Take prose as an example:
Modern prose language requires accuracy, vividness, image and popularity. To appreciate the language of modern prose, we should try our best to chew the text according to the ideological content and expression form, and understand how it vividly expresses the mental outlook of the characters, and even how to describe the scenery, scenes and render the atmosphere.
First of all, connoisseurs should fully grasp the key words in a specific language environment. For example, in My Teacher, when describing a teacher's crocodile tears, the author wrote the following sentence: "I perceive that a child loves us with her sly eyes", in which the word "cunning" is usually interpreted as "scheming and untrustworthy", but in the specific language environment of this article, derogatory words are used to mean "naughty".
Secondly, the appreciator should grasp the vivid words and analyze the state of things and the activities of characters. For example, "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "Three Ponds Reflecting the Moon" describe the scenery of the Hundred Herbs Garden. The flower beds are green, the stone wells are slippery, the locust trees are high, the mulberry trees are purple, the cicadas are singing in the leaves, and the fat wasps are squatting on the cauliflower, deftly calling the son of heaven (lark) straight. With a series of expressive words, the author accurately and realistically shows the characteristics of various scenery in the garden and his love for Baicaoyuan, a childhood paradise.
Thirdly, the appreciator can analyze the function of language expression to convey meaning from the perspective of rhetorical devices. In order to express things concretely and vividly, modern prose often uses various rhetorical devices such as metaphor, personification, antithesis, parallelism and exaggeration to make the language lively and enhance the expressive force of the article. At the same time, paying attention to the integration and application of rhetorical devices is an important means to enhance expressiveness. For example, in Listening to Tide, the verb "Kiss lightly, as if sleepy", "Tremble like a silver scale", "Lift over a rock" and "Silver light shakes with it, like a silver dragon" are used. The sound of the waves hitting the rock changes from lowercase to lowercase, and "Silver scale" and "Silver" are used to express "quietness", and the author uses a series of gentleness, like "Sweet as a lover". Appreciators will naturally be influenced by the beauty of language because of the appropriateness of such refined words and the exquisiteness of language. At the same time, we can also learn language nourishment from the skills of famous writers and gradually improve our ability to control language and writing.
Fourthly, connoisseurs should also pay attention to the harmony of melody, the fluency of language, and the richness and complexity of sentence selection and change. The interactive use of long sentences and short sentences, whole sentences and scattered sentences, regular sentences and variant sentences can make the language form free and flexible, and receive a beautiful music, rhythm and rhythm. For example, remember a spinning wheel, the language of this article is clear, not only because it is simple and natural, but also because most sentences are short and lively, long or short, and pay attention to symmetry. Symmetrical sentences are repeated by syllables, forming a harmonious rhythm and rich lyric style. "The clothes are old and worn, and they also' cherish' themselves and are reluctant to throw them away. Always dirty and washed, broken and patched, wearing water and water, wearing it year after year. " "For example, the requirements for spinning wool and cotton are different. The wool should be loose and dry, and the cotton should be heavier and wetter. " These are interesting languages, which are consistent with the life they show, and also show the author's simple personality and skillful language expression skills.
Fifth, the appreciator should be good at grasping the key sentences of modern prose and understanding the meaning. In the reading of holistic thinking, we can correctly and comprehensively understand and grasp the essence and emotion of modern prose by grasping key sentences and understanding their significance and expressive function in modern prose. Generally speaking, the following types of statements should be regarded as important statements:
Main sentence The main sentence refers to the sentence that plays a central role in the text or performance, and it plays a connecting role in the content and structure of modern prose. For example, the phrase "flowers and people will encounter all kinds of misfortunes, but the long river of life is endless" in Wisteria Falls can be said to be a leap from the author's personal emotional entanglement to his understanding of the essence of life.
The epigram is concise, rich in connotation, thought-provoking, inspiring and inspiring, and is often widely used in modern prose. The essay "Love Life" is full of discussion on the essence and meaning of life, language warning and philosophy. In this paper, seneca's famous words are quoted to strengthen reasoning, and sentences like "I think I enjoy life twice as much as others, because the fun of life depends on our concern for life" are also concise and profound, which makes people think deeply.
