1 indicates a turning point, which is equivalent to "however", "however" and "indeed". Example:

(1) people don't know and don't mind, not as good as a gentleman?

Others don't understand (me) and (me) is not angry. Aren't they also people with moral cultivation? (3) there is public welfare in the world, but it is not prosperous.

2 green is taken from blue, and green is blue.

Indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but it is bluer than bluegrass.

2. Express the positive relationship, connect the adverbial and the head word, which is equivalent to "zhe" and "di", or do not translate. Example:

(1) uproar and terror, although make trouble.

Harassment everywhere, the noise that disturbs the countryside, even makes chickens and dogs restless. (3) If the deceased was guilty at the age of one, everyone else would be happy.

(2) toward, return at dusk.

Leave in the morning and come back at night.

3. Represents the hypothetical relationship and connects the subject and the predicate, which is equivalent to "if" and "if". Example:

People without faith don't know what they can do.

I really don't know how a man who doesn't keep his word can do it.

4, indicating juxtaposition, equivalent to "and", "you", "and" or not translated. Example:

(1) Sensitive and studious, not shy to ask questions.

Smart and studious people are not ashamed to ask for advice from people who are lower in status and less knowledgeable than themselves.

② There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white.

Yongzhou produces a strange poisonous snake in the wild. It has a white pattern on its black body.

5, indicating inheritance, equivalent to "and", "and", "just" or not translated. Example:

(1) Choose the good and follow it, and change the bad.

Choose his good personality and learn from him. When you see his bad qualities, you can learn from them and get rid of your own shortcomings.

(3) Place it, draw your sword and break it.

Throw the jade bucket on the ground and pull out the sword to break it.

6. Pass "Ru": It seems, like. Example:

The army was taken aback and the situation was not good. -"Check in"

The army was in a panic, as if a big house had collapsed.

7. Pass "er", you, yours. Example:

And Weng GUI, I will reply with you. -Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio

Your father will get even with you when he comes back!

2. What are the meanings in classical Chinese? 1. pronoun. Send "er" to you, which means to call the second person. It can be translated as "you" and "you". Such as "Xuanzhi of the Ridge": "Somewhere, but my mother is here." Your mother used to stand here.

Second, conjunctions.

⒈ indicates a coordinate relationship, in which two connected items are parallel and equally important, and can be translated as "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not. For example, Two Children Debate Day: "This is not small for people who are far away, but big for people who are near" [translation]: "Isn't this big for people who are far away?"

1. indicates the undertaking relationship, and the two items are undertaken in time, action or matter, which can be translated as "Jiu", "Then", "Lai", "Convenience" or "Inconvenience". For example: The Analects of Confucius? For politics, "review the old and learn the new" [translation]: "review the old and learn the new".

3. Represents a progressive relationship. The meaning of the latter item is closer to that of the former item, which can be translated as "harmony" and "and so on. For example: The Analects of Confucius? Always learn, always learn [translation]: "Learn knowledge and review it at a certain time".

4. Represents the modifying relationship, and the modified item in the preceding paragraph connects the adverbial and the head language, without translation.

For example, Yugong moved mountains: Hequ wise men laugh [translation]: Hequ wise men laugh to stop Yugong.

⒌ indicates a turning point, and the meanings of two connected items are relative or opposite, which can be translated as "que", "but" and "ke". For example, Wolf: "The wolf behind stopped, and the wolf in front came again" [translation]: "The wolf behind stopped, and the wolf in front caught up again".

⒍ indicates a hypothetical relationship, which often connects the subject and predicate in clauses and can be translated into "if", "if" and "if". For example, Young China said: "Let all the teenagers in the country become teenagers" [translation]: "If the teenagers in the country really become promising teenagers".

Therefore, therefore. For example: "Xunzi? Persuade to learn: "Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs do not fade. "Jade is on the mountain, so the vegetation is moist, and pearls grow in deep pools, so the vegetation on the cliff is not withered.

⒏ If. For example: The Analects of Confucius? Bashu: "Who knows manners in charge?" [Translation]: "If Guan Zhong knows etiquette, who doesn't?"

3. Several meanings of "er" in classical Chinese and examples of the usage of function words.

The latest "Examination Instructions" requires this test center to "understand the meaning of common function words in classical Chinese"

The focus is on twenty function words.

I. Relationships: Table 7 Relationships

1, indicating the inheritance relationship.

