According to the historian Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, Qu Yuan was a minister in Chu Huaiwang. "He is knowledgeable, ambitious, good at dealing with chaos and good at rhetoric. When he entered the country, he discussed state affairs with the king in order to give orders; Going out to meet guests and deal with princes, Wang is very willing to do it. " Because of his reuse, it caused the jealousy of Doctor Shangguan and your son Yin. Right in front of Chu Huaiwang and his successors, he slandered Qu Yuan. The king of Chu gradually alienated Qu Yuan and even refused to accept his suggestion. Finally, he even exiled Qu Yuan. Full of grief and indignation, Qu Yuan left the Jianghu and wrote his last book, Huai Sha. Shi Huai jumped into the Miluo River. Decades after Qu Yuan's death, Chu State was finally destroyed by Qin State. But Qu Yuan, a loyal and suspicious tragic hero, still lives in the heart of Chu. The following story can be used to illustrate Chu people's love for Qu Yuan.
Realgar wine:
It is said that after Qu Yuan threw himself into the river, the people of Chu were so sad that they flocked to the Miluo River to pay their respects to Qu Yuan. The fisherman got off the boat and fished his body back and forth on the river. A fisherman also took out food such as zongzi and eggs prepared in advance and plopped them into the river, saying that if the fish were eaten, it would not bite the doctor's body. An old doctor poured an altar of realgar wine into the river, saying that he wanted to faint. So it won't hurt Dr. Qu. Not long after, a dizzy dragon floated on the water, and its beard was still covered with a skirt of Dr. Qu. People pull dragons ashore, draw tendons, and then wrap dragon tendons around children's hands and necks, wiping seven orifices with realgar wine, so that those poisonous snakes and pests dare not hurt these children. It is said that the day Quyuan threw himself into the river was May 5th. From then on. People row dragon boats, eat zongzi and drink realgar wine to commemorate Qu Yuan. In some areas, calamus or wormwood will be inserted on the door at the end of the festival, which is of course because of the toxic effect of Aipu. However, there is a folk saying about the origin of this custom of wormwood.
Acorus calamus and wormwood
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao led the troops to revolt. Wherever he went, millions of people were killed and rivers of blood flowed. As soon as people heard that Huang Chao was coming, they hurried away. In May this year, Huang Chao's army invaded Henan and arrived in Dengzhou. Huang Chao rode out of town to survey the terrain. I saw groups of old, weak, women and children pouring out of the city. He saw a woman carrying a bag and holding a little boy in one hand. Huang Chao dismounted and asked, "Sister-in-law, where are you in a hurry?" The woman replied, "I heard that Huang Chao is a murderous villain and will attack Dengzhou in a few days. All the men in the city have been called to guard the city, so we, old and young, might as well run for our lives early. " Huang Chao pointed to the child and asked her, "Why are you holding a small hand?" The woman said, "The only survivor of my uncle's family is in my arms. I have my own son in my hand. In case of emergency, I would rather lose my son than leave a seedling for my uncle. " Deeply moved, Huang Chao said to the woman, "Sister-in-law, go back quickly and stick calamus and wormwood at the door, so that Huang Chao's army won't hurt you. I doubt it, but she returned to the city and spread the news. The next day was Duanyang in May, and Huang Chao's army stormed into the city, only to see calamus and wormwood hanging on the doors of every household. In order to keep his promise to women, Huang Chao had no choice but to lead the troops, and the whole city was spared. In order to commemorate this event, every Dragon Boat Festival, people will put calamus and wormwood on the door, and this custom has been passed down to this day.
Xu Teli
Never tire of learning and pay attention to methods.
Xu Teli was born in 1877. In his youth, he loved reading and thought that reading could "understand the truth of life and society". /kloc-at the age of 0/8, in order to make a living, he chose the latter between being a doctor and being a teacher, and began the road of "teaching all his life". But he teaches students to read during the day, and at night he has to learn skills from his master Fu, because he can "teach students what he knows".
