Prussian spirit, which is a very awesome term, is based on its militaristic system. The whole country is a big military camp, and the whole state institution is a military machine, which fully supports a huge army representing national honor. "Prussian spirit" reached its peak in the era of Frederick II, and this king also stayed in the long river of history as a "god of war". Frederick II is undoubtedly a lucky man, and his ancestors left him rich capital. The Hornsauron family developed from a city-state owner in the Swiss mountains to a ruler in the vast land of North Germany, with titles ranging from earl to elector to king. More importantly, it left him a powerful and efficient army. But in his youth, Frederick was a man who loved freedom, literature and art, hated autocracy and obedience, and was full of rebellious character. It happened that he had a rigid and stubborn "military king" father, so a common contest between control and anti-control was launched between father and son, and when this contest happened in the Wang family, it became even more cruel. Young Frederick was often beaten with his father's stick and verbally stimulated. /kloc-when he was 0/8 years old, he tried to escape with several companions in order to resist the marriage arranged by his father. As a result, he was put in prison and arranged to watch the bloody scene of his companions being beheaded. The days in prison made him pass through the agitation of adolescence, and he began to become deep and rational, and the traditions of the Hohensolen family began to appear in him. In the following days, he became interested in politics and military affairs, participated in the practice of the Polish war of succession to the throne, and initially established a set of military theories. 1740, he inherited the throne and a well-trained army of more than 80,000 people, and continued to expand this army to more than 200,000 people, becoming a tool to practice his theory that "the basic law of the government is to expand territory". Frederick is not only an outstanding military commander, but also a wise military theorist. He founded the famous theory of "oblique entry into battle queue", the main point of which is to retract one wing of one's own combat team and strengthen the other wing that is ready to attack, so that it can form an advantage locally and attack the enemy's flank, which is suitable for the situation of winning more with less, and win a decisive point before the enemy's large troops enter the war. He also established many famous operational principles, such as "protecting your flank and rear, bypassing the enemy's flank and rear" and taking the annihilation of the enemy's effective forces as the main goal. Frederick had a good practice opportunity in his first year in office. 1740, Austrian grand duchess Maria Tracy succeeded her father. Because women's succession is unprecedented in Germany, Frederick used this as an excuse to form an alliance with France, Bavaria and Saxony and launched a war against Austria. The Austrian side has the support of Britain, which is known in history as "the war of succession to the Austrian throne". Frederick is not interested in the Austrian throne. He wants Silesia, a developed industrial base where Germans are concentrated. The war went very smoothly. Pu Jun quickly occupied the whole Silesia and defeated the Austrian army in the battles of Molwitz and Huo Tussis. Frederick skillfully used the contradiction between Austria and France, and Bavaria won one after another, and finally occupied the whole Silesia through the Dresden Peace Treaty, becoming the biggest beneficiary of this war. But the stubborn Austrian queen Maria Tracy refused to give up, threatening: "For the strength of Austria, I will not hesitate to sell the last skirt!" " "She is determined to recapture Silesia and pull France, Russia and Sweden to her side through diplomatic means, while Frederick allied with Britain. 1756, the situation was even worse. Britain and France fought mainly overseas, while Prussia alone competed with Austria, France and Russia on the European continent. Frederick was outnumbered by his diplomatic blunders, but he achieved a series of classics in the military. 1757 The Battle of Rosbach was a masterpiece of enemy annihilation in mobile warfare, and the Battle of Leiten was a perfect practice of "leaning into the battle queue" and a masterpiece of motivation and determination. However, despite this, Prussia's national strength was exhausted in the face of the advance of the main enemy, and Berlin was in danger. Frederick had been to the front and was ready to commit suicide at any time. Fortunately, the change of Russian regime gave him a chance to breathe, and finally ended the "Seven Years War" with dignity and saved Silesia. The "Seven Years' War" not only affected Europe, but also America and Asia. Because Frederick contained France's military power to the greatest extent, France could not take care of its colonies in North America and India, and the control of Canada and India fell into the hands of the British. In terms of territorial expansion, 1772, Frederick joined forces with Russia and Austria to carve up Poland for the first time, and obtained a large area of land along the Baltic Sea, connecting East Prussia and the national headquarters. Frederick was admired by later generations mainly because of his military prestige, but he was also a master in politics. He crowned his rule with the most popular label "enlightened autocracy" in Europe at that time. In fact, he is more dictatorial than enlightened. He reorganized the "highest administrative body of finance, military and royal territory", making power more concentrated in the hands of the king himself. He asked his men to be efficient and honest, but they were not allowed to think independently. " The king is the only brain, and the bureaucrats are just his hands and feet. "He asked every lieutenant to focus on their own areas of responsibility, only they can grasp the overall situation. Of course, the premise of all this is that the king himself is very diligent and enjoys reading official documents and letters from morning till night. It is not an exaggeration to describe it as "painstaking". Of course, as an emperor who was influenced by the enlightenment thought in the18th century, Frederick's "enlightenment" was not just a whitewash. He led the leading judicial reform in Europe at that time, and published a unified draft constitution in Prussia for the first time, expressing the spirit of rule of law and judicial independence that the king completely gave up interfering in the judiciary, adhering to the spirit of Roman law that "everything should be decided by all" and ordering people to discuss legal provisions extensively and solicit opinions extensively. /kloc-The comments of politicians and philosophers in the 0/8th century on "enlightenment", such as religious tolerance, encouraging scientific culture and relaxing censorship of books and newspapers, are all reflected in the Constitution. Frederick also actively set up schools to improve the compulsory education system initiated by his father. 1763 promulgated the Regulations on Rural Schools, stipulating that children aged 5 to 13 must receive compulsory education. Prussia became the first country in the world to establish a relatively standardized compulsory education system. Frederick claimed to be a "natural philosopher" and had close contacts with Voltaire, the leader of the Enlightenment, but eventually parted ways because of different aspirations. In Frederick's thoughts in his later years, "autocracy" became more and more important. Frederick devoted himself to improving the situation of farmers, building water conservancy projects and promoting mercantilism. During his 40-odd years in power, despite the continuous wars, Prussia's economy developed rapidly, with the population increasing from 2.2 million to 5.43 million, the annual tax revenue nearly tripled, and the national treasury reserve increased from 8 million to 50 million. He left his successor a strong and prosperous Prussia. Therefore, he was honored as "frederick the great" by later generations. Frederick the great is a recognized strategist, politician and self-styled philosopher. He is also a writer with beautiful writing style, leaving behind many works such as Principles of War, Political Model, Military Model, and Outline of Disposal Methods and Tactics. He loved literature and art all his life and was good at playing the flute. Frederick the great is an important figure in the history of European military development. He inherited Gustav Adolphus, Du Lunni, Eugen, Napoleon and Mao Qi in military practice and theory. He changed the political situation in Europe. Later, Prussia was able to accumulate the power to unify Germany, and the frederick the great era was a key. However, some people think that Prussia, which became more and more militaristic in Frederick's time, can find the shadow of Nazi Germany later. Frederick the great is a very complicated figure, and it seems difficult to sum it up in one article. This paper focuses on his influence on history, and it may be more appropriate to rank him in the position of 4 1, after Suleiman I and before Gustav Adolphus. Hint: The institutional advantage is the strong foundation of Prussia, including the institutional advantage of being one step ahead of neighboring countries in military affairs, justice and education. The formidable "Prussian spirit" is actually manifested through the perseverance and irresistible nature of the implementation system. In contrast, frederick the great's military command art is just icing on the cake.

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