1. Poems describing historical records
"Fenghe Imperial System Reading Historical Records"
Era: Song Dynasty Author: Xia Song
The Tao, Tang, and Ming dynasties are full of luxuriant energy and natural beauty.
If you use the right points to divide the stars, you will return the rest to determine the age.
Meng Zou’s reputation will live on, and the Southern Righteous Path will be prosperous.
Since then, it has been passed down for three generations, and it has circulated throughout the country.
"Qinyuanchun · Reflections on Reading Historical Records"
Era: Song Dynasty Author: Cheng Jue
Try the sunny slope, plant more after spring, how many fir trees loose. The day is thick in Taowu, the wind in the cloud stream is soft, and the wind is calm and lingering. Taishi Chenggong: What is going on, people are crossing over, seeing a wall, compared with Qinguan, suddenly lost my eyes? Jiang Shenli, the spirit can get rid of the evil spirit, but it doesn't cause Wei Pingmeng?
Don't talk about the failure of the Tang Dynasty, and don't laugh at Qiu Ke's impoverishment. Even if Miluo wakes up, Yuan Lai will be drunk; the real Ao and the fake Meng, who will win the title? Taishi died, the wine was ripe on the bedside, and the person was in the clear mist. The new embankment road is full of scaly branches and horns, and green dragons in their youth.
"The book written by Tai Shigong in the Cross History Book of Dreams is really a pen that creates dreams"
Era: Song Dynasty Author: Fang Yue
Exploring the secluded spot in Yu's cave, Divine power meets chaos.
Jue Lin only wrote this pen, and Chunmeng tried his best.
"Reading the Biography of Historical Records"
Era: Song Dynasty Author: Wang Yucheng
The copper from Weishan and Shushan in Xishan Mountain can be seen from Yi Qi and Deng Tong.
Fortunately, all the sages and sages will starve to death. If there is no historical writing, the wait will be empty. 2. Poems, essays, couplets and evaluations about Historical Records and Sima Qian
Lu Xun: "The swan song of the historian, the unrhymed "Li Sao"."
Liang Qichao praised this masterpiece as "a masterpiece of the ages". Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty: "Both said that Qian has good historical materials, he is good at ordering things, he is discerning but not flashy, and he is quality but not slang. , its writing is straight, its facts are true, it does not pretend to be beautiful, and does not conceal evil, so it is called a true record." Huajiao of the Western Jin Dynasty also said: "Qian's writings are straight and focused."
Zhang Fu said: "Qian's writings use words and conventions but deeds, and only 500,000 words are needed to describe three thousand years of events." Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasty said "Chen Shou's three records are accurate in terms of literary quality."
Chen Shou, the author of "Three Kingdoms", "was said by people at the time to be good at narrative and a good historian." 1. Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty was the period when "Historical Records" was spread.
As soon as Yang Yun, the grandson of Sima Qian, released "Historical Records" to the public, it immediately aroused huge repercussions and researchers flocked to it. The famous scholars in the Han Dynasty who studied "Historical Records" should be Yang Xiong and Ban Gu. They both affirmed Sima Qian's spirit of recording.
Yang Xiong (58 BC-18 AD) was a writer and philosopher in the Western Han Dynasty. He wrote in his book "Fayan": "Taishi Qian is called Shilu".
"Children love more and love wonders." Yang Xiong was the first person to praise Sima Qian's spirit of recording.
The facts and stories he proposed have been approved by everyone who has experienced them, until now. Ban Gu (32-92), historian and litterateur of the Eastern Han Dynasty, author of "The Book of Han".
Ban Gu was the first person in the Han Dynasty to comment systematically on Sima Qian. There is "Biography of Sima Qian" in "Hanshu".
Ban Gu said in his praise: "Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong have written numerous books, all of which are said to have good historical materials. They obey the situation and order things, argue without being flashy, and have quality without slang. Straight, the core of his work is that he does not pretend to be beautiful and does not hide evil, so it is called a true record. "It can be said that Sima Qian "does not pretend to be beautiful and does not hide evil". It can be said that the world praises him for his merit, and future generations are convinced.
