Lee Liu

Lee Liu

Liu Hui (born about 250 AD), wei ren in the late Three Kingdoms period, was an outstanding mathematician in ancient China and one of the founders of China's classical mathematical theory. History books rarely record his birth, death and life story. According to limited historical data, he was from Zouping, Shandong Province in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Never been an official. He also occupies a prominent position in the history of world mathematics. His representative works "Nine Arithmetic Notes" and "Arithmetic on the Island" are the most precious mathematical heritages of China.

Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. * * * There are solutions to 246 problems. In solving simultaneous equations, calculating four fractions, calculating positive and negative numbers, calculating the volume and area of geometric figures and many other aspects, it is among the advanced in the world. However, due to the primitive solution and the lack of necessary proof, Liu Hui made supplementary proof for it. These proofs show his creative contributions in many aspects. The solution of linear equations is improved. In geometry, the secant method is put forward, that is, the method of finding the area and perimeter of a circle by using inscribed or circumscribed regular polygons. He scientifically obtained the result that pi = 3. 14 by using secant technology. Liu Hui put forward in the secant technique that "if you cut it carefully, the loss is not great, and then you can't cut it."

In the book Island Calculation, Liu Hui carefully selected nine surveying problems, which were creative, complex and representative and attracted the attention of the West at that time.

Liu Hui has quick thinking and flexible methods. He advocates reasoning and intuition. He is the first person who China explicitly advocated to demonstrate mathematical propositions by logical reasoning.

Chungchi Tsu

Chungchi Tsu

Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was an outstanding mathematician and scientist in China. People in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Han people, the word Wen Yuan. Born in Yuanjia for six years and died in Hou Yongyuan for two years. His ancestral home is Qiu County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). Its main contributions are in mathematics, astronomical calendar and machinery. In mathematics, he wrote a book "Composition", which was included in the famous "Ten Books of Calculating Classics" as a textbook of imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty, but it was later lost. Zu Chongzhi, together with his son Zuxuan, successfully solved the problem of calculating the volume of the ball by using "Mu He Fang Gai" and got the correct formula of the volume of the ball. In mechanics, he has designed and manufactured a water hammer mill, a compass driven by copper parts, a thousand-mile ship, a timer and so on. Besides, I also study music. He is one of the few well-read figures in history. There is also a crater on the moon named after him.

Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people used "the diameter of three weeks a week" as pi, which was called "Gubi". Later, it was found that the error of Gubi was too large, and the pi should be "the diameter of a circle is greater than the diameter of three weeks". However, there are different opinions on how much is left. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Hui put forward a scientific method to calculate pi-"secant".

π=3. 14 is obtained, and it is pointed out that the more sides inscribed in a regular polygon, the more accurate the π value is. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi worked hard and repeatedly calculated that π was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. Take 355/ 1 13 as the secret rate, in which 355/ 1 13 takes six decimal places, which is 3. 14 1592, and the denominator is166002. How did Zu Chongzhi get this? This shows that his perseverance and intelligence in academic research are admirable. The secrecy rate calculated by Zu Chongzhi,

It has been more than 1000 years since foreign mathematicians got the same result. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some mathematicians abroad suggested that π = be called "ancestral rate".

Zu Chongzhi exhibited famous works at that time and insisted on seeking truth from facts. He compared and analyzed a large number of materials calculated by himself, found serious mistakes in the past calendars, and dared to improve them. At the age of 33, he successfully compiled the Daming Calendar, which opened a new era in calendar history.

Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan (also a famous mathematician in China) solved the calculation of the volume of a sphere with ingenious methods. They adopted a principle at that time: "If the power supply potential is the same, the products should not be different." That is to say, two solids located between two parallel planes are cut by any plane parallel to these two planes. If the areas of two sections are always equal, then the volumes of two solids are equal. This principle is based on the following points.

But it was discovered by Karl Marx more than 1000 years after the ancestor. In order to commemorate the great contribution of grandfather and son in discovering this principle, everyone also called it the "ancestor principle". Zu Chongzhi also made many tools, such as a compass.

Zhang Qiujian

Zhang Qiujian

According to Suan Baoyu's textual research, The Sutra of Zhang Qiujian was written in three volumes from 466 to 485. Zhang Qiujian was born in Qinghe, Northern Wei Dynasty (now Linqing, Shandong Province), and his life experience is unknown. The application of the least common multiple, the mutual summation of arithmetic progression elements and "Hundred Chicken Skills" are his main achievements. "Hundred Chickens Skill" is a world-famous indefinite equation problem. The same problem also appeared in13rd century Italian Fibonacci's Arithmetic Classics and15th century Arab Alkasi's Arithmetic Keys.

