Reading method
(1) extensive reading
Extensive reading is extensive reading, that is, extensive reading, wide knowledge and common sense. We should not only read books on natural science, but also books on social science. Excellent works of different styles in ancient and modern China and foreign countries should be widely read, learn from others' strengths and innovate.
(2) Intensive reading
Zhu said in "The Essentials of Reading": "Generally speaking, when reading, you must read carefully first, so that everything comes from my mouth; After careful consideration, I can make my words come from the heart, and then I can save myself. " The "close reading and careful thinking" here is intensive reading. In other words, it is necessary to read and think carefully, ponder and study repeatedly, and analyze and evaluate at the same time, so as to understand thoroughly, understand the heart and absorb the essence. [ 1]
(3) Read through
That is, read the books, newspapers and magazines from beginning to end and have a general view, aiming at understanding, reading through and understanding the whole picture, so as to obtain a complete impression and obtain the effect of "bird's eye view and panorama". This method can be used for more important books, newspapers and magazines.
(4) Skip reading
This is a skipping reading method. You can put aside the irrelevant content in the book, grasp the bones and muscles of the book, and focus on the views of each paragraph. Sometimes when you encounter a problem in reading and you can't figure it out after repeated thinking, you can skip it and continue reading backwards.
(5) Silent reading
Silent reading is an important method to cultivate reading ability in Chinese teaching. Speed, mutual influence, ensure quiet environment, facilitate more concentrated thinking and understanding of the content of reading materials, not easy to fatigue, easy to last. Silent reading has a wide range of applications, such as reading newspapers, finding information, reading notices, notices, letters and so on. When reading silently, we should pay attention to reducing the time and frequency of gaze, try not to look back and gradually expand the scanning. Reading quickly and understanding deeply is the high realm of silent reading.
Step 6 browse
This is a rough reading method. When reading, you can just flip through it and get a general understanding; You can also grasp the key sentences of comments, find out the main points, and understand the main facts or typical examples. This part of the content is often at the beginning or end of the article, and you can get a general understanding by paying attention to the title, introduction or end to achieve the purpose of reading.
(7) Read it again
Valuable books should not be read only once, but should be studied repeatedly, so as to "review the old and learn the new". Voltaire, a famous thinker and writer, thinks that "rereading old books is like reunion of old friends". Repetition is the mother of learning. Repetitive learning is conducive to deepening the understanding of knowledge and is an enhancer for deepening memory.
(8) Writing and reading
The ancients said, "Don't read without moving pen and ink", and there was also a saying that "a good memory is not as good as a bad pen". Reading is combined with doing excerpts, memorizing experiences and writing articles, and sharing hands and brains can not only accumulate a lot of materials, but also effectively improve writing level, enhance reading ability and transform knowledge into skills and skills.
(9) Preface reading
Before reading, you can read the preface and examples, understand the outline of the content, make clear the procedure and purpose of writing a book, and read it with guidance. After reading it, you can read the preface and examples again to deepen your understanding and consolidate your improvement.
(10) Selected reading
Is to have a choice when reading. Throughout the ages, human cultural treasures are extremely rich. After all, a person's energy is limited. If you don't choose, you won't have a good result if you grab your eyebrows and beard. You can choose a targeted bibliography to read according to your own situation, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
(1 1) extract
Reading can't be read only, and you can't just experience it. It is necessary to extract good words and sentences and read them often, so as to "read thousands of books and write like a god." Therefore, this method should be widely used.
(12) Read aloud
Turning words into spoken language is a creative activity; It is a way of reading aloud; It is an important basic skill for primary school students to complete the task of reading education. As far as Chinese learning is concerned, reading aloud is the most important. Reading aloud is the starting point of reading and an important means to understand the text. Conducive to intellectual development and ideological edification. Reading aloud is helpful to convey emotions. Zhu said: when reading, you need to read every word clearly, and you can't miss a word, and you can't force it to be memorized. Moreover, we should "ponder sentence by sentence", "repeat in detail" and "recite clearly slowly"
(13) Write and read cards
18 reading method
Reading method
Reading is like eating, which is nutritious and delicious; Not good, not delicious, not nourishing, harmless to body and mind. However, what is law? Ancient and modern Chinese and foreign celebrities read differently because of things, people and books. Therefore, the previous experience is screened and ground into fine powder, and my years of reading experience is used as an enzyme to carefully bake the 18 reading method and share it with all book lovers.
1, the only way to read
Concentrate, read only one book at a time, and never read the second book until you finish reading this book. Zeng Guofan, a famous politician in the Qing Dynasty, read it like this: "A hundred schools of thought contend and are sweating, or he wants to read it, but when reading a person's picture book, it is not appropriate to read it from east to west. If he reads Changli Collection, all he sees and hears is Changli, thinking that there is no other book between heaven and earth except Changli Collection. I haven't finished watching this episode, and I don't want to change other episodes. It's also dedicated to words. " Liang Shiqiu, a famous scholar, once famously said: There is always only one book on the table! This reading method is most suitable for people who want to practice basic skills and lay a solid foundation for academic research.
