According to "Zhuangzi Waipian", "It is far from great to decorate a novel as a county magistrate!" The meaning of this sentence is: "embellish the novel to gain high fame and reputation." The name of the novel originated from this sentence, which has been more than two thousand years. However, the meaning of the word "novel" at that time was different from the so-called novel now. At that time, novels referred to controversial words, which were symmetrical with "da da". Dada refers to a theory or profound truth; Fiction refers to humble and trivial remarks, which are not as big as big and belong to derogatory terms.
In Han Dynasty, Ban Gu listed novels as an independent family in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, and said, "Novelists speak in the marketplace." At the same time, he lists many works that he thinks are novels, which are close to the novels mentioned now. Novels of the Han Dynasty, as Huan Tan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, pointed out in Xin Yu, are mostly "small words". By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some novels had got rid of the form of "Xiao Yan", such as Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio and novels for the elderly, which had preliminary characterization, plot, fiction and imagination, and their structures tended to be complete. Since then, as an important genre, it began to be independent from the forest of literature, but it did not finally get rid of its dependence on historical works.
Novels were called "legends" in the Tang Dynasty and developed to a new stage. At this time, the novel has a wide range of themes, long length, complete story, euphemistic plot and vivid characters. Since then, as a literary novel, it is basically mature in art. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's classical novels have entered a prosperous period. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, like Tang Poetry, Song Ci and Yuan Qu, have made brilliant achievements, and quite a number of works with great influence at home and abroad have appeared. /China culture /shicixiaoshuo/xiaoshuo.htm China ancient novels have a long history. The article "The Development and Laws of China's Ancient Novels" was selected into the fifth volume of senior high school, which reviewed and summarized the development process and characteristics of China's ancient novels from a macro perspective, with concise narration and accurate judgment. In such a limited space, it is difficult to make a detailed and thorough discussion on all aspects of the history of novel development and its regularity. This paper aims to explain some problems in the evolution of China's ancient novel concept, which may be helpful to understand Mr. Wu Zujian's article. First, the concept of ancient and modern novels far away in the sky In China, "novel" is an ancient name of more than 2,000 years.
When we say novel today, we undoubtedly mean a kind of literary style, which expresses narrative content in the form of prose, focuses on characterization, and reflects social life and thoughts and feelings through fictional storylines and concrete life scenes. But this was not the case in ancient times. At first, "novel" not only had no stylistic significance, but also was a contemptuous noun. Its connotation is very different in different historical periods, and it took a long process of development and evolution to get such a concept today. Looking back, the word "novel" first appeared in Zhuangzi's Zhuangzi Waipian, a famous thinker and writer in the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi is a man who has a great influence on China culture. It is this well-known Zhuangzi who put forward the word "novel" for the first time when discussing the ultimate pursuit of his philosophy-the way of nature: it is far from great to decorate a novel as a county magistrate. "County" has the word "hanging" in ancient times, which is also high. "Order" is beauty. Zhuangzi believes that it is impossible to achieve high prestige and good reputation by the tide of compiling local records. In order to explain this truth thoroughly, he cited the example of Ren Gongzi fishing. Ren Gongzi is different from others. With a big hook in his hand, he threw the bait made of fifty yaks into the East China Sea, and then squatted on Huiji Mountain in Zhejiang Province to catch the fish safely. A day passed, a month passed, a year passed, and no fish was hooked. He is still very calm. Suddenly, one day, a big fish swam over and swallowed the bait. The rolling and prancing of the big fish made the sea rough, and white waves soared into the sky, scaring people in Fiona Fang thousands of miles away. Ren Gongzi finally caught a big fish, and everyone around him enjoyed the delicious fish. Zhuangzi was deeply touched by this: How can those who go straight to rivers and ditches with small poles and strings and guard some catfish and crucian carp catch big fish? Ren Gongzi likes to relax and hate work, but he catches a big fish. It seems that everything can only succeed if it is left to its own devices. This is Zhuangzi's last point.