Zhu Shijie: Four Yuan Jade Sword

Zhu Shijie (about 1300) was born in Songting, Han Qing, and lived in Yanshan (now near Beijing). He "traveled around the lake and sea for more than twenty years as a famous mathematician" and "gathered scholars by following the door". Zhu Shijie's representative works in mathematics include "Arithmetic Enlightenment" (1299) and "Meeting with the Source" (1303). "Arithmetic Enlightenment" is a well-known mathematical masterpiece, which spread overseas and influenced the development of mathematics in Korea and Japan. "Thinking of the source meets" is another symbol of the peak of China's mathematics in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, among which the most outstanding mathematical creations are "thinking of the source" (the formulation and elimination of multivariate higher-order equations), "superposition method" (the summation of higher-order arithmetic progression) and "seeking difference method" (the high-order interpolation method).

Jia Xian

China's classical mathematicians reached their peak in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the prelude of this development was the discovery of "Jiaxian Triangle" (binomial expansion coefficient table) and the establishment of higher-order open method ("increase, multiply and open method") closely related to it. Jia Xian, a native of Northern Song Dynasty, completed Nine Chapters of Fine Grass in Huangdi Neijing about 1050. The original book was lost, but the main contents were copied by Yang Hui's works (about13rd century), which can be handed down from generation to generation. Yang Hui's Detailed Explanation of Nine Chapters' Algorithms (126 1) has a diagram of the original prescription learning, which shows that "Jia Xian used this technique". This is the famous "Jiaxian Triangle", or "Yang Hui Triangle". At the same time, it records Jia Xian's "method of increasing, multiplying and opening" to the root of higher order.

Jiaxian Triangle is called Pascal Triangle in western literature and was rediscovered by French mathematician B Pascal in 1654.

Qin: Count books and nine chapters.

Qin (about 1202 ~ 126 1), a native of Anyue, Sichuan, once served as an official in Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and was exiled to Meizhou (now Meixian, Guangdong) around 126 1, and soon died. Qin, Yang Hui and Zhu Shijie are also called the four great mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties. In his early years, he studied mathematics in seclusion in Hangzhou, and wrote the famous Shu Shu Jiu Zhang in 1247. The book "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang" 18 volume, 8 1 title, is divided into nine categories (Wild Goose, Shi Tian, Tianjing, Prediction, Foraging, Money Valley, Architecture, Military Service, Market Easy). Its most important mathematical achievements —— "Dayan summation method" (one-time congruence group solution) and "positive and negative leveling method" (numerical solution of higher-order equations) made this Song Dynasty arithmetic classic occupy a prominent position in the history of medieval mathematics.

Ye Li

With the development of numerical solution technology of higher-order equations, the sequential equation method came into being, which is called "Kaiyuan technique". Among the mathematical works handed down from Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, Ye Li's "Measuring the Round Sea Mirror" is the first work that systematically expounds Kaiyuan.

Ye Li (1 192 ~ 1279), formerly known as Li Zhi, was born in Luancheng, Jin Dynasty. He used to be the governor of Zhou Jun (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). Zhou Jun was destroyed by the Mongolian army in 1232, so he studied in seclusion. He was hired by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu as a bachelor of Hanlin for only one year. 1248 was written into "Circle Survey Mirror", the main purpose of which was to explain the method of establishing equations by using Kaiyuan. "Kai Yuan Shu" is similar to the column equation method in modern algebra. "Let Tianyuan be so-and-so" is equivalent to "Let X be so-and-so", which can be said to be an attempt of symbolic algebra. Ye Li also has another mathematical work Yi Gu Yan Duan (1259), which also explains Kaiyuan.

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Research achievements of mathematicians in China

Many research results of China's ancient arithmetic have given birth to the thinking methods involved in later western mathematics, and many world-leading mathematical research results in modern times are named after China mathematicians:

Li, a mathematician of Li identity, has made research achievements in the summation of series, which is called "Li identity" (or Li identity) internationally.

Hua

Hua is a mathematician of Fahrenheit Theorem, which is called "Fahrenheit Theorem" by the international mathematical community. In addition, he and mathematician Wang Yuan put forward the approximate calculation method of multiple integrals, which is internationally known as the "King of China Method".

Su Zui, a mathematician of Su Zui, is known as "Su Zui" internationally because of his research achievements in affine differential geometry.

