Guide to argumentative essay writing: make good use of ancient poetry materials as arguments

Middle school students who read more extracurricular books and become more knowledgeable can naturally improve their writing skills to a certain extent. But this is limited to students The actual situation is that it is impossible to "read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles". When writing for the college entrance examination, I often cannot find the entry point for writing and have no way to write; I suffer from "short money", no material, and nothing to say. At this time , we might as well think more differently, be more flexible, and use textbook materials that are rarely quoted by people but can clearly and powerfully illustrate the point of view as examples, and sometimes we can write excellent works in the examination room. Textbook materials include text examples, It can be said that accumulating textbook materials is a good way to cure the "flaws" in composition by including famous quotes and essays about writing in class. Below, I will try to classify, introduce, and suggest some available ancient poetry arguments and application materials. Method:

1. One material from several angles

Some materials in ancient poetry can lead to different ideas when considered from different angles. Below we will try to use "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" as an example. Example for analysis:

It can be thought from the different identities and different circumstances of different characters: such as Lin Xiangru’s perspective (from the perspective of his relationship with Lian Po), Lian Po’s perspective (from the perspective of his relationship with Lin Xiangru) The same person can also make an argument from different aspects:

(1) Argument from the perspective of Lin Xiangru’s handling of the relationship with Lian Po: From the perspective of Lin Xiangru’s motivation for handling the relationship, refine the point of view: everything should focus on the overall situation and national interests; from the perspective of Lin Xiangru’s handling of the relationship Judging from the results, the viewpoint can be refined: Be more tolerant.

(2) From the perspective of the relationship between Lian Po and Xiangru: From the final reconciliation of Lian Po and Xiangru, the viewpoint can be refined: Be brave enough to admit your mistakes , reform; judging from the possible consequences of Lian Po's initial provocation in anger: Lian Po is in a high position, relies on his high merits, and derogates Xiangru. If the opponent he encounters is not Xiangru, or Xiangru listens to the advice of his disciples and Falling out with them will create a situation where dragons and tigers are fighting each other, which will inevitably give the enemy an opportunity to take advantage of. It can be seen that the words and deeds of those in high positions are closely related, and the slightest carelessness will endanger the national interests. They care about personal fame and fortune. Mistakes made due to reasons such as status are unforgivable. Therefore, it can be concluded that you cannot make unforgivable mistakes to satisfy selfish desires.

(3) Argument from the perspective of Miao Xian’s recommendation of Lin Xiangru :

Judging from the incident itself: In a situation where the national dignity of Zhao is at stake and the monarch and ministers are at a loss, if the recommended person cannot take on this important task, then Miao Xian cannot escape responsibility; Miao Xian is the key Dare to stand up at all times and relieve the country's worries. The point can be refined: Recommending talents must be courageous and knowledgeable. From the perspective of Miao Xian's recommendation process: Miao Xian does not hesitate to disclose "privacy", regardless of his own interests, and does not hesitate to disparage his own image. This is from the bottom of his heart The selfless and open-minded eunuch Ling is indeed amazing. The point can be extracted: the dignity of the motherland is above all else. Judging from the results of the recommendation: Generally speaking, high risks should lead to high returns. However, Miao Xian lost a lot of money. Except for the resourceful disciples, no one has ever been as jealous as Lian Po. It should be said that it was Miao Xianyu who made Xiangru stand out. This kind of adult beauty, the character of not thinking about retribution, and the ability of his subordinates to do what is right for him. The magnanimity of a jealous heart is inspiring and gives rise to respect. The point can be refined: giving without expecting anything in return.

