(a) Examine the problem carefully
Examining questions is the first step in the composition process. The quality of this step will determine whether the whole content meets the requirements and whether the idea can be carried out in the right direction. It is not uncommon for a thousand miles to make a mistake, and it is not common for the senior high school entrance examination to be irrelevant because of unclear examination questions. In the case of good basic skills in composition, as long as the article conforms to the meaning of the question, the performance of second-class articles can generally be guaranteed.
So how to judge the meaning of the problem? In general, the following points should be noted:
1. Identify styles.
Few questions can be written in multiple styles. Generally speaking, there is only one style suitable for a topic. The first step in the examination is to judge the style. When judging style, we should pay attention to the following rules:
(1) The literariness of narrative title generally involves six elements of narrative. For example, the night of National Day involves time, the way to school involves place, the guests from my home involve place, people and things, and the change of hometown involves the development and ending of things. The words "people", "things" and "notes" that appear directly in the title are the symbols of narrative.
(2) Words such as "Yi", "Lun", "Tan" and "Debate" often appear in argumentative essays, and some of them are composed of phrases such as "Wu Cong", "Si Cong" and "Say Cong". Some argumentative topics are sentences expressing opinions, such as "Don't be afraid of difficulties" and "Don't be afraid of difficulties", which are easier to judge.
(3) There is little discussion in the senior high school entrance examination, and even if there is, there are usually stylistic hints. Practical writing questions clearly require writing notices, notices, letters, etc.
2. See the requirements of the topic clearly.
Generally speaking, the composition questions in the senior high school entrance examination have clear provisions on style, number of words and expression in the "requirements" item. We must be clear about the content of the "requirements" and strictly implement them.
For example (1992 Beijing senior high school entrance examination questions)
Theme: growing up in the sun
Requirements: (1) Write a narrative and use the expression of argument appropriately.
(2) The real name and school name shall not appear in the text.
(3) 500 ~ 800 words, less than 500 or more than 800, 0.5 points for every 25 words.
The above requirements should be said to be very specific and clear, but there are still a few candidates who have such and such problems in the actual exam, which must be paid attention to.
3. Pay attention to the hidden content in the topic
The requirements clearly put forward in the examination questions are obvious and must be followed correctly, but some requirements are hidden behind the superficial words and need to be realized by the candidates themselves. For example, the sunshine in Growing up in the Sun, of course, does not refer to the sunshine in nature, but should be understood as the care of the party, the warmth of the collective, the affection between family and friends and so on.
My footprint is not to describe the real footprint, but to write meaningful events on the road of growth and progress. For some materials provided in the composition topic, we should pay more attention to the careful analysis by means of generalization, extension and analogy to understand the metaphorical or symbolic meaning of the topic.
(2) Properly conceived
After the exam, you should make appropriate ideas according to the requirements of the topic. The so-called conception is the center and theme of the article. In the narrative, "conception" is the central idea to be expressed in the notes; In argumentative writing, "conception" refers to establishing the central argument of the article.
There are three main requirements for conception:
The first is to be distinct. What the article praises, criticizes, advocates and opposes should be clear-cut, and should not be vague or ambiguous.
The second is to be correct. The requirements for conception in the composition scoring standard of senior high school entrance examination are: narrative "healthy thoughts and feelings" and argumentative "correct views", which are the most basic requirements and should be seriously implemented.
The third is to strive for novelty and profundity. This is a higher requirement on the basis of the first two. The article should strive to be innovative and in-depth. Don't repeat topics that others have said many times, and don't be superficial.
Just try it. We should also pay attention to the times and pertinence of our thoughts.
(3) Write an outline
After the center of the article is determined, we should consider which materials to choose, how to organize the materials and how to structure the full text. An important thing to do in this thinking process is to write an outline. Just like drawing a picture before building a house, before writing, you should set up a shelf for the article and list in words what has been implemented in the examination, conception and conception. Therefore, the process of writing an outline is actually a process of sorting out ideas, sorting out materials and organizing structure.
The outline should truly reflect your own ideas, with clear thinking, clear hierarchy, conciseness and to the point, and highlight the main points of each part of the article. As for the detailed arrangement of the article, it can be further implemented in the writing process. In the process of writing, it is found that the outline is inappropriate and can be further revised.
There is no fixed format for writing an outline. Because of different styles, the outline should be written in different ways.
For example, narratives can be written in the order of time and space or the process of event development; General argumentative essays can be arranged in three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion, reflecting the relationship between arguments and arguments; The explanatory text should grasp the characteristics of the explanatory object and be written in space, time or logical order.
The following are the writing outlines of two compositions with different styles:
Narration: "Unusual Examination" (199 1 year, the senior high school entrance examination in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province)
Title requirements: (1) Write a narrative with appropriate discussion.
(2) The number of words shall not be less than 600.
(3) Where the school name, school name and school address are involved, it shall be replaced by ××.
Outline:
(1) Beginning: Let's talk about the topic. There are all kinds of exams on the road of life, and I have experienced two unusual ones.
Exam.
(2) Main part: 1. Work hard-prepare for the entrance examination of ballet school.