Xu Teli is very particular about methods when studying and has accumulated a set of self-study experience. At the age of 20, he was going to read eight-part essay and take the imperial examination at that time. Once, he walked 80 miles to Changsha to visit a famous gentleman and wanted to ask Chen to see how his stereotyped writing was going. Lao Juren read his eight-part essay and made an evaluation: "There is still a gap." Then I asked him: Why not read, but read stereotyped writing? Chen patiently told Xu Teli that stereotyped writing stipulated in the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties was a tool to bind people's thoughts and maintain feudal rule. Six months later, Xu Teli came again. Chen gave him a fan this time and wrote a paragraph on the fan: "It is expensive to have a teacher in reading, especially books. There are no teachers and books in the countryside, and books are teachers' ears. Zhang Zhidong's bibliographic question and answer is the door to buying books, and Xuan Xuan Yu is the door to reading. If you get these two books, you will be able to use them for a lifetime. " Xu Te-li was so happy that he immediately went to the bookstore and bought Bibliographic Quiz and Yi Xuan Yu, which he brought home with him a self-study guide. In the future, he will never write an eight-part essay again, but he should bear in mind that "reading is your teacher, especially books." Later, when Xu Teli recalled the past, he said with great emotion: "I have known the method of reading all my life and benefited from that Mr. Juren. "
Reading ancient books takes a lot of time and energy. Xu Teli is never greedy. He follows two principles: one is "quantitative" and the other is "unchangeable". For example, the radical of Shuo Wen Jie Zi has 540 words, and he only reads two words every day, which he plans to finish in one year. He believes that greed alone cannot be understood and remembered, and reading is equal to not reading. When he was teaching middle school students, it was the same book, requiring students to recite one word every day. Two years later, some students insisted on learning six words at the same time on Saturday. As a result, most people can't dictate. He said that this is "the harm of not keeping a certain weight and not keeping regular study".
"No pen and ink, no reading" is a famous saying of Xu Teli. When he was teaching in Hunan No.1 Normal University, he found that most students had such a problem: when studying, they were greedy and quick, but the requirements were not high. He introduced his long-term self-study experience to everyone. He thinks that he is not afraid of reading less books, and he is afraid of swallowing dates without digesting them. He teaches students to pay attention to digestion when reading, and to learn to think and evaluate the value of the books they read. He teaches students that when reading, they should mark the main points in the book, write down their own experiences and opinions on the book eyebrows, and extract what they think is wonderful. Reading in this way, a word counts, and a book counts. At that time, among his students, Mao Zedong was the most determined and successful in implementing this method. After several years, he wrote several reading notes in the net basket, and his level of literary and ideological cultivation improved rapidly.
When Xu Teli was reading "The History of the Unified Party", only the first volume was published in the bookstore, so he bought a book to read. Later, I heard that there were volumes one and two of the Soviet version, so he borrowed the second volume to copy it. Because it is an abridged version, a detailed analysis should be made before copying it. As a result, his understanding of the second volume of the Party History of Lian * * * was deeper than that of the first volume, so he came back and copied the first volume again. From this, he came to another conclusion: borrowing books is better than buying books, copying books is better than reading, and copying them all is better than extracting them.
19 19, 43-year-old Xu Teli is already a prestigious educator in Hunan Province. However, when he learned that educators such as Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng were carrying out work-study programs in France, he actively joined the ranks. Many people expressed surprise, but Xu Teli decided after careful consideration. The purpose of work-study program is to "work-study program to enhance the knowledge of workers". Xu Teli appreciates this purpose very much. He said: "I am 43 years old this year, and I was 44 or 45 before I knew it. I came at the age of 60. At 60, he is as ignorant as at 43. Isn't this 17 year wasted? What we did in 17 didn't make any progress. Regret at the age of 60, even later, why not start learning today? " So he put down his teacher's airs and went to France with young people as an ordinary old student to learn new knowledge and skills.
Teach people tirelessly and be loyal to their cause.
At the age of 60, Xu Teli mentioned in a 3,000-word autobiography that he "taught all his life. I have been a teacher from the Mongolian Academy, junior high school, senior high school, normal school to higher normal school. When I was a teacher in a higher normal school, I didn't leave my primary school post because I love teaching primary school students. " After graduating from Ningxiang Accelerated Normal School, Xu Teli founded Lijiang Higher Primary School with two like-minded friends with the ideal of "creating a career". Six months later, Xu Teli was invited to teach in Nan Zhou Girls' School. After the Revolution of 1911, in order to develop primary education, Xu Teli started from scratch and founded Changsha Normal School. At that time, in order to solve the problem of schooling for the children of farmers in their hometown, a Wu Mei primary school was established at their own expense. Later, he taught at Hunan First Normal University. After participating in the revolution, he served as the deputy director of the Education People's Committee of the Central Soviet Area, trained the backbone of literacy and launched a literacy campaign; And worked hard to establish the Central Lenin Normal School. During the arduous Long March, Xu Teli never forgot the responsibilities of educators and seized every opportunity to teach soldiers to learn culture. His enthusiasm and patience deeply touched the soldiers.
Xu Teli runs education, has his own opinions and dares to challenge historical prejudice. In the past, the school gate was closed to the poor. When Xu Teli founded Changsha Normal University, he boldly recruited blacksmiths and veterans, breaking the precedent. This incident caused some gossip in the education circle. Some people laughed at him as a tinker and nicknamed him "Xu Erguo". Xu Teli is very happy and proud. In teaching practice, he likes poor students best on weekdays. He runs night classes to give them more opportunities for education, knowing that they are not lacking in intelligence and wisdom, from which they can cultivate talents.