(1) Climbing move, the arm is not lengthened, and you can see far.

(2) There was a clever scholar-bureaucrat who gave fifty gold and bought five people to write, and the pawn was combined with the corpse.

2, table causality: therefore

(1) Therefore, those who mourn the gentleman's tomb with the alumni association will remember it with their stones.

(2) I want to live in the thoughts of profit and straightforwardness.

3, indicating the transformation relationship: but, but.

(1) Green is taken from blue, and green is blue.

(2) Today's people are far from being saints and are ashamed of their teachers.

4, table coordinate relationship, coordinate components must have the same part of speech and structure.

(1) crab six kneeling two claws.

② There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white.

5, table progressive relationship: and

Although Yan is weak, you are a lucky king.

(2) A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself from Japanese ginseng.

6. Hypothetical relation table: if, if

(1) If you are interested, you can look forward to it. Feng Wanzhen:

If you want to (save my village), just look at my horse's head (follow my command).

(2) With the power of the king, fifteen were beheaded for Zhao and Feng Bi. Lianlin biography

7. Adjective modifier: it can be translated into "land", "zhe" or not.

I've been thinking about it all day.

(2) Make a phone call. With it, people in the street will be blessed. "I want what I want": I shouted for you to eat, and the people who left could not accept it.

(3) At dusk, the fruit dies. Naoko suspects neighbors: Sure enough, their family lost a lot of property overnight.

Second, the modal adverb: Jiu

(1) don't do it with evil small, don't do it with good small.

2 die but not die; And the realm is dangerous and evil, and the layers are wrong, which is beyond the world. Foreword:

If you die, you will die, but the realm is dangerous and bad, and it is beyond the tolerance of the world.

Third, adverbs: still, all.

(1) instead of a person, although something is related to physical and mental life, it can gather the benefits of goodness and not get it. "Ask and say":

However, a person with a clear distinction between right and wrong can get useful deeds, although there are things closely related to his own cultivation and moral cultivation. It is impossible for him to condescend.

(2) the king of a thousand times, seeking friends is not allowed. Mencius Zhang Wan: A monarch with thousands of chariots can't make friends with him.

4. Adverb: Nai

Confucius was near Mount Tai, and a woman was crying at the grave. The master listened and asked Luz to ask him, "Is the child crying, like a worried person?" And said, "Of course." Book of Rites: Confucius passed by Mount Tai, and a woman was crying at the grave. The host listened to the crying by holding the crossbar in front of the car and asked Luz to ask the woman, saying, "Do you seem to have a lot of sadness when you cry?" (Woman) said, "Yes."

Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference adverb: How?

(1) The situation is going to die, how can it meet evil? Battle of Red Cliffs: Besides, Cao came to die, how could he surrender to him?

6. Adverb and adjective suffixes are meaningless

(1) Despair. Zuo Zhuan: There is no way to take risks.

Seven, conjunctions, equivalent to "to" connect up, down, to, to, etc.

(1) Three generations, learning without asking. "Question": Under three generations (Xia, Shang and Zhou), people learn but don't ask.

(2) from Confucius, as for the centenarians. Mencius: It has been more than one hundred years since Confucius.

Eight, imperative modal particles: the same as "ear", right, um.

(1) Chu crazy Jie Yu Song, Confucius said

4. The usage and meaning of the word "er" in classical Chinese are more complicated in ancient Chinese (classical Chinese), with two pronunciations of ér and néng; ; It can be a real word in some sentences and a function word in another sentence; Content words can be nouns, verbs or pronouns; Function words can be conjunctions or auxiliary words.

There are about a dozen meanings and usages. Next, I will supplement some sentences in classical Chinese in middle school textbooks as examples based on the explanations in the preferred ancient Chinese reference book "Ci Yuan".

I'll call you together. And a, a cheek hair, like the shape of hair.

The drooping of scales and hair is also called. Such as "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji Zi Ren": "Anyone who robs, kills, helps, eats, etc. Will dig deep into his claws, expose his eyes and make a scale. "

Two pronouns. Send "er" to you, which means to call the second person.

It can be translated as "you" and "you". Such as "Xuanzhi of the Ridge": "Somewhere, but my mother is here."

The triple conjunction ⒈ indicates a coordinate relationship, in which two connected items are not primary or secondary, but parallel and equally important, and can be translated as "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not.