2. Several materials from one angle

Although some ancient poetry materials Different, but if you reorganize and integrate them, you will find that they can still be used to illustrate the same point of view:

(1) Describe the beautiful family and friendship

1. Family and Friendship

(1) Birds nostalgic for the old forest, fish in the pond longing for their old abyss. ("Returning to the Garden and Fields"

Residence")

(2) Home is a comfortable home and a safe haven, where there is family happiness and deep family affection. Tao Yuanming got rid of the shackles of officialdom and rushed home, "The boat is far away and the boat is light. , the wind is blowing and the clothes are blowing. He asks his husband about the way ahead, and hates the faintness of the morning light." When he gets home, he can "please his relatives with their loving words, play music on the piano and write books to soothe his worries", he can "climb to Donggao to soothe his whistle, and listen to the clear stream and sing "Poetry". ("Come Back and Come Back")

(3) "The private love of a black bird, I am willing to beg for support forever." Li Mi uses birds as metaphors for people, tracing back to the nature of animals, and the same is true for birds. How can a person be so embarrassed? His sincerity and sincerity are beyond words, how can he not move people? ("Chen Qing Biao")

2. Children's education

(1) Jiao's mother overstepped her authority and interfered, turning her children into machines controlled by their parents, leading to the tragedy of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi "hanging themselves on the southeastern branch" and "going to the Qingchi" .Parents, be vigilant! ("The Peacock Flies Southeast")

(2) Because the Empress Dowager Zhao did not want her son Chang'an Lord to be a hostage in exchange for Qi's reinforcements, she was furious and said, "Who can persuade me anymore," "Old women will spit in their faces" vicious words. As parents, we should not only consider the immediate happiness of our children, so that they can live in a privileged position without merit and salary, but should make long-term plans for their children. This is the true love and care for their children. ("Touch" "Long talks about the Queen Mother Zhao")

3. Unity and cooperation

(1) Lin Xiangru later "positioned himself on the right side of Lian Po" and might not be defeated by Lian Po. However, he knew very well that "when two tigers fight, they are not equally powerful." The truth is not good for oneself and the country, so he tolerates everything, and finally gets the gratifying ending of "harmony between generals and prime ministers". ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

(2) Although the Six Kingdoms during the Warring States Period were powerful, they They were not united, they even watched each other from afar, and they were fighting each other, but they were defeated by the Qin State in the northwest. Isn't this phenomenon that seems powerful but is actually scattered, not worthy of our deep thought? ("Theory of Six Kingdoms")

(3) Han Yu criticized the culture of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" and advocated "not being ashamed to learn from teachers". If you ask for advice with an open mind, you will make progress; while you help others, you can also improve yourself. ("Teacher's Theory")

(2) Pay attention to social reality and hot topics in life

1. Be prepared for danger in times of peace

(1) A ruler should be careful about the importance of his divine weapon and live in a large territory. He should not be prepared for danger in times of peace, abstain from extravagance and be frugal. This is also the same as cutting down the roots in order to grow trees and blocking the source in order to have a long flow of water. ("Admonition to Taizong Ten Thoughts")

(2) A fortress is most easily broken from within. If your position is unstable, you will be easily dragged into the water by bad people with ulterior motives. Confucius said sincerely at that time: " I fear that Ji and Sun's worries are not in Zhuan Yu, but within Xiao Qiang." ("The Ji family will attack Zhuan Yu")

(3) From the later Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zhuangzong Li Cunxu gained the world and then lost it. From the lessons of history, it can be seen that only by guarding against arrogance and extravagance, guarding against the slightest change, and working hard to govern can we preserve the country. Ouyang Xiu once lamented: "Working hard can rejuvenate a country, but leisure can destroy one's life." ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan")

2. The people's support

(1) Those who seek the growth of trees must strengthen their roots; those who wish to flow far away must dredge up their springs; those who long for the security of their country must accumulate their virtues. ("Remonstrance to Emperor Taizong Ten" "Three Thoughts")

(2) It is not about being too big to complain, but to be afraid of others; if you are carrying a boat and overturning it, you should be cautious. ("Ten Thoughts on Remonstrance to Taizong")

( 3) When the people returned, they came down from the water. ("Mencius Meets King Xiang of Liang")