Xu Teli advocates educational democracy and pays attention to guiding and mobilizing students' enthusiasm. When I was the president of Changsha Normal University, Tian Han, who was 14 years old at that time, and several students who liked literature often posted some limerick on the window of the study room, which made people laugh. Two of them are studying Tibetan poetry, and the names of the headmaster Xu Teli, the old teacher Shou Zhilong and Huang Zhucun are also embedded. A song said: "In the turbulent waves in Terry, Bao Dao's blood spilled on the dragon." Another person wrote: "There are so many chickens and dogs in Huang Zhu Village." Two old teachers trembled with anger and asked the headmaster to severely punish the students. After Xu Teli comforted the two old teachers, he immediately called the students. Tian Han said, "We mean no harm to Mr. Huang and Mr. Shousheng. It was a whim, just kidding and making everyone happy. " Convinced that he was telling the truth and that poetry also revealed the students' intelligence, President Xu kindly told them that it is good to like writing, but don't spend time and thoughts on games. It is best to write some meaningful articles and exercise your talents. The headmaster's speech encouraged students to run window newspapers. At that time, like mushrooms after rain, almost every study room had window newspapers posted on its glass windows. The Zubian Newspaper run by Tian Han is particularly prominent. He expressed his patriotism and love for the people in an exciting style. Xu Teli often reprinted the excellent poems in Window Newspaper to his own Education Weekly. The old teacher's attitude has changed and the students are happier.
Xu Teli doesn't like to manage students in a tough way. When he was the principal of the First Women's Normal School in Hunan Province, he clearly stated: "The education of students should not be compulsory, let alone rude. The gentle and sincere' poetry teaching' in ancient China is still needed in today's school education. " In order to teach poetry, he hung a big blackboard in the corridor leading to the classroom from the students' study room, which was specially used to write poetry. Once, he learned that a student named Tang and a student named Yu studied very hard, which affected his health and made him feel bad. He wrote a poem suggesting that they should stop classes and have a rest, which is also a wake-up call for everyone. This poem is written like this:
"I advised Shang Sheng and Yu Yu, and I also advised you not to hesitate.
Why are you thin? You don't love your body, you just love books. "
Xu Teli attaches great importance to managing the school frugally. Some teachers always throw away the chalk heads in class. When Xu Teli saw it, he always took it for himself when he was in class and writing poems. Some students called him "stingy". He wrote such a poem on the blackboard:
"Half of the vermicelli still exists, and the public property is always treasured;
The students don't understand Yu Zhongqu, but they call Yu a good man. "
After reading this poem, the classmate who called him "stingy" knew he was wrong. When he found some students wasting their meals, Xu Teli talked with them and wrote poems to educate everyone. Seeing that students in two classes have excellent academic performance, Xu Teli encouraged them to write poems, saying that girls' intelligence is not worse than that of boys ... Students have to read poems on the blackboard every day, whether it is praise, criticism or persuasion, it is an ideological and moral education. Xu Teli gave a general name to blackboard poetry, which is called "Hundred Schools Ode".
Xu Teli is sometimes harsh, but he is different. Once, a student named Su Fuji made trouble and decided to expel him after discussion at the school affairs meeting. Xu Teli was in favor at first, but later he was always uneasy. The more he thought about it, the more he felt that Su Fu could not be expelled from school. He thinks that this classmate is good at studying and has the ability of organization, which should not be underestimated. He immediately sent someone to get Su Fu Ji from home, had a serious and sincere conversation with him, and then introduced him to Changjun Middle School to continue his studies. Su Fuji was very moved and later became an excellent student in Changjun Middle School.
Textbooks without words
Xu Teli "teaches and educates people all his life". His revolutionary spirit, noble sentiment and excellent quality are known as "wordless textbooks", which educate and inspire young students from generation to generation.
The story of Xu Teli's finger-cutting bloody book is the most touching patriotic textbook. During the period of 1906, I taught in Nan Zhou Girls' School and had the opportunity to read revolutionary publications such as People's Daily, Suddenly Looking Back, and New Lake Xiangchao. He changed his mind and actively engaged in revolutionary activities, guiding students to care about the fate of the country and the nation. 1in the summer of 909, he was supposed to give a report on current affairs at school. He denounced the imperialists' ubiquitous aggression in China and listed a series of tragedies in which missionaries poisoned the people of China. The more he talked, the angrier he became, the more impassioned he became, and the more he burst into tears. Suddenly, he jumped off the platform, ran to the kitchen, took out a kitchen knife and cut off a finger of his left hand in public. He wrote in blood the eight characters "expel the Tatars and restore China", expressing his resentment against imperialism and his determination to take revenge. He fainted from bleeding. Afterwards, many newspapers inside and outside the province reported the news in a prominent position. Xu Teli's patriotic feat has educated people from all walks of life and inspired the patriotic enthusiasm of many teachers and students.