Symbolic sentence. Symbolic sentence is a sentence with both practical and symbolic significance in the text, which often has distinct praise and criticism and rich moral connotation. For example, the sentence in "Little Orange Lamp" refers to the little orange lamp, which reads: "I am carrying this clever little orange lamp and walking slowly on the dark and humid mountain road. This hazy orange light really can't shine far; But the little girl's calm, brave and optimistic spirit inspired me. I seem to feel that there is infinite light in front of me. " The description of the dim orange light of the little orange lamp here is to symbolize the light and the spirit of calm, courage and optimism of the little girl, who is the embodiment of the little girl.
Implicit sentences. In modern prose, there are often such statements, whose meanings are implicit, meaningful or different. According to the context, readers can realize that, in popular terms, there is something in the words and something in the subtext. Implicit sentences play a role in expressing the meaning of a song when it is inconvenient to say them directly. For example, The Love of the White Butterfly wrote at the end: "I feel very sad when the white butterfly is in danger, but when it really flies freely, I feel so lost and disappointed. Alas! People, people ... I stood silently for a while, turned and walked to the grass. "The author seems to lament that the selfish elements inherent in human nature are hard to get rid of, but an understanding admirer may prefer to think that this kind of" loss "and" disappointment "is only because the emotional connection between" I "and butterflies has been interrupted. With his rich experience and unique understanding of life, this old writer has changed his mind and made amazing remarks. We care for the weak life in order to make it grow better, and once it grows strong, we must endure the pain of parting from it, because the best care for it at this moment is to let it grow independently and freely and realize everything that life has given it.
Euphemism. This is an implicit sentence of positive description, which is used to express positive people or things. For example, in the autobiography of Lu Xun, "But when I was thirteen years old, my family suddenly suffered a big change, and almost nothing was left;" I live in a relative's house, sometimes called a beggar. "The great changes mentioned in this sentence refer to 1893, when Lu Xun's grandfather Zhou Fuqing was imprisoned for the imperial examination case. The meaning of this sentence tactfully shows that after some drastic changes, Lu Xun's family completely collapsed. As the eldest son of the family, young Lu Xun had to go to the pawnshop to ask for help from relatives and friends, and realized the coldness of the world and the pressure of life prematurely.
Echo sentence. Sentences that echo from beginning to end not only set off each other from the distance in structure, but also deepen the theme in meaning. For example, "The Most Beautiful Tomb in the World" begins with a comparative sentence: "There is nothing more magnificent and moving than the tomb of lev tolstoy." At the end of the article, there is a comparative sentence: "People once again feel that nothing in this world is more touching than this last immortal simplicity." Echoing the comparative sentence at the beginning of the article, it better highlights the simplicity of Tolstoy's "nameless tomb" and makes Tolstoy's tomb "the most beautiful tomb in the world".
Transitional sentence. This kind of sentence plays a transfer or turning point in content, and plays a connecting role in structure, which is a remarkable symbol of paragraph level. For example, at the beginning of the third and fourth paragraphs of Copernicus, there is a progressive complex sentence: "Copernicus published the Theory of the Movement of the Earth, which not only brought a revolution in astronomy, but also opened a new era for the development of all sciences." "... Copernicus's theory not only caused an unprecedented revolution in the history of science, but also had a far-reaching impact on human thought. "The former focuses on inheriting and summarizing the great contribution of Copernicus's theory of earth movement; The latter intends to turn over the next chapter and raise the contribution of Copernicus theory from the level of the history of science to the height of the history of human thought.