Xiong Qinglai, a scientist of Xiong's infinite series, is praised as "Xiong's infinite order" by the international mathematics community because of his research achievements in the whole function and meromorphic function of infinite order.

Chen Shengshen is an indicator mathematician of Chen, who is internationally known as "Chen's indicator".

Wei Liang Chow, a mathematician with weekly coordinates, has made achievements in algebraic geometry and is called "weekly coordinates" by the international mathematics community. There are also "Zhou Theorem" and "Zhou Huan" named after him.

Wu Wenjun, a mathematician in Folin-Wu method, is internationally known as "Folin-Wu method" for his method of proving geometric theorems by machines. There is also the "Wu Formula" named after him.

Wang Paradox Mathematician Wang Hao's proposition about mathematical logic is called "Wang Paradox" internationally.

Ke Zhao, a mathematician of Coriolis Theorem, is called "Coriolis Theorem" by the international mathematics community. In addition, his research achievements in number theory with mathematician Cherie Sun are internationally known as "Kesun conjecture".

Jingrun Chen

The proposition put forward by Chen Jingrun, a mathematician of Chen Theorem, in the study of Goldbach's conjecture is praised as "Chen Theorem" by the international mathematics community.

Yang-Zhang Theorem Mathematicians Yang Le and Zhang Guanghou's research achievements in function theory are called "Yang-Zhang Theorem" internationally.

Lu conjecture mathematician Lu Qikeng's research results on manifolds with constant curvature are called "Lu conjecture" internationally.

Xia Daoxing, a mathematician of Charcot inequality, is called "Charcot inequality" by the international mathematical community because of his research achievements in functional integration and invariant measure theory.

Jiang Boju is a mathematician in Jiang's space, which is called "Jiang's space" internationally because of his research achievements in Nelson number calculation. In addition, there is the "Jiang's subgroup" named after him.

Hou Zhenting, a mathematician of Hough Theorem, is named "Hough Theorem" internationally because of his research achievements in Markov processes.

Zhou's conjecture Mathematicians' research results on Mason's prime number distribution are named "Zhou's conjecture" internationally.

Wang Theorem Mathematicians' research achievements in point set topology are praised as "Wang Theorem" by the international mathematics community.

Yuan Lemma, a mathematician, is called "Yuan Lemma" internationally because of his research achievements in nonlinear programming.

Jing Naihuan, a mathematician of Jing operator, is honored as "Jing operator" internationally because of his research achievements in symmetric functions.

Chen Yongchuan, a mathematician of Chen Wenfa, was honored as "Chen Wenfa" internationally because of his research achievements in combinatorial mathematics.

Research shows that people with high degree of mathematics anxiety not only tend to avoid things related to mathematics, but also are unwilling to engage in careers related to mathematics. Research by the University of Chicago shows that these avoidance behaviors are caused by pain and anxiety. The researchers said: "This is the first time to reveal the essence of subjective experience of mathematical anxiety from the neural level."

This anxiety is not limited to mathematics. The Daily Mail quoted scientists as saying that worrying about spending money on Christmas, calculating how much tips restaurants should give and calculating family expenses may bring physical pain to those who have innate fear of doing math problems. [3]

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Foreign famous sayings

Beauty of Mathematical Symbols

Everything has been calculated-Pythagoras

In the world of mathematics, what matters is not what we know, but how we know it. Pythagoras

Numbers rule the universe. Pythagoras

Geometry can't be king. -Euclid

I am determined to give up the only abstract geometry. In other words, stop thinking about problems that are only used to practice ideas. I did this to study another kind of geometry, that is, geometry aimed at explaining natural phenomena. -Descartes (rene descartes 1596- 1650)

Mathematics is the most powerful knowledge tool left by human knowledge activities and the root of some phenomena. Mathematics is immutable and exists objectively, and God will build the universe according to the laws of mathematics. Descartes

Imaginary number is a wonderful spiritual sustenance of human beings. It seems to be an amphibian between being and not being. -Leibniz (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

1646- 17 16)

Things that don't work don't exist. -Leibniz

After considering several things, the whole thing comes down to pure geometry, which is a goal of physics and mechanics. -Leibniz

Although we are not allowed to see through the secrets of nature, so as to know the real reason of the phenomenon, some fictitious assumptions may still occur to explain many phenomena. -Euler (leonhard euler 1707- 1783)

Because the structure of the universe is God's most perfect and wise creation, nothing will happen if there is no certain maximum or minimum law in the universe. -Euler

One of the characteristics of some beautiful theorems in mathematics is that they can be easily summarized from facts, but their proofs are extremely hidden.