Zhuangzi's "novel" mentioned in the above quotation is just a road opposite to "Da", as Mr. Lu Xun said: "However, the real case is trivial, which is different from the so-called novelist later." (1) Zhuangzi put "novel" and "greatly" simultaneously, which obviously belittled "novel" and praised "greatly". He regarded hundred schools of thought, such as Confucianism and Mohism, as trivial talk unrelated to Taoism, and regarded them as "novels" rather than "greatness". Although the concept of "novel" put forward here is far from modern novels, it is the earliest source of the word "novel" in ancient China. Because of Zhuangzi's contempt, "novel" can not only coexist with "Da", but also evolve and develop from "Da" until it becomes a modern so-called literary novel quite different from ancient times. Liu Tingji in Qing Dynasty said: "Although Gai's novels have the same name, they are far from each other in ancient and modern times." ② Very reasonable. Second, evaluate Huan Tan in The Novel from the stylistic sense. In the process of the development and evolution of the concept of "novel", Huan Tan was an indispensable figure in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Huan Tan was a famous thinker in Han Dynasty, who was proficient in astronomy and music. His "new theory" covers politics, philosophy, literature, art and many other fields, with rich content. Unfortunately, the book has been lost, and only later generations compiled it. In this book, he made the following comments on the novel: If his novelist combines small words and makes a short book, take care of his body and his family, he will have a considerable number of words. This passage is quoted from Wenxun. It is remarkable because Huan Tan made his own judgment and evaluation on The Novel from several different angles. From the content, he thinks that "novel" is different from classics, and it is a miscellaneous note composed of some fragmentary and trivial languages. The "simplified book" in the quotation refers to this kind of miscellaneous notes. All official books in the Han Dynasty, such as Jing, Fa, etc., were written with bamboo slips of 2 feet and 4 inches, while books other than official books, such as miscellaneous notes, were written with bamboo slips shorter than this specification, so they were called "short books". Formally, the novel adopts the expression of "analogy theory", which is a bit visual. Functionally, it provides people with experiences and lessons that can be used for reference, which is helpful to manage the body and family. Looking at the above points together, we will find that Huan Tan began to endow "novel" with stylistic meaning, and gradually approached our understanding today, just as Mr. Lu Xun said: "The beginning is similar to the later novels". (4) For the first time, Huan Tan made the "novel" with messy connotations have stylistic significance, but for a long time, people's understanding of the novel failed to surpass him. In this sense, we should fully affirm this pioneer who made appropriate comments on ancient novels. Third, the name "novelist" appeared in the Han Dynasty. The name "novelist" officially appeared in the Han Dynasty. Ban Gu, a historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, compiled a special book "The Records of Arts and Literature" in the book "Han Shu", which specifically discussed the origin of various academic factions and recorded the catalogue of books that have existed since ancient times. The so-called Yi Wen Zhi refers to six arts such as poetry, calligraphy, Yi, Spring and Autumn, etiquette and military affairs, and Wen refers to a hundred literary schools, so Yi Wen Zhi refers to all books including a hundred six arts. Literary Annals is a great creation of Ban Gu. It is not only the first Catalogue of Historical Records in the history of bibliography in China, but also the earliest existing book catalogue in China. Since then, it has been handed down from generation to generation, or it is called "literary history" or "Gyeonggi history". They provide a lot of valuable information for future generations to study the changes of books and the development of culture in various times. No wonder some people say, "If you don't know China literature, you can't. People who are interested in art and literature are the eyes of learning and the gateway to writing. "
In the Annals of Literature and Art, Ban Gu divided the books at that time into several categories, including The Philosopher. He also divided the philosophers into nine schools and ten schools, such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Yin and Yang School. At the end of the tenth school, there was a novel. Ban Gu also listed 15 novelists' novels, including 1380 (actually 1390). Unfortunately, these books have been lost, and we can only get a glimpse of them from the remaining legacy and Ban Gu's notes. The books of these novelists not only record historical facts, but also talk about monsters; There are both philosophical explanations and customs records, which are complex and all-encompassing, and most of them have nothing to do with literature.
Judging from Ban Gu's ranking at the bottom of the top ten novelists, he looks down on novels. He even said, "There are ten schools of thought, but only nine are impressive", excluding novels from being impressive. However, in any case, this is the first time in the history of China's novels that the name of a novelist appears, and the first time that a work officially named Xiao Shuo appears. It is of positive significance to clearly list "novel" as a family in the official history of authority and compare it with Confucianism and Taoism, and also point out that it comes from the people.