As an outstanding revolutionary educator, Xu Teli has maintained the excellent quality of simplicity and frugality all his life. This is a rare self-cultivation textbook. As early as Hunan First Normal University, Xu Teli was famous for his frugality. His residence is very simple. There are no big suitcases, no big cabinets, no valuable furniture, only worn-out books. At that time, there was an atmosphere in the education circle in Changsha. Middle school teachers are regarded as decent people, and they have to sit in sedan chairs when they go out, showing gentlemanly manners. But Xu Teli never takes a sedan chair. He is the president of Changsha Normal University, and he also teaches in No.1 Normal University. The distance between the two schools is about 10, and he always walks back and forth. On rainy and snowy days, he wears "spikes", holds an umbrella and holds handouts, and never misses class or is late. Some teachers were very moved by this, and gradually they all learned not to ride in a sedan chair.
From 65438 to 0937, Xu Teli led the education work in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. When the CPC Central Committee first entered Wayaobao, there was only one local school. One day, Xu Teli went to class. He is wearing a shabby fur coat with a rope tied around his waist. The school teachers thought he was the groom of the Red Army and didn't care. The next day, Xu Teli and Dong You went to class together. Feng Xuefeng introduced Xu Teli to the teachers, who were all surprised. It turned out that this extremely plain-dressed "groom" was actually the Minister of Education in the Border Region. There are two small poems describing his frugal life in Yan' an: "The old people in Yan' an are just public and special, and their lives are as simple as old soldiers;" "Coarse cloth is often supplemented, and self-cooked melons and fruits are full of food." "Ride less stallion and walk more, don't always care about it. Carry two ice buns and have several meetings a day. "
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xu Teli lived in Beijing, and he still maintained a frugal style despite good material conditions. He often told his relatives that a simple life can not only save money for public utilities, but also connect with the masses, exercise the revolutionary will of the people and cultivate their noble qualities. His clothes, quilts, shoes and hats were worn from Yan 'an until after liberation, and he insisted on not changing them as long as they could be mended. Later, he agreed to buy a suit of material clothes and a pair of leather shoes, which he didn't wear at ordinary times, just because he often attended some important banquets and participated in foreign affairs activities. His diet is also very simple, and he always loves to eat whole grains and vegetables. At first, he lived with some staff in Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. The house is old and crowded, and his grandchildren sleep on the floor of the office when they get home. 1952, the organization wants to build several houses for him. He disagreed several times, saying that he would wait until the production was well done and the people lived a well-off life. Later, after repeated persuasion and the construction cost was reduced 1/2, he reluctantly agreed. When he lived in Xiangshan, he seldom rode alone. He made an account with the guards: cars and gasoline were imported from abroad in kind or gold, and the annual income of a middle peasant ran away after several trips from Xiangshan to the city. Later, living in the city, he often changed his car into steps, maintaining a fine tradition.
1968165438+1On October 28th, Mr. Xu Teli died of illness at the age of 9/kloc-0. He is a great teacher, and his life of fighting for China's education will always be remembered and praised by people.
Lin Zexu
During the late Qing Dynasty, colonialists and speculators from Britain, France, the United States and other western countries smuggled drugs and opium to China. Secondly, drugs are used to endanger the health of China people, which facilitates their invasion. At that time, many honest officials saw through the sinister intentions of the British and insisted on banning opium. Lin Zexu's attitude is the most determined. He said: If smoking is not banned, there will be no money as a salary in our country, and there will be no Qiang Bing resisting aggression. For the sake of national dignity, smoking must be banned. The emperor told him to go to Guangzhou to ban opium. Lin Zexu went to Guangzhou. Order foreign businessmen to hand over all opium, and promise not to smuggle opium to China again, otherwise hell to pay. Some foreign businessmen did this, but British businessmen refused to pay, and Yi Li, the representative of the British government, also planned a plot to try to fight back. Lin Zexu made a decisive decision, resolutely exercised sovereignty, interrupted trade with Britain, and stopped supplying food and water. The British have no choice. I had to hand over opium. 1On June 3rd, 839, Lin Zexu personally went to Humentan to preside over the destruction of opium, a harmful drug. He defended the dignity of the Chinese nation with great courage and determination, and was a great patriot.