(4) Qin could destroy the six countries and unify the world, but it died in two generations. Jia Yi analyzed: "If benevolence and righteousness are not practiced, the offensive and defensive forces will be different." Qin's lesson seems to be a cliché, but it is still useful for today. If our government and our leading cadres do not seek happiness for the people, they will also be opposed by the people. of.(

"On Guo Qin")

3. Emotion and Reason

(1) When the street pavilion was lost, "Kong Ming beheaded Ma Su with tears", the wonderful and touching words are all in the word "behead", "behead" embodies law and discipline; "shed tears" embodies human feelings, regardless of No matter how deep the human relationship is, it will eventually be "cut off". Can't we learn something from this historical story more than a thousand years ago? ("Lost Street Pavilion")

(2) Li Mi is a former Remaining ministers of the imperial court and refusing to serve as officials in the current dynasty would arouse the emperor's suspicion. Fortunately, one of his "Chen Qing Biao" was written in a reasonable and emotional way, such as "Liu Sun is declining in Xishan, his breath is dying, his life is in danger, and the court cannot "Luxi. Without my grandmother, I would not be able to live today; without my grandmother, I would not be able to live out my remaining years." The emperor had to admire his filial piety. ("Chen Qing Biao")

4. Environmental Protection

(1) Mencius said: "If a few grains of grain are not put into the pond, the fish and turtles will not be able to eat; if an ax weighs an hour and a pound is entered into the forest, the wood will be useless." More than 2,000 years ago. Mencius has realized that protecting the environment is closely related to human survival. ("A Few People on the Country")

(2) Cultural relics are non-renewable wealth, and protecting cultural relics is an unshirkable duty for us contemporary people. Today, there should be no behavior like Xiang Yu who burned down the Epang Palace with a fire. However, phenomena of ignoring, cannibalizing, occupying, and destroying cultural relics and historic sites often occur. These phenomena are actually not much different from what Xiang Yu did. ("A Fang Gong Fu")

(3) Examine value orientation and moral sentiment

1. Success in adversity

(1) King Wen was restrained and performed "The Book of Changes"; Zhongniee wrote "Spring and Autumn"; Qu Yuan was exiled and wrote "Li Sao"; Zuoqiu was blind and wrote "Guoyu"; Sun Tzu Bin Jie, "The Art of War" revised the list; Bu Wei moved to Shu, "Lu Lan"; Han Fei imprisoned Qin, "Speaking of Difficulties" and "Lonely Anger"; "Poetry" 300 chapters, mostly the actions of sages out of anger. ("Poetry") "Report to Ren An")

(2) When you are old and strong, you would rather move your heart with a white head; when you are poor and strong, you will not fall into the blue clouds. ("Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng")

(3) Gou Jian endured humiliation, endured hardships, and worked hard for ten years. He destroyed Wu in one day and avenged the hatred of his family and the country. ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu")

2. Integrity and character

(1) An Neng was able to bend his eyebrows and bend his waist to serve the powerful, which made me unhappy. ("Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell")

(2) Qu Yuan always maintained a noble attitude A character that does not go along with the troubled times. "It is able to be as white as a bright moon, but as warm as an earworm in the world." Patriotic Integrity

(1) Sacrificing one’s life in a national disaster and seeing one’s death as if one were returning home ("The White Horse")

(2) Those who devote themselves to the country and the people will always be admired by future generations. Just like Zhuge Liang, Du Fu lamented that he "died before he left the army, making the hero burst into tears." Lu You praised him for "when he left the army, he showed his true fame in the world, and who can be compared to him in a thousand years" ("Eight Modern Poems")

(3) Chulong cares about the future and destiny of the country with full enthusiasm and ownership attitude, solves problems for the country, and contributes his own intelligence. ("Chulong Talks about the Queen Mother Zhao")

(4) Like Zou Ji, even ordinary citizens should actively provide opinions and reasonable suggestions to relevant departments and superior leaders. As the saying goes, "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country." ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi and accepts advice")