Of course, when it comes to Ban Gu's Hanshu, we can't help but mention Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and their seven views in the Western Han Dynasty, because "those who wrote Hanshu copied seven views, and those who' deleted their essentials' were also successful". 6. Liu Xiang is the fourth grandson of Liu Jiao, the younger brother of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. According to the biography of Han Chu Yuan, he is "a simple man with no dignity, honest and happy, not paying attention to worldly affairs, focusing on Confucian classics, reading during the day, watching the stars at night, or not sleeping." Liu Xiang is very talented and good at writing articles. He used to be a doctor, minister, doctor Guanglu and other official positions. When discussing the gains and losses of current politics, he was realistic and honest. Seven Views initiated by him and completed by his son is China's first systematic catalogue work. Ban Gu spoke highly of Liu and his son's knowledge and personality, saying that Liu Xiang was a rare talent after Confucius. Ban Gu also appreciates the classification and cataloging theory and method of Qilue. When he recorded the ancient books of the Western Han Dynasty, he made additions, deletions and innovations on this basis, and compiled Han Shu Literature and Art Records. Unfortunately, the seven laws have long been lost. We don't know the details of Liu and his son's revision of poetry and the style of the original book. However, if we trace back to the source, is it more appropriate to say that the name "novelist" originated from this? 4. The indissoluble bond between novel and historical biography. The great influence of historical biography literature on China's ancient novel creation is probably a rare phenomenon in the history of world novel development. Liang Qichao once said: "In ancient China, there was no knowledge beyond history, and the records of human knowledge were absorbed from history." All landowners that's true. The brilliant achievements of historical biography literature and its lofty position in the cultural palace made China's ancient novels try their best to get close to it from the beginning. Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty was the key figure who made them have an indissoluble bond. Ban Gu clearly put forward the conclusion that the novel was written by an official for the first time in his Han Shu Literature and Art Annals. He said: Novelists are mobile and made by officials. Talk in the street and listen to what the speaker has done. In China, the "king of ancient times", a historian, must write a book ... left Shi Yan, right Shi Yan ... emperors are different "(ibid.). Historians specialize in recording state affairs, the words and deeds of emperors and other major events. Official is a kind of small official, which specializes in collecting gossip and hearsay that historians despise, and recording some alley customs that are not based on classics and are not elegant. Rumors are mixed for rulers to observe the folk customs, so Yan Shigu quoted in Hanshu: "Wang wants to know the custom of alley, so he set up an official to say it. "As a historian, Ban Gu expounds the origin and value of novels from the perspective of historians, and he also uses historians' eyes and standards to measure and define novels. He criticized some novelists' novels as "pedantic dependence", but in fact, "pedantic dependence" is nothing more than the supernatural content and initial visualization of some novels, but it does not meet the requirements of historical "recording". It is Ban Gu who deeply buried the characteristics of history in the overall conception of the novel and closely linked the novel with history. For a long time to come, scholars' views on novels were similar to those of Ban Gu. For example, Liu Xie, a famous literary theorist in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, said in Yin Ji: "A word with harmony is like a novel in Jiuxi. Gai barnyard grass official adopted it to listen to it widely. " Liu Zhiji, a famous historian in the Tang Dynasty, said: "It is a novel with knowledge as its bias, but it can participate in the official history, and its origin still exists." ⑧ Until the end of Qing Dynasty, Ji Yun's "Summary of Sikuquanshu" also held this view. These are the continuation and extension of Ban Gu's view of history. Ban Gu's judgment became an authoritative thought with far-reaching influence, and the long-term relationship between novels and historical biography literature began. But among popular writers, the understanding of novels is constantly improving, which is another problem, which is not discussed here. The name novel has a long history.
According to "Zhuangzi Waipian", "It is far from great to decorate a novel as a county magistrate!" The meaning of this sentence is: "embellish the novel to gain high fame and reputation." The name of the novel came from this sentence as early as two thousand years ago. However, the meaning of the word "novel" at that time was different from the so-called novel now. At that time, the novel refers to the words used in the debate, which is symmetrical with "big". Dada refers to a theory or profound truth; Fiction refers to trivial words, which cannot be compared with greatly, and is a derogatory term.