2. Wave gradual method
Read one book at a time, but don't try to read it all at once. Read it again after a while, and you may feel the original tasteless place. Robinson of the University of Iowa put forward a SQ3R reading method, which emphasizes step by step. The initials of the five words in English, Survey, Question, read, Review and Review, respectively represent the five learning stages of "browsing, questioning, reading, retelling and reviewing". Mao Zedong read Selected Works of Zhaoming. He studied in school several times in the fifties, sixties and seventies. Li Da's History of the Communist Party of China and Outline of Sociology have been read ten times each. When teenagers read a dream of red mansions, they only see "love in sadness, love in sorrow" When reading in old age, you can read "a piece of absurd words and a bitter tear". When you don't have enough time, or when you read some "difficult" books, you might as well take this method. Some people are sleepy as soon as they study and can't concentrate. Then read in sections. Most people concentrate most in half an hour. We can use this half an hour to read about 10,000 words at a time.
3. Comparative reading method
Read a few books at a time and read them in a comparative way. "I am not afraid of not knowing books, but I am afraid that books are better than books." Historians who wrote Wei Shu think highly of themselves. Hearing others praise Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms", he was not convinced, so he looked for it and read it again and again. Only then did he know that the reflection was indeed better than his own Wei Shu, and he immediately burned the manuscript. As Chernyshevski said, "Anything far above other things is great." The comparison reading may be horizontal. I wonder what to do with the ugly China. Comparing "Ugly Japanese" will read mystery; It can also be compared vertically. If you don't know Obama, you can read Roosevelt and suddenly realize. You can benefit a lot from this method when doing research or writing papers.
4. Vertical reading method
Read a book with ten lines in one eye, not from left to right, but from top to bottom, just like going down stairs. The writer Gorky is like this. Because some books contain too little gold, just browse; Some books are all-encompassing, so it is impossible to read them intensively. For example, it takes 72 years to read an average of 30 thousand words a day. Few people can read intensively; If you don't know the advantages and disadvantages of some books, you should read them quickly and then decide whether you need intensive reading. A faster method, also called "skip reading", is to grasp the outline, main events or central arguments of the article, cut off branches and leaves, supplement narratives, backgrounds, quotations and other contents, and skip reading. Vertical reading can effectively improve reading efficiency, which is quite good for reading ordinary novels or browsing materials quickly.
5. Choose your words carefully
Read every word carefully. A good work is rich in information and gold, just like a good beef jerky, which has almost no water, is the essence of every sentence, and is bound to be indigestion. So you must read and think. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Mencius also said: "the official thinking of the heart, thinking is obtained." Not without thinking. " Qin Mu, a great essayist, studied books, first "swallowed whales" and then "chewed cows", and studied the taste as carefully as cows ate grass and ruminated. My experience is that people who read books with their eyes can only learn with their eyes and hearts. Careful choice of words is especially suitable for reading classics. For example, reading of the analects of confucius, Tao Te Ching and Meditations. The more you chew, the more interesting it is. It can also be used to deepen the understanding of the core content and wonderful fragments in the book.
6, essence extraction method
For some works, we should not only read intensively, but also summarize and refine the essence. In 1930s, a large number of academic masters emerged in China: "No pen and ink, no reading". Every time you read a book, draw symbols such as circles, bars and dots in important places, write a lot of comments in eyebrows and blank places, and write down reading notes or experiences at any time. Historian Wu Han is especially good at making reading cards. When you see something useful while reading, copy it on a card. I have read books for decades and made hundreds of thousands of cards. Wang Li, a linguist, said, "If you have no problem with reading a book, you can say that you didn't read it well." Zhu Guangqian, an aesthete, especially praised writing reading notes: "Taking notes can not only help you remember, but also force you to be careful". My experience is, "Read thousands of books and tell a story." Reading a book can really extract a few useful words, even if it is not read in vain.
7. Mountain climbing method
Read with appreciation. Read delicious food and have fun. As the Song Dynasty poet You Mao said, "Hungry readers should be meat, cold readers should be fur, lonely readers should be friends, and sad readers should be stones, harps and harps". My experience is that the more impetuous people are, the more arrogant they are, the deeper they are, and the more afraid they are of the truth. Reading a noble book is talking to a noble person. The more pious your attitude is, the greater your gains will be. This method is most suitable for reading religious, philosophical and military classics, such as Bible, Book of Changes and Sun Tzu's Art of War.
8, condescending method
Stand higher and study like a teacher checking students' homework. Several editors I know generally look at popular "bestsellers" in this way. Indeed, if you are "stunned" by those "dazzling" books and accept them uncritically, you will, as Schopenhauer said, "be led by others." Regularly checking the articles you read can continuously improve your ability of analysis and judgment. My experience: a book is "read" with a fan's mind and "read" with a critical mind. It feels very different. When I studied Drucker, I first looked up at the mountain and then looked down. I learned a lot and found the master's problems. To achieve the combination of appreciation and appreciation, the generation is stronger than the generation, and the level of readers can be higher than that of books.
9. Multidimensional reading method
Reading a book from multiple angles, such as reading Shakespeare's Hamlet, can be read from the perspectives of human nature, politics and literary appreciation. The artistic conception will be very different to read. That's what the so-called "a thousand people have a thousand Hamlets in their eyes" means. Mathematician Hua invented the "guessing reading method" to read from the perspective of guessing. After reading the topic, close your eyes and meditate, guess the structure and content of the book, and then read it again. If the author writes as he guesses, he can read quickly. This not only greatly saves time, but also cultivates his thinking ability and imagination.
10, seek medical advice.
Liu Xiang, a Confucian scholar in the Han Dynasty, famously said that books are still medicine, and good reading can cure fools. The way to seek medical treatment and medication is to study with problems, seek medical treatment due to illness and prescribe the right medicine. Writer Wang Meng has realized that if you have bipolar disorder, you should read Laozi. My experience: "Reading breaks thousands of volumes", the word "broken", the effort is not to "break" the book.