For example, Two Children Debate Day: "This is not small for people who are far away, but big for people who are near" 1. It means that two items are related in time, action or reason, which can be translated as "JIU", "Then", "Lai", "Convenience" or "Inconvenience". For example, The Analects of Confucius for Politics shows a progressive relationship, and the meaning of the latter item is closer to that of the former item, which can be translated as "and" and "and so on.

For example, the phrase "learning while learning" in The Analects of Confucius indicates a modifying relationship, and the modifying item in the previous paragraph connects the adverbial and the head language, so translation is not needed. For example, Yishan: He Sou Zhi Xiao ⒌ indicates a turning point, and the two conjunctions have opposite or opposite meanings, which can be translated as Que, Dan and Ke.

For example, wolves: "The last wolf stopped and the previous wolf came again" 6 indicates a hypothetical relationship, which often connects the subject and predicate in clauses and can be translated as "if", "if" and "if". For example, "Young China said": "Let all the teenagers in the country become teenagers" 7. Therefore, therefore.

For example, Xunzi's exhortation to learn: "Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered." ⒏ If.

For example, "The Analects of Confucius Eight Books": "Who knows etiquette when you are in charge?" Four auxiliary words, which are used with locative words such as "Shang", "Xia", "Lai" and "Wang", indicate time or range and can be translated as "one". For example, "Painting": "China's ancient paintings, from portraits to the outside, are mostly constructed with meaning."

1. is equivalent to "knowledge". For example, The Analects of Confucius asks, "A gentleman is ashamed of his words and transcends his deeds."

4. Express your tone. A little closer to "Xi"

For example: The Analects of Confucius: It's over! Already! Today's politicians are in danger! " Five "Rus", like, like. For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Du Ren: "Du Ren, great efforts have been made.

This noble woman has curly hair like a scorpion. Second, the six-way "energy" can be used.

I can. For example, Mozi's unluckily: "I am stubborn and quiet, ... but I don't want to correct my eyes and ears."

2. ability. Such as "Zhuangzi Leyou": "Therefore, the husband knows that being an official is better than being a native. He is a moral gentleman, and those who levy the country are also willing to fall! " Reference: middle school classical Chinese etymology and index dictionary Answer: 2007-10-1816: 22 Revision: 2007-10-182150 Questioner.

In addition, there are two answers: the answer comment reports the usage of the word "he" in the classical Chinese of The Wise Man. Grammatically, there is no difference between the two verb-object structures before and after the connection of "er", and there is no progressive and turning relationship.

"Giving up life for righteousness" is interpreted as giving up life for morality. The following is a summary of the usage of "He"! And (1) the second personal pronoun, (2) is usually used as an attribute somewhere, and the mother is standing here.

(2) Adverb, translated as "Jiu, Jiu". But when will you be happy? (3) The coordinate relation of conjunctions is generally not translated.

The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. Progressive relationship, translated as "and" or "and".

A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he can help himself. Take over the relationship and translate it into "JIU" and "Jie".

We are eager to return, but we send it loudly on the water. Turning relationship, translated as "but" or "but".

Green comes from blue, and green is blue. Hypothetical relationship, translated as "if" or "if".

What is the geometric separation when knowing death? ⑥ Modifying the relationship and connecting the adverbial and the head word can be translated into "ground" or not. I've been thinking about it all day. I might as well learn it in a minute.

Causality is translated as "therefore". I also regret that I can't travel with my husband.

8 table metaphor, translated as "like". The army was taken aback and the situation was not good.

There are 25 words "er" in this paper, which indicate the relationship of juxtaposition, inheritance, modification and turning. Think about the usage of "er" in the following sentences, understand their respective tones, and explore the light and heavy pronunciation of "er". (1), the satrap and guests come here to drink ... and the year is the highest (progressive, rereading) (2), Ruofu ... Cave (career, light reading) (3), back to back, returning at dusk (decoration, light reading) (4), deep fish in the stream (firm).

Read together and experience the pronunciation of "Ye" and "Er".

5. The minimum meaning of classical Chinese is 0.27 yuan/day, and members of Baidu Library can check the complete content in the library > I want to find one of the meanings of classical Chinese seven-color flowers (1) he, she and it (them).

Example: ① Everyone hangs up. (Chi: He, referring to the above experts) ② Cut the wolf's head with a knife and kill it with several knives.

(refers to the wolf. ) 3 nature.

(chi: that's what Li said above. (4) send Yan hong, I cry with my heel.