Sima Qian’s spirit of “real records” has become a good tradition in Chinese historiography. 2. Tang Dynasty The important contribution to the study of "Historical Records" in the Tang Dynasty lies in the annotations.
The most important works are "Historical Records Suoyin" by Sima Zhen and "Historical Records Zhengyi" by Zhang Shoujie. Together with Pei's "Historical Records Collection and Interpretation" during the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasty, they were called "Historical Records" by later generations. "San Jia Zhu" has become a classic work of historical annotation. Those who made the greatest achievements in studying "Historical Records" in the Tang Dynasty must be the prose masters Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.
Han and Liu affirmed the literary value of "Historical Records" and established Sima Qian's lofty status in the history of Chinese literature. Han Yu (768-824), the leader of the ancient prose movement and the head of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties.
Han Yu highly praised Sima Qian's literary talent. He said: "There are no people in the Han Dynasty who are not good at writing, but Sima Xiangru, Tai Shigong, Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong are the best."
He believes that the style of Sima Qian's works is "profound, elegant and vigorous". "Historical Records" became a sample of Han Yu's composition.
Liu Zongyuan (773-819), prose writer. Liu Zongyuan believed that the articles in "Historical Records" were written simply, concisely, and neatly, without any branching or branching problems; they were completely natural and watertight, and it was impossible to add a single word; the words and sentences were chosen with great pains, and it was impossible to subtract a single word.
3. Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty The Song Dynasty was a period when "Historical Records" was published in large quantities and widely circulated. There were dozens of official and private editions. The earliest and best extant edition of "Historical Records" is Huang Xiangfu's edition of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most important contribution of the Yuan Dynasty was the adaptation of a large number of stories in "Historical Records" into folk dramas. The number of plays and the number of playwrights are breathtaking.
For example: "King Zhao of Chu" by Zheng Tingyu, "The Orphan of Zhao" by Ji Junxiang, "Wu Yuan Plays the Flute" by Li Shouqing, "Qi Ying Bu" by Shang Zhongxian, "The Burning of Jie Zitui by Duke Wen of Jin" by Di Junhou, Jin Renjie's Famous dramas such as "Xiao He Chasing Han Xin on a Moonlit Night" and Gao Wenxiu's "Mianchi Hui" have been circulated to this day, with more than 180 kinds in total.
The adaptation of "Historical Records" stories into dramas has greatly promoted the spread of "Historical Records" among the people. People in the Song Dynasty praised Sima Qian, and the famous ones are Ma Cun who praised Sima Qian's "Zhuang You" and Zheng Qiao who praised Sima Qian's five-body structure.
Ma Cun believed that Sima Qian loved to travel throughout his life and would never rest for a day. Sima Qian's grand tour is not an ordinary tour, but a tour of the world to boost his energy, and then write it into a book.
Therefore, his articles may be about the roaring waves, unrestrained and mighty; some are about the waves in the Dongting, deep and reserved; Sima moved to the Longmen of his aristocratic family, remembering the god Yu and accomplished great achievements; he sent Bashu to the west, crossing the bird path of the sword pavilion; he wandered around Qilu to see the legacy of the emperor.
Therefore, the changes in all things between the heaven and the earth, which can shock or shock, amuse the mind, make people worry, or make people sad, are all those that Zi Chang takes as articles, so Zi Chang's articles are endlessly varied. Zheng Qiao (1103-1162), a native of Fujian, was a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Zheng Qiao believes that hundreds of schools of thought write books with empty words and actual records of past dynasties, without any discipline. Sima Qian's father and son worked hard on the production of classics from the Yellow Emperor to the Qin and Han Dynasties. They were compiled into a book and divided into five parts: this era chronicles the chronology of the family, which is represented by the official calendar, and the book is divided into similar events, which are passed down to the people.
For hundreds of generations, historians cannot change their methods, and scholars cannot change their books. After the Six Classics, there is only this book.