In the Han Dynasty, Ban Gu listed the novel as an independent family in his Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, and said: "Novelists, gossip and hearsay are also creations." At the same time, he lists many works that he thinks are novels, which are close to the novels mentioned now. Novels of the Han Dynasty, as Huan Tan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, pointed out in his new theory, are mostly "short stories". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the novel got rid of the form of "small print", with preliminary characterization and plot, and the structure tended to be complete. Since then, as an important genre, it has been independent of literature.
Novels were called "legends" in the Tang Dynasty and developed to a new stage. Compared with the "note novels" of the Six Dynasties, the novels at this time are longer, the story is complete, the plot is euphemistic and tortuous, and the characters are detailed and vivid. Since then, as a literary novel, art has basically matured.
See if I can pull the breeze. "
"Wow ~ ~ thiamine! Good wind! "
"That feeling is true ... cool!"
"Look, the car in front is so cool!"
"Shall we keep an eye out?"
"Are you cool today?"
When people around us are talking about it, do you know what cool means?
Of course, pulling the wind is not pulling it by hand when it is windy, nor is it another way of saying fart. According to the research of "experts", the word "pull wind" first appeared in the fourth year of the last decade of the last millennium, that is, in A.D. 1994. In the first shot of "Domestic Zero Paint (Domestic 007)" by Stephen Chow, king of comedy, a melancholy coquette touched her lips and put the word "pull wind" for the first time.
"Do you think you can't find you if you hide? It's no use! You are such a cool person, no matter where you are, you are like a firefly in the dark, so bright and so outstanding. Your sad eyes, your quiet beard, your amazing knife skills and that dry martini fascinated me deeply. However, although you are so excellent, there are rules and regulations. Anyway, you have to pay for the night last night, so women don't have to pay? "
Yes, whether you like it or not, this is the origin of "fashion", the mouth of a debt-collecting prostitute!
However, ten years later, "shit" has become a very colloquial word, which has been endowed with richer connotations and extended meanings. After our summary of Laba wind. Com (www.lafeng.net), as a different part of speech, Lashifeng now has the following meanings:
1 and adjectives
Of course, the adjective "cool" is the most commonly used, which means "cool, fashionable, excellent, avant-garde, sexy ..." It can describe a person's appearance, expression, mood and so on. , or comprehensive temperament. Change all the words into a simple word, and the word "cool" itself is so cool. Speaking, doing and being fashionable are our goals!
2. Verbs
The verb "pull the wind" has the meaning of replacing "hitchhiking", but it is more widely used than "hitchhiking". "Going for a ride" generally refers to driving out a high-speed Mercedes-Benz, while "pulling the wind" pays more attention to driving out to travel, especially long-distance travel. Of course, wherever "going for a ride" is applied, "pulling the wind" can be used instead, but the reverse is not necessarily true. What do you mean, let's have a cool weekend?
Ok, do you know what "cool" means now? Are you familiar with the word "cool" Is it clear what kind of website Lafeng.com is? Then start your glamorous life on the glamorous network!
Defendant: waj JOR- probationary period level 1 7-3 14:06.
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Other answers *** 2
This question is simple. For example, in the street, you parade around dressed as a pig. You're cool.
Interviewee: Anonymous 7-3 13:55
"See if I can pull the wind?"
"Wow ~ ~ thiamine! Good wind! "
"That feeling is true ... cool!"
"Look, the car in front is so cool!"
"Shall we keep an eye out?"
"Are you cool today?"
Do you know what fashion is when people around us are talking about it?
Of course, pulling the wind is not pulling it by hand when it is windy, nor is it another way of saying fart. According to the research of "experts", the word "pull wind" first appeared in the fourth year of the last decade of the last millennium, that is, in A.D. 1994. In the first shot of "Domestic Zero Paint (Domestic 007)" by Stephen Chow, king of comedy, a melancholy coquette touched her lips and put the word "pull wind" for the first time.
"Do you think you can't find you if you hide? It's no use! You are such a cool person, no matter where you are, you are like a firefly in the dark, so bright and so outstanding. Your sad eyes, your quiet beard, your amazing knife skills and that dry martini fascinated me deeply. However, although you are so excellent, there are rules and regulations. Anyway, you have to pay for the night last night, so women don't have to pay? "
Yes, whether you like it or not, this is the origin of "fashion", the mouth of a debt-collecting prostitute!