Use typical sentences. Refers to the use of allusions in sentences. This kind of sentence can usually be understood literally, but it is better to know the allusions. For example, in the fifth paragraph of Liu's preface, the old saying goes: the fox died in the first hill, so did the beast. Why do people feel inferior? "This sentence quoted two allusions. One is "the fox dies at the first hill", which comes from the sentence "The bird flies back to its hometown, and the fox dies at the first hill" in the Nine Chapters of Chu Ci. It means that no matter how far a bird flies, it will eventually return to its hometown; Legend has it that when a fox dies, he always puts his head towards the hill where he grew up. This allusion means that people will always miss their hometown and never forget their roots. The author also takes this meaning when quoting. Another allusion is "why can people be inferior when animals are like this?" "From" Shi Shuo Xin Yu "was written by Huan Wen, a general of the Jin Dynasty. When he went to the Northern Expedition, he passed by a place he knew well. When he saw the willow he had planted before, he was deeply impressed, so he sighed, "How can people feel inferior without it?" "Later became an allusion. The author uses this allusion flexibly, changing the word "wood" to "beast", so that the word "beast" corresponds to the meaning of the previous word "fox", which naturally and implicitly expresses the author's deep affection.
Such an important sentence, in view of its direct or indirect connection with the theme, its generalization power and its role in the article level, should be regarded by connoisseurs as a "stepping stone" in overall thinking reading, so as to enter the aesthetic field more quickly and accurately and discover the author's intention.
Fourthly, the planning of reading and appreciation methods in modern prose teaching.
Needless to say, the reading and appreciation of modern prose is a major difficulty in Chinese teaching. Because the appreciation level of junior high school students is still in the formative stage, it is not surprising that students mock the teacher's desire with a blank face when attending classes. The crux of the problem lies in whether the program designed by the Chinese teacher to carry the reading and appreciation methods is just right.
It should be said that the reading and appreciation methods of modern prose need teachers to guide students to use them correctly step by step in a rational and perceptual way. As mentioned above, the holistic thinking reading method is not difficult to grasp the aesthetic feeling of the whole work if students use it properly. The following are several effective schemes, which can make students make good use of emotional reading appreciation methods.
1, Reading-Appreciation-Feeling-Taste-Analysis
When reading lyric prose, we can adopt the "five-step appreciation method" of reading beautiful articles, appreciating beautiful scenery, feeling aesthetic feeling, appreciating beautiful sentences and analyzing beautiful words, and appreciate the works from the whole to the part and from the superficial to the deep, and appreciate the beauty. Among them, "reading American literature" requires reading the text smoothly, and the intonation and tone should be appropriate and beautiful; "Appreciating beautiful scenery" requires giving full play to imagination and turning abstract landscape characters into vivid landscape pictures; "Feeling beautiful" means carefully reading the author's thoughts and feelings between the lines. "Taste beautiful sentences" and "analyze beautiful words" mean to taste the meaning and expression effect of beautiful sentences or words. These five steps are aimed at the specific situation of the work, but each step should strive to gain something and have its own discovery and creation. For example, after enjoying the second section of nature in Wisteria Falls, I dictated the picture that appeared in my mind-a brilliant lilac wisteria flower hangs down from the sky like a waterfall, and the purple is deep and shallow ... with a little silver light ... This is a vibrant world of flowers, which can give people a quiet and pleasant feeling. With the phrase "It seems to be flowing, smiling and growing constantly", this paper highlights the vitality of wisteria through personification and parallelism. The word "teasing" of "teasing with the sun" vividly shows the beautiful modality of wisteria "shining with silver light" in the sun.
2. Reading-Thinking-Product-Enlightenment
"Reading" means reading aloud, that is, using voice to express feelings and convey the joys and sorrows of the article. Through reading aloud, we can initially perceive the emotional tone of the work, the writer's creative style and so on. "Thinking" means thinking carefully on the basis of reading, grasping the author's thoughts and exploring the author's inner emotional context. Among them, the most important thing is to pay attention to the twists and turns of the thought of the work, grasp the key sentences, central sentences and other important links, and clarify how the author's thoughts and feelings are transferred from one stage to another, so as to understand the thinking skills of the whole article. "Taste" should be carried out on the basis of grasping the overall framework of the article and clarifying the author's thinking, that is, to understand, taste and appreciate the work more deeply, and to expand association and imagination from the language materials, the meaning of the work and the author's emotion. "Enlightenment" means that the appreciator actively participates in the work and forms his own unique understanding and sentiment. For example, watching Fishing is Better than Fishing is easy to understand and full of philosophy. Appreciators can read aloud first to understand the main idea; Then, while reading carefully, I think about the role of the sentence "I fish, not for fish" in the article until the article sets off the old professor with the beautiful scenery as the background, and so on. Next, I appreciate the scenery, quotations, dialogues and discussions in the article, and appreciate how the author talks about unnatural "fishing is not as good as fishing", and finally form my own opinion: we must love our work and devote endless interest to it before we can make a difference.