It can be seen that Zheng Zhui had a high evaluation of "Historical Records". 4. The study of "Historical Records" began to flourish during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it became more prosperous during the Qing Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of outstanding scholars emerged, and they made unparalleled praise for Sima Qian's personality and achievements in "Historical Records". Jin Shengtan (1608-1661) was an outstanding critic in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, a sharp-thinking and versatile intellectual.
He regarded "Historical Records" as one of the "Six Scholars' Books" and commented on more than 90 prefaces to "Historical Records". In his reviews of "Water Margin" and "The Romance of the West Chamber", he praised Sima Qian many times and expressed many insights.
He said: "It was Shi Gong's lifelong ambition to be patient and achieve fame." In his review of "The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Chu", he said that Sima Qian "borrowed his two lives to make me a tear."
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Jin Shengtan can be said to be Sima Qian's close friend. His discussion on the relationship between "Historical Records" and novels is unique.
"The method of "Water Margin" comes from "Historical Records"", ""Water Margin" comes from one person, it is clearly a biography." Zhang Zhubo, a Qing Dynasty man, even said bluntly: ""The Plum in the Golden Ping" is a biography. "Historical Records".
It can be seen that "Historical Records" has a wide impact on the novel writing skills of later generations. "Qian Qianyi (1582-1664) was a native of Changshu, Jiangsu Province in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
He once served as the Minister of Rites and was very famous for his poetry. He said in "Wuzhai Youxue Ji": "Sima founded the "Historical Records" with his talent for the world, his unparalleled knowledge, and his high regard for thousands of years."
He believes that Sima Qian founded the Five-Titan Style The structure has become a sample for historians of all ages, and their contribution to setting examples is as bright as the sun and stars! Zhang Xuecheng (1738-1801), a historian and thinker in the Qing Dynasty. He is another outstanding historical critic after Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty.
He studied theory in history. 3. Comment on the famous quotes in "Historical Records"
Although "Report to Ren An" is a reply letter to a friend, there are not many sentences that directly answer the content of the friend's letter.
The whole article is about expressing anger, voicing grievances, arguing reasons, and expressing one's aspirations. It is a tearful, bloody, and deeply indignative work. In this article, Sima Qian put forward the famous life motto "Everyone is destined to die, and it may be heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, depending on the use."
He believes that in order to realize their ideals and beliefs, people with lofty ideals and benevolence can either die generously or endure humiliation and survive. They must die meaningfully and live valuable lives. To die for your lofty ideals and beliefs is heavier than Mount Tai; to give up the pursuit of life and waste your life is lighter than a feather.
The choice of "life" or "death" should be based on realizing the value of life as the ultimate goal. This view fully demonstrates his respect for the right to life and his unremitting pursuit of realizing the value of life.
And he himself fulfilled his life motto. When faced with a life-and-death decision, he resolutely endured humiliation and survived. In order to realize his ideals and beliefs, he survived tenaciously and finally completed the writing of "Historical Records", leaving for future generations what Lu Xun called "the swan song of the historian, the unrhymed "Li Sao"" that will shine through the ages. A masterpiece of literary history. 4. Comment on the famous quotes in "Historical Records"
Although "Report to Ren An" is a reply letter to a friend, there are not many sentences that directly answer the content of the friend's letter.
The whole article is about expressing anger, voicing grievances, arguing reasons, and expressing one's aspirations. It is a tearful, bloody, and deeply indignative work.
In this article, Sima Qian put forward the famous life motto "Everyone is destined to die, and it may be heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, depending on the use."
He believes that in order to realize their ideals and beliefs, people with lofty ideals and benevolence can either die generously or endure humiliation and survive. They must die meaningfully and live valuable lives. To die for your lofty ideals and beliefs is heavier than Mount Tai; to give up the pursuit of life and waste your life is lighter than a feather.
The choice of "life" or "death" should be based on realizing the value of life as the ultimate goal. This view fully demonstrates his respect for the right to life and his unremitting pursuit of realizing the value of life.