However, ten years later, "shit" has become a very colloquial word, which has been endowed with richer connotations and extended meanings. After our summary, nowadays, as different parts of speech, fashion style has the following meanings:
1 and adjectives
Of course, the adjective "cool" is the most commonly used, which means "cool, fashionable, excellent, avant-garde, sexy ..." It can describe a person's appearance, expression, mood and so on. , or comprehensive temperament. Change all the words into a simple word, and the word "cool" itself is so cool. Speaking, doing and being fashionable are our goals!
2. Verbs
The verb "pull the wind" has the meaning of replacing "hitchhiking", but it is more widely used than "hitchhiking". "Going for a ride" generally refers to driving out a high-speed Mercedes-Benz, while "pulling the wind" pays more attention to driving out to travel, especially long-distance travel. Of course, wherever "going for a ride" is applied, "pulling the wind" can be used instead, but the reverse is not necessarily true. What do you mean, let's have a cool weekend?
/article/htm/tid_92495.html
China's ancient novels, after a long way, didn't really have novel elements until the Tang Dynasty.
1, Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties-the embryonic period of ancient novels. Myths, fables, historical biographies, unofficial history legends, religious stories, etc. This period gave birth to the artistic factors of the novel, prepared the conditions for the formation of the novel, and also revealed the clues that the novel formed two categories in its childhood.
Myths: such as Jingwei filling the sea, Goddess mending the sky, Kuafu day by day, etc. The fairy tale is simple and the characters have a certain personality, which is the artistic element of the novel in its embryonic stage.
Fable story is a short and satirical literary style, which is characterized by explaining an abstract truth through false stories. Pre-Qin fables that dared to interfere in life contributed to the formation of the realistic tradition of China's ancient novels, and their satirical art was directly inherited and used for reference by later novels. Later, the satirical art in satirical novels was positively influenced by fables. It is one of the earliest narrative literature, creating a precedent of consciously fictional stories, and its artistic experience in narrative, personification, figuration and exaggeration is absorbed by novelists.
Historical Records initiated China's biographical history, changed the tradition of narrating historical events in chronological or ethnic style, and interpreted history with people and their historical activities as the center. As far as the influence on the novel is concerned, in addition to the realistic creation method, it also lies in the tortuous and meticulous description of interesting story scenes, which vividly shows the identity and personality of the characters. The story is vivid, the characters are vivid and full of drama and novel meaning, which not only provides rich themes for later novels, but also directly provides artistic experience in writing stories and shaping characters for the formation of novel style.
China's ancient novels are closely related to religious superstitions and legends. It can be said that they formed an indissoluble bond, thus forming two categories of strange words and strange rules in ancient novels. The religious form in the pre-Qin period was mainly witchcraft.
2. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-childhood of ancient novels. At this time, there appeared "Zhi Ren" and "Zhi Guai" novels, collectively referred to as note novels. During this period, China's novels began to take shape, such as Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Gan Bao's Search for Ji Shen. These novels are not mature enough in art, but only "rough": the characters can't write a complete image, and the stories written are mostly factual and lack artistic fiction. The author is just looking for strange stories, not consciously creating novels.
3. Tang Dynasty-the mature period of ancient novels. The legend of the Tang Dynasty appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The appearance of the Tang legend marks the maturity of China's classical novels. Compared with the works of childhood, the novels of the Tang Dynasty have made great progress: writing novels consciously, moving from ghosts and gods and anecdotes to real life, and making great creation and improvement in art. Famous tang legends are: Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Biography of Yingying by Yuan Zhen, Biography of Liu Yi by Li, Biography of Li Wa by Bai Xingjian.
4. Song Dynasty-the generation of scripts. In the Song Dynasty, there appeared a vernacular novel-storybook, also known as "storybook novel". Since then, the history of novels with classical Chinese short stories as the mainstream has gradually changed into that with vernacular novels as the mainstream. At the same time, classical Chinese novels still exist, and so far, novels have always been the proper names of story styles. The appearance of the script is "a great change in the history of novels"; From classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, it not only enhances the expressive force of the novel, but also expands the audience and improves the social function of the novel; The object of the work description changed from feudal scholars to civilians, and the ideological point of view and aesthetic taste of the work changed; It laid the foundation for vernacular short stories and novels. Representative works include Wrong Chop of Cui Ning and Three Kingdoms Pinghua.