(The original meaning refers to the latter "ambition": she refers to Yan Hou. (5) I am tired, I am surplus, so I will overcome it.

(chi: refers to the qi army. ) 6 I will be embarrassed to see each other.

(chi: that's what he meant. With Du's words, we can spread the news.

(1) They are prisoners in prison. (8) Mother got wind of it and the hammer bed was furious.

(chi: refers to the words of the above officials. ) pet-name ruby flapping, into the cave.

(1) refers to crickets. ) Attending to collect soldiers from all over the world and gather in Xianyang.

(the original meaning refers to the latter "zhi", which refers to weapons. (2).

Example: (1) People near the traffic jam died 19. (A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise) Although prisons of all sizes cannot be inspected, they must be treated with affection.

(3) Kan Kan cut sandalwood, and the river dried up. 4 cut the fertile land in the east and collect the key counties in the north.

(3) Go and arrive.

Let's go Example: What if you want to go to the South China Sea? (For Learning) Walk more than forty miles and sell.

(The original meaning refers to the previous "ambition". (3) The general asked for it.

I regretted it for a long time on the ridge of ploughing. (The original meaning refers to the previous "ambition"? (5) There is also a haircut Dumen, pretending to be ignorant.

So he abandoned his family and went into Guanzhong. All landowners have morning glory through the hall.

Wang Jianzhi said, "What is a cow?" (The original meaning refers to the "zhi" of the latter. 4 this, this.

For example, with your strength, you can't destroy your father's hill, such as the palace in Taihang. (The original meaning refers to the "ambition" of the latter. (2) It is famous for its fat, wax and ash.

(The original meaning refers to the previous one. (3) There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds and mulberry trees.

(4) The bus plate is the machinery of Chu's ladder. (5) is the second policy, with negative Qin Ge is better.

He is not as clever as Confucius.

The basic meaning of this word in classical Chinese is 1. The ancient word "er", pronoun, you or yours: "~ Weng Gui, count your ears".

2. Conjunction (A. Table juxtaposition column, such as "miscellaneous". B the form is the same, such as "take ~ instead".

C. the table is progressive, such as "~ and". D. table turning point, such as "specious ~ false".

E. connect the positive and negative tables to complement each other, such as "strong ~ not strong". F connects adverbials with the modification of thesaurus, such as "Tan".

G. insert a hypothesis between the subject and predicate, such as "people don't believe it, they don't know what they can do"). 3. Form (from ... to ...): from top to bottom.

Detailed meaning < name > 1. (pictographic. Small seal script, like a beard.

The "one" above represents the nose, and the "|" represents the person; The bottom part has two layers, the outer layer is like a beard with two cheeks, and the inner layer is like a beard born under the mouth. "Er" is one of the radicals of Chinese characters.

Original meaning: cheek hair is the same as the original meaning [bristles on the jaw], and cheek hair is also. -Shuowen 1. Conjunctions inherited from ancient times can connect words, phrases and clauses to express various relationships [and; Furthermore; Moreover; Moreover; Join the transaction; If; In case; How to] 2. Yongzhou wild snake, representing the coordinate relationship, is black and white.

-Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher 3. It means that the progressive relationship means that the gentleman is knowledgeable and the Japanese ginseng province. -"Xunzi persuasion" 4. Anxious to return, the figurehead, was seen off loudly on the water.

-Su Songshi's Shi Zhongshan Ji 5. It means that the turning point is green, take it from blue, and green is blue. -"Xunzi, Encourage Learning" 6. It means that the hypothetical relationship is (if) intentional; It's okay to expect a horse.

-Qing Xu ke "Qing paper money and war" 7. I'm embarrassed to express a modified relationship and connect adverbials. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher 1. You; Yours [you; You did it unconsciously.

-"Poetry, elegance and Sang Rou" knows more but is not guilty. -"Zuo Zhuan and Twenty Years of Zhao Gong" returned to children and died in their parents' world.

-"Guoyu Story" is all about wine and meat, but how can it be known in the nose? -"Zhuangzi Xu Wu Gui" and Weng Gui, since you recalculate. -"Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Promoting Weaving" 2. Another example is Weng (your father) 3. So, this [this] is persecuted, and so is your concubine.

-"Yutai Xinyi Ancient Poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" 4. Another example: and her husband (this person; This person) < help > 1. A positive relationship is equivalent to "zhi", "de" and "Guo". -Huai Nanzi Ren Jian 2. The combination of Shang, Xia, Qian, Hou, Lai and Xiang is equivalent to taking metaphysics as the Tao and metaphysics as the device.