And he himself fulfilled his life motto. When faced with a life-and-death decision, he resolutely endured humiliation and survived. In order to realize his ideals and beliefs, he survived tenaciously and finally completed the writing of "Historical Records", leaving for future generations what Lu Xun called "the swan song of the historian, the unrhymed "Li Sao"" that will shine through the ages. A masterpiece of literary history. 5. Comments on characters in "Historical Records"
Evaluation of Qu Yuan in "Historical Records"
From the perspective of Qu Yuan's status in the society at that time, he was a politician, and He is not a "poet" in the general sense;
But in terms of his huge creative achievements, he is the first great poet in the history of Chinese literature. There are many beautiful and moving works in the "Book of Songs", but it is basically a collective creation of the masses, with little individual expression. However, Qu Yuan's creations were marked with his distinctive personality with his ideals, experiences, pains, and the passion of his entire life.
This marks a new era in the creation of Chinese classical literature.
Qu Yuan was a poet with a noble personality. He cared about his country and its people and is still held in high regard today as a staunch patriot
. Although his patriotism and loyalty to the emperor are closely related, at this point, he cannot deviate from the basic moral principles of his time
self conscious. He does not
regard himself as the slave of the monarch, but as the monarch and therefore the leader of the country. He has a firm belief in his political ideals
and his life ideals. In order to pursue his ideals, he will not hesitate to confront the majority of the people in the social group to which he belongs.
He would rather die. This preserves the right to think independently and be loyal to one's own understanding under the recognized moral premise of loyalty to the emperor and patriotism.
As an ideal martyr, later generations have been greatly inspired by him; his way of conducting himself in life has also been cited as an example for later generations of upright literati
to follow.
Qu Yuan's works express strong and exciting emotions with his unbridled writing style. Han Confucians once said that "Li Sao" and "Xiao Ya" in "The Book of Songs" are both "sudden but not harmful" works. Ming Dynasty poet Yuan Hongdao refuted it in "Xu Xiao Xiu Shi":
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"Li Sao" is "extremely angry" and "explicitly cursed" both the "Party members" and the King of Chu. "Is it okay to settle for so-called resentment without hurting those?
" and pointed out : "Energy and more confrontational, steeper and more revealing" are exactly the characteristics of "Chu Feng". His opinion is clearly
correct. Not only that, Qu Yuan praised his own personality, which was capricious and sincere; he sang about the love of the gods, which was passionate and vivid; he praised the sacrifice of the martyrs, which was passionate, generous, tragic and heroic... In short, compared to
The Book of Songs, which is generally more restrained and gentle in its emotional expressions, Qu Yuan's creations demonstrate the liberation of
emotions to a considerable extent, thus creating a new A poetic style that is full of vitality and powerful appeal. Due to this need for emotional expression
Qu Yuan could not be satisfied with plain writing techniques, but borrowed a large number of mythological materials from the Chu region and used wonderful fantasy
to make the poems The realm is greatly expanded, showing magnificent and magnificent features. This opened up a new path for the creation of Chinese classical poetry. Later generations of poets with strong personalities and emotions, such as Li Bai and Li He, were greatly inspired by it.
Qu Yuan is a poet who loves beauty. He did not deny the beauty of various arts with a narrow utilitarian view. In "Nine Songs" and "The Conjuring", the lively scenes of music, singing and dancing and the emotions they evoke are exaggerated. "The sounds and colors of the Qiang are so entertaining that those who watch them are so depressed that they forget to return." Qu Yuan's writings are a beautiful scene. Similarly, his poems also like to use a large number of gorgeous and colorful rhetoric. He also developed the analogy technique of "The Book of Songs", endowing plants, fish, insects, birds, beasts, clouds and other natural things with human will and life to express his own thoughts and feelings. It also adds to the beauty of poetry.
Generally speaking, it can be said that the schools in ancient Chinese literature that pay attention to literary talent and beauty can ultimately be traced back to Qu Yuan.
In terms of poetry form, Qu Yuan broke the short and simple system of "The Book of Songs" which was dominated by neat four-character sentences.
Created sentence patterns that can be long or short, The grand, rich and complex "Sao poetry" is also of great significance.