5. Ming dynasty-vernacular novels flourished. In the Ming Dynasty, "parody of books" appeared. That is, novels created by Ming literati imitating the system and form of scripts. Such as "Jade Tang Chun Finding Husband Difficult" and "Du Shiniang's Wrath Box". The Ming Dynasty is an era of vigorous development of vernacular novels. Famous writers' works: The Story of Qingping Mountain Hall by Hong Kun, Three Characters by Feng Menglong (performed by Yu Shiming, performed by Yu Shiming) and Two Beats by Ling Mengchu (the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise).
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Zhang Hui Style Novels" appeared. It is characterized by sub-titles, often with one or two central events as an episode, each episode is roughly equal in length, and the plots are connected before and after. Spoken words such as "say something" and "listen to the next episode" are often used at the beginning and the end, interspersed with poems and rhymes, so suspense is set at the end to attract readers. During this period, China's ancient novels reached their peak and produced a large number of immortal masterpieces. In the early Ming Dynasty, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong) and The Water Margin (Shi Naian) came out one after another, which marked that the history of China's novels entered a new stage. Since then, China's novels have gone from short stories to short stories. The "Four Wonder Books" are outstanding among all kinds of novels: Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the first novel in the history of novels and a model of historical novels; The Water Margin is not only the first work describing peasant uprising, but also a model of heroic legend. The Journey to the West (Wu Cheng'en) is not only the first ghost novel of China, but also a model of ghost novels. Jin Ping Mei is not only the first novel about the world, but also the first novel written by a scholar alone.
6. Qing Dynasty-the climax of novel creation. The appearance of The Scholars (Wu) and A Dream of Red Mansions (Cao Xueqin) in Qing Dynasty pushed novel creation to a climax. At this time, the famous short story in classical Chinese was Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.
After A Dream of Red Mansions, due to the reasons of the times, the novel creation was in a low state, and it didn't prosper until the late Qing Dynasty. There are more than 1000 kinds of novels in the late Qing Dynasty, among which Li Boyuan and Wu Woyao, the Adventures of Twenty Years, Liu E's Travel Notes of the Old Disabled, and Ceng Pu's Flowers of Evil Sea.
To sum up, the history of the development of China's ancient novels is roughly as follows: before the Song Dynasty, it was a single-line development of classical Chinese short stories; Song and Yuan Dynasties were the two-line development of classical Chinese and vernacular short stories. Since the Ming dynasty, it has been a multi-line development of classical Chinese, vernacular Chinese, novels and short stories, showing a colorful state.
The characteristics of China's ancient novels are: paying attention to the description of characters' movements, language and details, and showing characters' images in contradictions and conflicts; The plot is tortuous and the story is complete; The language is accurate and concise, vivid and fluent, and full of personality; The narrative style obviously bears the imprint of a storyteller.
○ China's classical poems:
Peach blossoms are red in the east and west, and officialdom literati love golden urn. Three words and two pats praise the present, serializing the history book West Chamber Mirror.
Attachment: Dong-(Qing) Cai's History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty; West-(Ming) Journey to the West, Wu Cheng'en; Three-(Ming) Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms; Water-(Ming) Shi Naian's Water Margin; Peach Blossom-(Qing) Kong's Peach Blossom Fan; Red-(Qing) Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions; Officialdom-(Qing) Li Boyuan's "Officialdom in the Sky"; Scholar-(Qing) Wu's scholar; Jin Ping Mei-(Ming) Lan Ling smiled and gave birth to Jin Ping Mei; Three words-(Ming) Feng Menglong's "Yu's Inscription" and Hexingyan; The second beat-(Ming) Ling Mengchu's Surprise at the First Moment and Surprise at the Second Moment; Past and Present-The Legend of the Past and Present compiled by the cinerary casket old man: Liaozhai-(Qing) Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Liaozhai; History book-Sima Qian's Historical Records (Western Han Dynasty); The Romance of the West Chamber-(Yuan) Wang Shifu's Romance of the West Chamber; Mirror-(Qing) Li Ruzhen's "The Edge of a Mirror Flower". /kdbc/wxcs/2005 10/882 . html