxes, saying that "the law is clear, the world is chaotic, and it is unheard of" and "the supervisor is sincere and innocent; I am innocent, then the world is safe; If the world is safe, the Lord will respect it; If you are strict, the supervisor is responsible; Supervise the responsibility and you will get it; Seeking, enriching the country and strengthening the people; The country is rich and strong. So, if you set up the technology of supervising responsibility, you can do whatever you want. Ministers and people, if they can't be saved, how dare they change their plans! If this is the case, the emperor will be prepared, and it can be said that he knows the art of monarch and minister. " What logic is this! Qin Ershi is of course willing to adopt Reese's suggestion. The rule of legalists in the Qin Dynasty reached a horrible and ridiculous situation: "Those who pay heavy taxes are Ming ministers" and "those who kill people are loyal ministers"; "The criminal is half in the road, and the deceased is in the city." Qin Ershi was very happy to see this situation, and praised the severe punishment and calm laws. "If so, it can be said that it can be regulated." In this way, Qin Ershi wasted the people's money and built the Epang Palace, which was 300 miles long, when the Great Britain gathered in Kanto.

Li Si's nonsense that "the sincerity of supervising responsibility makes the world safe" was eventually reduced to ashes by Xiang Yu's fire together with Epang Palace. It has a long history, but it is really meaningful to reflect on Reese's ways of dealing with people. It should be easier for us to see what Reese did, that is, his legalist practice was extremely absurd. The modern rule of law must be based on the premise of ideological prosperity and academic contention, on the basis of safeguarding people's rights and limiting government power, and on taking "everyone" seriously. Legalist rule based on "ignorance" and "serving the people" is extremely anti-human and runs counter to human civilization. For Reese, it is not so easy to know. Even today, we may not believe that Reese is a complete failure. Tai Shigong once said that the popular view about Li Si is that "all died of loyalty and five punishments", that is, Li Si seems to be regarded as a "good man". Tai Shigong rudely criticized this general view in Historical Records, pointing out that Reese is not a "loyal" person, but a "high-ranking, obedient" person. This evaluation is very in place. For political life, Reese did take a completely immoral way. His life is not a lack of moral courage, but no moral courage at all. Because he has no sense of political morality. Why does Reese, who claims to be resourceful and talented, have no political morality at all? The answer is actually obvious. To be more abstract, there is a huge human defect in his bones, that is, he lacks the most basic human nature; To be clear, he is basically a snob, and he can always do whatever it takes to achieve his personal goals. We can guess that he grew up in the depravity of human nature. Therefore, when he learned the art of being an emperor from Xun Qing in his early years, he did not hesitate to embark on the road of snobbery. He was eager to go to the state of Qin to seek an official position, so he stated the reason for seeing off his teacher: "I heard that' you are not lazy' ... so the scale is greater than meanness and sorrow is greater than poverty." Here, some people may have questions. Does Reese really have no conscience? For example, we mentioned earlier that his literary talent inspired the book of remonstration and expulsion. Isn't there human glory? My answer is, sorry! His article "The Book of Departure" has no conscience at all. This admonition to the dispute of "excellent scholars" is not a theory of "cherishing talents", but a statement of "utility". His clever metaphors, including not accepting foreign women's harem, are full of "good" flavor. He suggested using foreign talents, which, in his own words, was just a kind of "crossing the sea to control the princes". It is precisely because of this that when he was used as a long history by the king of Qin in the early days, he gave a plan of "buying scholars and killing scholars", suggesting that the king of Qin should either bribe or kill those talents used by other countries, that is, "leave them; If you refuse, the sword will stab you. " What a terrible talent "super-limit war"!

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