(5) When the country was in trouble, Wen Zhong stepped forward and his loyalty was hidden in blaming the king. He was worthy of being a wise minister in controlling chaos. ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu")

4． Value Orientation

(1) Everyone is destined to die. It may be heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, and the interests of using it vary. ("Reporting to Ren"

"An Shu")

(2) If the "five people" did not "die out of righteousness", how could they have allowed Zhang Pu to write "Five People" as "grass people" and "ant people"? "Tombstones of Five People" has been passed down to this day. Let us also remember their heroic actions? ("Tombstones of Five People")

(4) Experience life concepts and thinking methods

1 ． Self-confidence and self-love

(1) I am born with talents that will be useful. ("Will Enter the Wine")

(2) Don't underestimate yourself, don't feel sorry for yourself, as long as you have a skill, you can Better than others in this aspect. "That's why there is neither high nor low, neither long nor young. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists." "There is a sequence of learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the art, that's all." ("Teacher's Statement") )

(3) Xiang Yu was frank and arrogant, arrogant and underestimating the enemy, resourceful and gullible, indecisive, brave but resourceful, and finally let Liu Bang run away. ("Hongmen Banquet")

(4 ) If you don’t want to follow blindly, you must have self-confidence. Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty visited Baochan Mountain with his friends. They could have explored the wonderful scenery, but because some people backed out, everyone quit. After quitting, they discovered that "if you are strong enough to enter, the fire "It's enough to understand", but "I can't enjoy the joy of traveling to the extreme". ("A Journey to Baochan Mountain")

2. Courage and Strategy

(1) Lin Xiangru entered the powerful Qin Dynasty alone and completed a difficult task. Without extraordinary courage, how could he succeed? ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

(2) Zhu Zhiwu, an old man, alone persuaded the powerful Qin army to retreat and saved Zheng State. Why? He relied on superhuman courage. ("Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Army")

3. The art of speaking

(1) Zou Ji did not directly advise King Qi Wei directly. Instead, he used his own personal experience of small things in life to explain the truth. He spoke clearly and concretely, with profound reasoning and euphemism. Make it easier for people to accept. ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice")

(2) Under the anger of the Queen Mother Zhao, Chulong still dared to persuade, and the persuasion was successful. Why? No other , move with emotion, understand with reason, just compare your heart with your heart. ("Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Empress Dowager Zhao")

(3) Zhu Zhiwu uses retreat to advance, has firmness in softness, is good at tempting, and eloquent. Reasoning, substituting tricks, and skillfully provoking generals, he finally persuaded the Qin army to retreat. ("Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Army")

4. Self-knowledge

(1) In the face of praise, Zou Ji did not get carried away. "Tomorrow, Mr. Xu will come. Whoever will look at it will think that he is not as good as him. When he looks into the mirror and looks at himself, he will not be as far away. When I go to bed at night, I will think about it. Said: 'My wife who beautifies me is selfish; my concubine who beautifies me is afraid of me; my guest who beautifies me is asking for something from me.'" It can be seen that Zou Ji is very self-aware. ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") )

(2) When He Bo saw how majestic the Yellow River was at first, he was secretly happy, "taking all the beauty of the world as my own", but after seeing the sea, he realized that his mistakes could be corrected, and lamented, "I have always seen and laughed at Generous Home". ("Autumn Water")

5. Perseverance

(1) If you persevere, the rotten wood will not break; if you persevere, the metal and stone can be carved. ("Encouragement to Learning")

(2) There is also the kindness of the heart. , Even though he died nine times, he still has no regrets. ("Li Sao")

(3) From Wang Anshi's experience of visiting Baochan Mountain, we can realize that in studying and doing things, we must have an indomitable will and "deep thinking" The spirit of "take with caution". ("A Journey to Bao Chan Mountain")

6. Good at adapting to changes

(1) The sage is not stagnant in things, but can move with the world. ("Qu Yuan's Biography")