3. Reading ratio theory
When reading modern prose with profound implications, or one or several related works, we can draw up several topics or comparable points from different angles according to their specific contents, carefully read and analyze them with these topics or comparable points, and then say some words in a thematic and detailed order around a topic or comparable point, so as to achieve the purpose of thoroughly understanding the works (also called "topic-guided reading appreciation method"). Using this method to appreciate and remind happiness, we can draw up the following topics: reminding disaster, reminding happiness, reminding happiness of confusion, reminding happiness of too many metaphors, and adding luster to reminding happiness with parallelism and parallelism. However, we should not only quote as many language materials as possible, but also try to be targeted. Using this method to appreciate these two essays, we can draw similarities and differences from the perspectives of theme, content, thinking, expression and language use, so as to further enter the author's spiritual world and deepen the understanding of the texts. Like talking about life, Fear of Life praises the persistence and tenacity of "life" by narrative, description and lyricism. Love Life focuses on discussion and expounds the author's views on "life". The former focuses on lyric, while the latter focuses on reasoning. From the perspective of writing, "Fear of Life" focuses on the central event (several trees by the lake are constantly scattering white fibers), and according to the passage of time (one summer afternoon, several hours passed, the whole afternoon, the whole night, the next day and those days), it gradually writes out the author's emotional changes (no great concern, just simple surprise, surprise and shock, full of admiration, awe and emotion). Love Life first compares two different attitudes towards life ("philosophers" ignore the existence of life; "I" think that life is worthy of praise and full of fun), and then reveal the essence of life (the essence of life lies in death) and express my love for life (the shorter the remaining life, the more I want to enrich it).
4. Reading-Enlightenment
"Reading" is the means and "enlightenment" is the purpose. Reciting famous books repeatedly and realizing their subtleties can be called rapid appreciation. The ancients said, "You can read a book a hundred times before you know its meaning." When reading modern prose, we should pay special attention to reading aloud-that is, pronunciation and intonation, thoughts and feelings, image and literary talent. Of course, "reading" is exquisite. In order to achieve the purpose of in-depth understanding of the works, the "directed reading appreciation method" can be adopted. I plan to read a book lightly and experience the situation. Appreciators can read the works quietly with questions, and with the help of the text, through association and imagination, turn the language in the text into vivid pictures, so as to talk about what they have seen and heard. In this way, the appreciator naturally strengthens the feelings of language and situation in the psychological transformation of "mutual change of calligraphy and painting", which lays the foundation for language understanding. I intend to read silently to realize my meaning. "Read silently and concentrate on this article." Reading and thinking silently can better understand the meaning contained in the language. I'm going to read it to understand the law. After understanding the content and language connotation, the appreciator will further strengthen the understanding of language thinking and language emotion in the exploration of the combination of language form and language connotation, from which he can deeply understand the law of language and form the ability to understand and use language. I'm going to read aloud to understand my feelings. On the basis of understanding the language connotation and language skills, we can reproduce the image described by the language by reading aloud, show the language connotation and convey the feelings expressed by the language, so that the image beauty, emotional beauty and technical beauty of the language can be fully displayed by the choice of tone, the change of speech speed, the fluctuation of intonation and the level of pronunciation when reading aloud, so as to appreciate the beauty of the language. For example, if you appreciate the poetic landscape prose "Golden Hat", you can read it lightly and imagine a stormy picture full of joy of life and pure childlike innocence. Then through silent reading, I can see the story from the picture and understand the innocent and lively lovely images of the two brothers and sisters. Then through reading, I understand that the author used three lenses to show the changes of wind and rain and dye the story. The use of personification and metaphor makes the language vivid, vivid and appropriate. Mainly through reading aloud, we can realize the brotherhood of brother and sister.