Mathematics is the king of science. Gauss

Mathematics is the head of natural science, and number theory is the queen of mathematics. Gauss

This is the advantage of a well-structured language, and its simplified symbols are usually the source of abstruse theories. -Laplace (Pierre-Simon Laplace

1749- 1827)

In mathematical science, the main tools for us to find truth are induction and analogy. Laplace

Read Euler, read Euler, he is our teacher. Laplace

Only by vigorously developing mathematics can a country show its strong national strength. Laplace

Understanding a giant's research methods is as important to the progress of science as discovery itself. The method of scientific research is often a very interesting part. Laplace

Paper full of mathematical formulas

It would be a serious mistake to think that it is only necessary in geometric proof or sensory evidence. -Cauchy (augustin louis cauchy

1789- 1857)

Give me five coefficients and I will draw an elephant; Give me the sixth coefficient and the elephant will wag its tail. -Cauchy

If mankind is adding many new terms to science and letting readers continue to study the wonderful and difficult things before them, then he must be sure that science has made great progress. -Cauchy

Geometry sometimes seems to lead to analysis, but in fact, geometry leads to analysis, just like a servant walking in front of his master and opening the way for him. -Sylvester (james joseph sylvester

18 14- 1897)

Maybe I can claim the title of Adam in mathematics without undue demands, because I believe that more mathematical rational creations have been named by me (which has become popular) than all other mathematicians of my time combined. Sylvester

A mathematician who has no talent as a poet will never be a complete mathematician. Karl Weierstrass

18 15- 1897)

The essence of mathematics lies in freedom. cornel

In the field of mathematics, the art of asking questions is more important than the art of answering questions. -Cantor

As long as a branch of science can ask many questions, it is full of vitality.

No problem, indicating the termination or decline of independent development. -Hilbert

Music can stimulate or soothe feelings, painting can make people pleasing to the eye, poetry can touch people's hearts, philosophy can make people gain wisdom, science can improve material life, but mathematics can give them all. Klein

No subject can clarify the harmony of nature more clearly than mathematics. Paul carus

Problem is the core of mathematics-P.R. halmos.

Where there are numbers, there is beauty! -Plocque Lars.

Logic is invincible because it must be opposed. -Boutros

Mathematical subsystem is as vast as nature itself-Fourier

Logic can wait, because it is eternal-Havisham.

Only by successfully applying mathematics can a science be truly perfect. Marx

Mathematics is an infinite science. Herman Weil

History makes people wise, poetry makes people witty, and mathematics makes people careful. bacon

The scientific level of a country can be measured by the mathematics it consumes. -Rao

No subject can clarify the harmony of nature more clearly than mathematics. Carlos

Mathematics is the judge and master of law and theory. Benjamin

China's famous saying

The number of late orders is not supernatural, tangible and verifiable, and there are several that can be pushed. -Zu Chongzhi (429-500)

Things push each other, and each has its own reward, so although the branches have the same root, they only have one end. Use words to analyze the reasons, and use pictures to collapse. It's ok to do it for a week, but it's not embarrassing. People who watch it think it's more than half. -Liu Hui

Mathematics is one of the most precious research spirits. -Hua

New mathematical methods and concepts are often more important than solving mathematical problems themselves. -Hua

The size of the universe, the tiny particles, the speed of rockets, the ingenuity of chemical engineering, the change of the earth, the mystery of biology and the complexity of daily life require mathematics everywhere. -Hua

Mathematics is a deductive knowledge. Starting from a set of postulates and through logical reasoning, we can get a conclusion. Chen shengshen

Science needs experiments. But the experiment cannot be absolutely accurate. If there is a mathematical theory, it is completely correct to infer. This science is inseparable from mathematics. Many basic scientific concepts often need mathematical concepts to express. So it is natural for mathematicians to have food, but they can't win the Nobel Prize. It may be a good thing that there is no Nobel Prize in Mathematics. The Nobel Prize is so compelling that mathematicians can't concentrate on their own research. Chen shengshen

We appreciate math, and we need math. Chen shengshen

The purpose of a mathematician is to understand mathematics. The progress of mathematics in history is nothing more than two ways: increasing the understanding and popularization of known materials. Chen shengshen

After modern high-energy physics reached quantum physics, many experiments could not be done at all, which was not far from what mathematicians thought, so mathematics has incredible power in physics. -Qiu Chengtong