(2) Faced with "Man is a swordsman, and I am a fish." situation, Liu

With the help of Zhang Liang, Bang was good at coping and escaped the disaster; while Xiang Yu was an arrogant and rigid person. As a result, he let the tiger go back to the mountain, and Fan Zeng was so angry that he cursed "Zhu Zi is not enough to make plans". ("Hongmen Banquet")

7. Shanna Yayan

(1) King Wei of Qi is an enlightened and accomplished monarch. He can follow the advice readily and is happy when he hears it. He has the courage to reform and makes the Qi country great. ("Zou Ji Satires Qi" (2) When King Gou Jian of Yue faced the advice of his subordinates, he accepted it with an open mind, thirsted for talents, and "took his hand to conspire with them." However, King Fu Chai of Wu was headstrong and self-willed, arrogant and indulged the enemy. , the body dies and the country dies. ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu")

3. Several methods of using ancient poetry materials

(1) Clever borrowing, new interpretation of the story

According to the theme requirements of the college entrance examination essay, you can borrow characters and stories from ancient poetry textbooks to engage in innovative thinking, deeply explore the reasonable and reasonable meanings, and introduce new ones. For example, Xiang Yu in the 2001 Hebei examinee's "Ti Wu Jiang Pavilion" Some contents are borrowed from "Hongmen Banquet" (the first volume of the high school Chinese textbook), but Xiang Yu is no longer a "cowardless" "brave", "biased on faith" and "willful", and is no longer the "reckless man" who was scolded by Fan Zeng. The "idiot" who "doesn't give up on integrity". The author puts aside the arguments and comments of famous people, talks about heroes with "integrity", expresses his own opinions, and creates "a man who has not given up integrity" and "a man who stands upright." The author enthusiastically praised Xiang Yu's "courageous", "heroic", "fearless" and "outspoken" image. "So when you were in Wujiang, you completed the image of a man who never gave up integrity." You are immortal, you finally defeated Liu Bang, and with your integrity, you stabbed Liu Bang in the reputation of future generations!" The author created a new interpretation in the old article - integrity, which not only respects the original work, but also creates a unique approach, making people feel both familiar and novel.

(2) Ingenious use and new story editing

Use the original textbook to re-create the story situation and re-write the story. Find "gaps" in the classics and expand them into rich stories. The imaginative space requires not only an in-depth understanding of the original work, but also the spirit of "bold assumptions" and reasonable fiction.

The 2004 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination essay "A New Biography of "The Peacock Flies Southeast"" is based on the composition requirements "With the theme of 'the agility of water and the stability of mountains'", "The Peacock Flies Southeast" was boldly transformed, comparing Liu Lanzhi to water and Jiao Zhongqing to mountains, "I am the water, you are the mountain; the water is agile and beautiful." "Unchangeable; mountains are steady, colors are not solid". The article's "flexible use" of relevant classical literature resources and realistic description of virtual situations add to the "persuasiveness" and literariness of the story. Such a "new story" is wonderful The difficulty lies in "seemingly but not", and it should first be created under the "premise" of the meaning of the title. In this regard, this article is successful.

(3) Clever adoption and grafting

As the saying goes, "It is difficult for a clever woman to make a meal without rice." The writing materials for compositions rely on daily accumulation, but it is also a good way to transfer the content of the textbooks during the exam and "use them for my own use". In 2002, the Hunan candidate's essay "Invincible Heroes and Patriotism" used the feats of Qu Yuan, Jing Ke, Wen Tianxiang and other sages when faced with life choices to explain the central argument of "choosing to be worthy of heaven and heart". The argument is typical and persuasive. Qiang. "The doctor Sanlu, who was dribbling his hair and looking haggard, lamented, 'The whole world is turbid and I am alone, everyone is drunk but I am alone', and then he threw himself into Miluo. The helplessness of 'the Luan bird and the Phoenix emperor, the sun is far away' , the resentment that "the birds and magpies are in the nest and the altar is in ruins" made him choose to use death to establish the majesty of conscience and the grace of human nature. And the change of "the wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return once he is gone" The tragic song of the expedition also sings the profound choice of another desperate hero Jing Ke; Wen Tianxiang, who "has a magnetic needle in his heart and will not rest until he points to the right direction", is even more "eternally loyal to the past and present".