-Easy Cohesion 1. Used in sentences to express rhetorical questions, equivalent to "don't" and "how can" [how can; How can you be kind to yourself, but not to others? -"The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" 2. Used at the end of the sentence, it is equivalent to "ear" and "which" is enough. Today's politicians are in danger. -The Analects of Confucius 1. For example, it seems [seems; Drowned more than 1000 people, the army gave up as soon as it was damaged.

-"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" 2. See also the néng idiom 1. Later, é rhê u [then; After that] later; Later; Then whoosh! Today, and then (later) I will get sick again, so I will teach you where to call you. -Qing Yuanmei's "Sacrificing a Girl" is like a dream, shaking your head and singing, and then you can succeed.

-Huang Qingzong Xi's Biography of Liu Jingting, let's discuss it first, and then formally vote. 2. é rhué [Sometimes; From time to time; Sometimes; Occasionally] Sometimes the long smoke has gone and the moon is thousands of miles away. -Song Fan Zhongyan "Yueyang Tower" 3. Nowérjρn[Now]Now, now, I started from the beginning.

-* * * "Recalling Qin E Loushanguan" 4. And the situation is érkuàng[ not to mention; Let alone connect. What's more, the clock is in the water today. Although the storm can't sound, the situation is like a stone.

-Su Song Shi "The Story of Shi Zhongshan" 5. And é rl \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \\ u \

-the year of the Analects of Confucius' administration 6. And érqi[ and; (Not only ...) But] means that he is active and open-minded. 7. Apart from that, he wants nothing more. 8.only [nothing more]-used at the end of a statement, indicating a definite mood, equivalent to "JIU", often used with "only" and ". -"Preface to Autumn Poetry" and the detailed meaning of néng is 1. It can be hidden ... without correcting its eyes and ears.

-"Mozi's Unfamous Works" does not conform to Tang Wu and Heng Miao Xi, so where did you know? "Nine Chapters of Chu Ci, Cherish the Past" 2. See also é r.

7. The ancient Chinese meaning of "er" is 1. Pronouns, you or yours: Weng Gui, counting your ears "2. The conjunction (a) is juxtaposed, such as "miscellaneous". B) consistent, such as "take ~ instead". C) It is progressive, for example, "Kan Kan to Tan". G. insert in the middle of the hypothesis of subject-predicate table, for example, "people don't believe it and don't know what they can do"). 3. Form (from ... to ...): from top to bottom. The detailed meaning of this word is 1. (pictographic. Small seal script, like a beard .. The lower part is divided into two layers, the outer layer is like a beard on the cheek and the inner layer is like a beard born under the mouth. "Er" is one of the radicals of Chinese characters. The original meaning: cheek hair) is the same as the original meaning [bristles on the jaw], and cheek hair is also. -Shuo Wen 1. Conjunctions inherited from ancient times can connect phrases and clauses to express further; Moreover; Moreover; Join the transaction; If; In case; Anyway] 2. It means there are different snakes in Yongzhou, black and white. -Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher 3. It means that the progressive relationship means that the gentleman is knowledgeable and the Japanese care about themselves. -Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning" 4. Anxious to return, the figurehead, was seen off loudly on the water. -the history of "Shi Zhongshan". It is a good idea to look after the horse's head. -Qing Xu Coe's "Qing Li's Money and War" 7. I am afraid of it. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher 1. You; Yours [you; Yours]] I wrote it unconsciously. -Shiya Sang Rou is not guilty. Twenty years after Zuo zhuan, Zhao Gong died, but my parents died. -Mandarin Wu Yu wine meat mouth, mouth and nose are, how do you know where it came from? -"Zhuangzi Xu has no ghosts" Weng returns, and it is up to you. -"Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Promoting Weaving" 2. Another example: Weng (your father) 3. In this way, this [this] is persecuted, and so is your concubine. -"Jiao Zhongqing's wife Yutai's new poem" 4. Another example. 〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉𝶹𝶹𝶹𝶹𝶹〉ԑԑԑ -"The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" 2. Used at the end of the sentence, it is equivalent to "ear" and "which" is enough, but today's politicians are at stake. -The Analects of Confucius 1. For example, it seems [seems; Like] 1000 people drowned, but the army gave up when it was shocked and bad.