In short, the Chu Ci pioneered by Qu Yuan, together with the Book of Songs, constitute the two major sources of Chinese poetry and even the entire Chinese literature.
They have had an infinite influence on later generations of literature. . Due to the development of the times and the cultural differences between the north and the south, Chu Ci has made significant progress compared with
the Book of Songs. Therefore, its influence on later literature is even greater than that of the Book of Songs.
Attached: Sima Qian's evaluation of Qu Yuan in "Historical Records"
"Li Sao" is still about Li Youyou. Heaven is the beginning of human beings; parents are the foundation of human beings. When a person is poor, he goes against his roots. Therefore, when he is extremely tired from work, he does not stop calling to heaven; when he is sick and miserable, he does not stop calling for his parents. Qu Ping went straight on the right path, served his king with all his loyalty and wisdom, and slandered the world, which can be said to be poor. If you are trustworthy but you are doubted, if you are loyal but you are slandered, how can you not feel resentful? Qu Ping's "Li Sao" is based on self-pity. "Guofeng" is lustful but not lewd, "Xiaoya" is complaining but not chaotic. If it's "Li Sao", it can be said to be both. He is called Emperor Ku at the top, Qi Huan at the bottom, and Tang and Wu are mentioned in the middle to clarify world affairs. The morality of the Ming Dynasty is widely respected, and the order of governance is endless. His writing is simple, his words are subtle, his ambition is clean, his actions are honest, his writing is small but his meaning is great, his examples are short but their meaning is far-reaching. His ambition is pure, so he is called Wu Fang. His conduct was honest, so death was not tolerated. From the dredging mud, the cicada is sloughed off from the filth, except for the floating dust, and does not get the filth of the world, and is immersed in the mud but not soaked. If you push this ambition, you can compete with the sun and the moon. 6. Good passages and sentences in "Historical Records"
Tai Shigong's preface: "A husband's filial piety begins with serving his relatives, ends with serving the emperor, and finally establishes himself."
"The Book of Changes" says, "The difference is a thousand miles." Therefore, "Li" is used to restrain people, "Le" is used to express harmony, "Book" is used to express Taoism, "Poetry" is to express ideas, "Yi" is to use Taoism, and "Spring and Autumn" is to use moral principles.
Before the rituals and prohibitions are implemented, the law has been given. It is easy to see the use of the law, but it is difficult to know the prohibitions of the laws. The Anthology of the Great Ancestor: Loyal advice is unpleasant to the ear and beneficial to action; poison is bitter to the mouth and beneficial to disease.
My husband is planning and managing the curtains, but he is worse than a thousand miles away. I am not as good as the ovary. The strong wind is blowing, the clouds are flying, the powerful warriors are returning to their hometown in the sea, and the warriors are guarding the four directions! Biography of General Li: But the flying generals of Longcheng were here, and Hu Ma was not taught to cross the Yin Mountains.
(Wang Changling's "Out of the Fortress") The grass in the forest is frightened by the wind, and the general draws his bow at night. I look for white feathers in the plains, but they are missing among the stone edges (Lu Lun's "Song of the Past") The ape-armed general flies away, bending his bow and taking a hundred steps to capture him.
The Chinese language has been obtained from the feudal princes, so why should we lament and miss the time? "Biography" says, "If his body is upright, he will not do what he is told; if his body is not upright, he will not do what he is told."
The peach and plum trees do not say anything, but they make their own mistakes. What can you do if your glory is not gone? What can you do if you are worried! "The victorious and defeated soldiers have unexpected family affairs, and it is a man to be ashamed and bear shame.
The children of Jiangdong are many talented people, and their comeback is unknown. (Du Mu's "Wujiang Pavilion") A strong man who is tired from a hundred battles mourns, and it is difficult to recover from a defeat in the Central Plains.
The children of Jiangdong are still here, and they are willing to fight for the king. (.
(Wang Anshi's "Ti Wu Jiang Xiang Wang Temple") Live as a hero, and die as a ghost. To this day. Thinking of Xiang Yu, he refused to cross the Yangtze River.