4. Avoid "pile"

A few tips on how to "build materials"

When preparing for the exam and composing ideas for the exam, our general policy is to have as much material as possible. However, if you really want to write it into the article, you still have to First, screen, coordinate and combine. The usual approach is:

(1) Multi-angle and multi-field examples

If the selected materials belong to the same field, the materials will appear to be single or confusing. People have a sense of stacking. If you can give examples from different angles, the examples will be much more representative and typical. The 2003 college entrance examination essay "The same water in front of you, but different feelings in the pen" is interpreted from different angles and different fields. The "water" that is H2O has different characteristics and different feelings expressed in the writings of different people. "Water - Empress Li's endless sorrow" "Water - Xin Qiji's loyal and angry hope" "Water - the ugliness that Wen Yiduo hates" and "Water - the goddess of beauty that Zhu Ziqing loves", and the four sub-themes can all closely focus on the writing focus of "emotions affect the cognition of things".

(2) Combination of overt and covert quotations

"'The river goes eastward, the waves are washed away, and the romantic figures of the ages.' The Chinese language came out from the ancient mouth; the Chinese language was regarded as Zhang Fei roared out at Yangqiaotou; Chinese language flowed out from the pen of Fan Zhongyan, who was concerned about the country and the people; Chinese language echoed on the strings of the pipa girl at the head of Xunyang River. Chinese language helped us experience the magic in the fairy cave in Tianmu Mountain, and to Jingyang Feel the thrill on the bluestone of the hill; it allows us to deeply understand the feeling of "the dead are like this", the sadness of "just lowering the brows, but it is in the heart", the helplessness of "singing to each other, what is the geometry of life", "the autumn sun never leaves" The frost flies late, leaving the desolation of the remaining lotuses listening to the sound of rain -----" The 2000 college entrance examination composition "Leng Xiang Fei Shang Chinese" is based on the textbook, and the content of the textbook is picked up at will, either explicitly or implicitly. His ability to apply and apply textbook knowledge obviously benefited from careful study and memorization of textbooks, as well as tactful application on the spot.

(3) Analysis of cases before and after cases

Simply listing the pile of materials is likely to be out of touch with the arguments, which will make it difficult to serve as "evidence". Therefore, we must pay attention to the bonding effect of arguments and arguments, and must not "use examples to prove". The 2004 Guangdong Provincial College Entrance Examination full-score essay "Language is the Key to Communication" noted the analysis of cases before and after cases, thus effectively explaining the truth that "language is the key to communication": "Appropriate language expression is conducive to friendly communication. .Gao Shi's "Don't worry about having no friends in the future, no one in the world will know you" and Wang Bo's "There are close friends in the sea, and the world is as close as your neighbor". They both sent away their friends in beautiful words and achieved the communication of friendship. Li Bai's " The language of persuading friends to return in the article "The Road to Shu is Difficult" is incisive and achieves the communication of friendship. From Li Bai's "There are six dragons returning to the sun on the top, and the waves and twists and turns back to Sichuan" we can know that the road to Shu is difficult. "It's harder to reach the sky", friends will feel the friend's care from words, and communication will come to the heart. Communication is not like Bai Juyi said, "Silence is better than sound at this time", it requires language to convey each other's concerns. Communication of friendship , need the key of language".

"Ask the canal where it can be so clear, so that the source of running water can come." Accumulation is an important way to enrich the content of the article. Reading, memorizing and using it well is accumulation. An effective method. As teachers, we should guide students to dig out and reserve 30-50 examples from Chinese textbooks that have always been ignored, and recombine existing argument materials according to the needs of different topics, or combine existing more typical ones Conduct in-depth analysis of argumentative materials from multiple angles to meet the argumentation needs of different topics, thereby writing a good and impressive article