2. Helping others on rainy nights-what happened the night before the exam?
3. Accidental Meeting-I sprained my foot on the way.
4. Failure in the exam-the result of foot injury
(3) Conclusion: My opinion on this matter-I failed in the dance exam and got a positive in the life exam.
Confirm the answer sheet.
Argumentation: Don't refuse to do small things.
Outline:
(1) Introduction: Introduce topics and make arguments-don't refuse to do small things.
(2) This theory:
A. explain the argument:
1. Don't underestimate small things, "small things" are the foundation of "great cause".
(1) Lao Tzu's famous saying ―― Analysis
(2) Liu Bei's words-analysis
Great achievements are accumulated through small efforts.
(1) The case of the Soviet entomologist Lyubyshev.
(2) Pavlov's exposition
(3) The deeds of China women's volleyball team.
B. Connecting with practice:
Teenagers should attach importance to small things.
(3) Conclusion: Reiterate the argument.
(4) Writing calmly
After writing the outline, it's time to start writing. Pay attention to the following points when writing:
1. Pay attention to language expression
After an article has a clear center and reasonable thinking, the ultimate success or failure depends on the ability to use language and characters. The basic requirement for the language in the composition scoring standard of senior high school entrance examination is "fluency, no ill sentences".
There are clear provisions on the language of Beijing senior high school entrance examination scoring standard. Sentences with 1-3 can still be rated as Class II, and sentences with 4-6 belong to Class III. Therefore, language fluency is extremely important. The language requirements of different styles have been explained in detail in the previous guide to the volume, so I won't repeat them here. No matter what style, the language should be accurate and concise.
2. Use punctuation accurately.
Punctuation marks are an indispensable part of an article. Inaccurate punctuation may lead to ambiguity of words; The irregular use of punctuation marks will affect the expression effect of the whole article. Therefore, we should pay enough attention to writing. Pay attention to the rules when using punctuation marks, such as: period, question mark, exclamation mark, pause, comma, semicolon and colon (collectively referred to as "dot") cannot be placed at the beginning of a line; Quotes, brackets, and the first half of the title cannot be placed at the end of the line, and the second half cannot be placed at the beginning of the line; Both dashes and ellipses should occupy two spaces, and dashes or ellipses cannot be divided into two lines. The omission point is six o'clock and so on.
3. The handwriting should be clear and neat, and don't write typos.
The writing situation of examination composition directly affects the overall impression of the marking teacher and also affects the composition score.
Candidates must have enough knowledge about this. According to the "Beijing Senior High School Entrance Examination Composition Scoring Standard", 0.5 points will be deducted for every 2 words of typos, with a maximum deduction of 3 points; If the full text is extremely scribbled and illegible, 2 points will be deducted, and 1 point will be deducted if the text is scribbled or the format is incorrect. Don't underestimate this 1 point and 2 points. Sometimes, this small difference in scores may directly affect the final result of your further study. The neatness and standardization of writing is not a day's work, so we should be strict and consciously trained at ordinary times.
4. Pay attention to time and limit the number of words.
Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the time three times in the whole composition process. Once, before you start writing, look at the available writing time and decide the writing speed according to the total time; Once, the initial idea is completed, depending on how long it takes to formally write; When writing the text for one and a half minutes for the third time, see how much time there is, so as to decide whether to expand the full text as planned, and whether to compress, adjust and simplify the content.
The number of words in the composition is generally clearly defined in the examination questions, which can be roughly divided into three situations: first, setting an upper limit, such as "no more than how many words" and "within how many words"; The second is to set a lower limit, such as "not less than how many words". In both cases, the word limit must be strictly enforced. Third, the upper and lower limits are defined, such as "left and right" and "between", and the left and right range depends on the intermediate number itself: generally speaking, the word 100 to 200 should not be greater than the word 10; 300 to 500 words, each article should not be more than 20 words; 600 to 800 words, each article should not be more than 30 words. (Punctuation marks should be counted)
The number of words in the composition should be familiar with the overall layout. Generally speaking, the main part of the propositional composition should account for 70% of the full text, and the beginning and end should account for15% respectively; For writing materials, if you want to quote materials at the beginning, the beginning can be increased to 25% ~ 30%, the main part should be at least 65%, and the end can be appropriately reduced.
(5) Check and modify
After writing the article, you must check and revise it. In principle, the revision of the article should be carried out from three aspects: ideological content, structure and language. However, it is impossible to have time to make major adjustments and changes after writing the exam composition. Therefore, the focus of revision should be the problems in the article. Errors such as missing words, typos, typos, and sick sentences should be corrected in time and minimized to avoid undue losses. A simple and feasible modification method is "silent reading". Read it word for word, and modify it at any time if you find any problems.
The on-site answer sheet of composition is conducted in a limited time, but the quality of the answer sheet depends on the long-term efforts before the exam, which reflects the examinee's usual language learning ability. Therefore, if you want to achieve satisfactory results on the spot, you must do it in peacetime. If there is a "secret" in composition, it is what Mr. Lu Xun said: "Read more, think more, read more and write more."