Confucius said, "Isn't it pleasant to learn knowledge and often review your lessons? Isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar? " Don't annoy people who don't know themselves. Isn't he a moral gentleman? "
To annotate ...
(1) Zi: In ancient China, it was a title of respect for people with status and knowledge, sometimes called men. "Confucius" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius.
(2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to learning the traditional cultural classics such as rites, music, poems and books of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Time habit: During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "time" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". However, Zhu interpreted "time" as "constant" in his book The Analects of Confucius. "Xi" refers to exercises, rituals and music; Comment on poetry and books. It also means review, internship and practice.
(4) Say: the sound of yuè means joy, joy and joy.
(5) Have friends: There is a book called Friends and Friends. The old note said, "friends of the same school", that is, friends studying under the same teacher, that is, like-minded people.
(6) Music: different from talking. The old note said that joy is in the heart and joy is outside.
(7) People don't know: This sentence is incomplete, and there is nothing that people don't know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing is understanding. People don't know, that is, others don't know themselves.
(8) Yan: Anger, resentment.
Zeng Zi said, "I am unfaithful to others in three provinces (xǐng)? Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? " Study and study
Ceng Zi said: "I will reflect on myself many times every day: Have I tried my best to work for others? Is it honest to associate with friends? Have I reviewed the knowledge taught by the teacher? "
To annotate ...
(1): Zeng Zi was born in 505 BC, and his surname was Zeng (pronounced shēn). He was born in the state of Lu, and he is a descendant of the nobles in the mountain country who were destroyed by the state of Lu. Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.
(2) Three provinces: province, inspection xǐng inspection. There are several explanations in the three provinces: first, three inspections; The second is to check from three aspects; The third is to check many times. In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times.
(3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty. We should do our best here.
(4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere. Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people.
(5) Pass on without learning: Pass on, and the old note says, "Master Pass on. The teacher taught himself Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on.
Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher."
Confucius said: read the classics extensively, review what you have learned, and then gain new insights from them, and strive to absorb new knowledge in order to achieve mastery. At this level, you can call it a teacher.
In this chapter, there are two solutions to "review the past and learn the new". One is "review the past and learn the new": review what you have heard and gain new insights from it; The second is to "review the past and learn the new": on the one hand, we should review the stories of laws and regulations, on the other hand, we should strive to acquire new knowledge.
I think it may be more complete to combine these two solutions: within my ability, read the classics as widely as possible, think over their meanings repeatedly, and review what I have heard regularly to gain experience and understanding; And strive to absorb new knowledge; In this way, we can expand the field of human knowledge, and closing the door can also give the sages the meaning of the wisdom era. It can be called "reviewing the past and knowing the new", blending the old and the new, and blending the ancient and the present.
Some scholars believe that it is not appropriate to review the past and learn the new, because literally, only absorbing ancient and modern knowledge without understanding experience is like a buyer and seller of knowledge, not a teacher. So let's look at the meaning of "teacher" first. In the Analects of Confucius, you can find the word "teacher" in chapter 14, which has the same meaning as today's teachers.
So: old knowledge.
Know: comprehend.
Yes, you can.
By: by.
Do sth.
Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Engage in politics
Confucius said: "reading without thinking will confuse you;" It is harmful to (yourself) to dream without reading. "
Confucius said, "Why not teach your daughter to know? Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. " Engage in politics
Confucius said, "So, teach you the attitude of knowing and not knowing: knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing. This is smart. "
Knowledge point: "female" means "you": you
It means "knowledge" and "wisdom": intelligence and wisdom. (Other knowledge remains unchanged)
The meaning of teaching: teaching, imparting.
Hu means: phonetic auxiliary words.
Cause: refers to Confucius' student secondary cause.
Confucius said, "If you don't do it, you will be introspective."
Confucius said, "When you meet a wise man, you should look up to him. When you see an immoral person, you should reflect on whether you have similar problems with him. "
Edit the seventh item in this paragraph: learn from each other's strengths.
Confucius said, "For a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " Schul
Confucius said, "There are several people traveling together, and someone can be my teacher. I will choose their strengths to study and see that I have their shortcomings, and I will correct them. "
Edit item 8 of this paragraph: How to be a man
Ceng Zi said: "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it far after death? " (Zi Han)
Ceng Zi said: "A scholar must be broad-minded and firm-willed, because he shoulders a great mission and has a long way to go. Isn't it important to realize the ideal of' benevolence' as your mission? Until death, isn't it far? "
Edit item 9 of this paragraph: How to be a man
Confucius said, "Cold tells the decline of pine and cypress." Zihan
Confucius said, "Only in the cold winter do we know that pine and cypress trees are the last to lose their leaves."
Edit item 10 of this paragraph: How to be a man
Zi Gong asked, "Who can walk for life without saying a word?" Confucius said, "I forgive you! Don't do to others what you don't want. " Wei Linggong.
Zi Gong asked, "Is there a sentence that can be followed for a lifetime?" Confucius said: "That is probably forgiveness (Tao)! Don't impose what you hate on others. "
Interpretation of "Music"
Happy "music" should be read, not read.
Because this idiom comes from the first chapter of The Analects of Confucius: "Learn from time to time, don't you?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? The comment on Zhu is: talking, happy; Music. Music. There is also a saying from Confucius in The Analects of Confucius: "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Zhu's comment is also: OK, stop; Music. Music. According to today's pronunciation, the word "Luo" is pronounced Luo, and the sound is removed. However, in ancient times, both "Le" and "Luo" as happiness belonged to the rhyme part of "Eleven Drugs" (see Ping), so we can see that the vowels of "Luo" and "Le" are the same, and the initials are all L, of course, they are completely homophones. This southerner is easy to understand, because the southern dialect retains more ancient sounds. For example, in Fujian dialect, "Luo" and "Le" are pronounced exactly the same, and they are all pronounced as lok. Therefore, when reading in Mandarin today, the word "le" in "le" should be read for fun, just like the word "le" in "le".
"Le" is a polyphonic word. In addition to reading Yue and Yue, there is another place in The Analects that many people mispronounce: "The knower enjoys water, while the benevolent enjoys Leshan. Those who know move, those who are good are quiet. Those who know are happy, and those who are benevolent are longevity. " Zhu's annotation is: know the sound, silence. Music, the word "Shang" and "five religions against" are the same. The next words sound very good. "Anti-five religions" refers to the traditional pinyin method in China-"anti-tangent method": take the initial consonant of the previous word (also called "Sheng Niu", and the initial consonant of "Five" is "Doubt", which is equivalent to today's Y) and spell it with the vowel of the next word (namely "Jiao") to form Yao. It can be seen that the word "Le" should be pronounced as Yao when it means "love, like" in the sentence "The knower enjoys water and the benevolent enjoys Leshan".
To sum up, there are three main pronunciations of "music" in ancient books: (1) as a noun, which means "music, musical instruments, musicians" and so on. (2) As an adjective, it means "joy and happiness", and the sound is gone. (3) As a verb, it means "love, like", and the sound is gone.
You choose one sentence.