(Li Qingzhao's "Quequa") "The Assassin's Biography" When Qi Ji is strong and powerful, he can travel thousands of miles in a day.
The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return. The sky rains millet, and the horse grows horns. "Qu Yuan's Biography" He was knowledgeable and strong-willed, and he was good at managing chaos.
King Qu Pingji was not clever when he heard it, the frame-up obscured the light, the evil song harmed the public, and the uprightness was not tolerated, so he wrote "Li Sao" with sorrow and contemplation. His conduct is honest.
His ambition is pure, so he is called the fragrance of things; his conduct is honest, so he will not be allowed to grow in the weeds, and he will be straight without support; the white sand will be black when he is in nirvana. "Encourage Learning") Qu Ping's poem "The sun and moon hang over the sky, and the Chuwang Terrace is empty on the hill"
(Li Bai's "Yin on the River") The whole world is muddy but I am alone clear, everyone is drunk but I am alone awake" "Funny Biography" If this bird doesn't fly, it will soar into the sky; if it doesn't sing, it will become a blockbuster "Guan Zhong Biography" The parents who gave birth to me know me, Bao Zi. If the warehouse is solid, you will know the etiquette; if you have enough food and clothing, you will know that the honor and disgrace will be the same. , Kuang saves his evil, so the upper and lower can be close to each other. "Confucius' Family" I heard that the rich and noble give others money, and the benevolent people give others words. , Guanhe empty lock Zulongju.
Before the ashes were cold, Shandong was in chaos. Liu Xiang originally did not study (burning books to trap the Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Jie) All the scholars were in trouble. Later, I realized that the Qin family's net was sparse. The Six Classics were in vain, and there were still unburned books by the bridge. Anger is not a good plan. (Yuan Hu Tianyou) If you are determined, things will come true.
A hundred and two Qin pass will eventually belong to Chu; if you work hard, God will not be disappointed. Three thousand Yuejia can swallow Wu. .
When the birds are gone, the good bow is hidden; when the cunning rabbit dies, the running dogs are cooked. "The Biography of Qu Yuan" The whole world is turbid but I am alone clear, everyone is drunk but I am alone sober. I am knowledgeable and strong-willed, I know how to manage chaos, and I am good at rhetoric.
King Qu Pingji was not sensible when he heard it, the frame-up obscured the light, the evil music harmed the public, and the uprightness was not tolerated, so he wrote "Li Sao" with sorrow and meditation. His writing is simple, his words are subtle, his ambition is clean, and his conduct is honest.
His ambition is pure, so he calls things fragrant; his conduct is honest, so he will not tolerate death. In the hemp, it will be straight without support; the white sand will be black in nirvana. (Xunzi's "Encouragement to Learning") Qu Ping's poems and poems hang over the sun and the moon, and the Chu king's terrace is empty on the hills.
(Li Bai's "Yin on the River") "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" The national emergency comes first, and then personal vendettas. The national crisis comes first, and then personal grievances "The Biography of Guan Zhong" The parents who gave birth to me know that I am Bao Zi. If you have a solid warehouse, you will know etiquette; if you have enough food and clothing, you will know that honor and disgrace will be in your favor and save you from evil, so you can have a close relationship with each other. The emperor's business is empty when bamboos and silk smoke are sold out, and the ancestral dragon's residence is locked in the Guanhe River.
Shandong was in chaos before the ashes were cold, and Liu Xiang did not study. (The Book Burning Pit, Zhang Jie of the Tang Dynasty) After all the Confucian scholars had spent their time in the pit, I realized that the Qin family’s net was sparse.
In vain, the Six Classics were burned to ashes, and there were still unburned books by the bridge. (Xia Pi Ming Yuan Hongdao) It is not a good idea to be ashamed and endure the affairs of your husband.
(Yuan Hu Tianyou) Where there is a will, there is a way. Even if the cauldron sinks the boat, one hundred and two Qin passes will eventually belong to Chu; people who work hard, God will not let them down.
Three thousand Yue Jia can swallow up Wu by lying down on firewood and tasting courage.