Schopenhauer is a shining star in the development of mankind. His thoughts should not be tarnished and discredited. His ideas are always worthy of people's deep thinking. Let me take you to learn more about it.

Introduction to Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), a famous German philosopher, Schopenhauer influenced many philosophers such as Nietzsche and Sartre. , started the philosophy of irrationalism, and he inherited Kant’s distinction between phenomena and things in themselves. His repressed, distorted understanding of the mind's subjugation to organs, desires, and impulses predicted psychoanalysis and psychology. He is the author of "On the Fourfold Root of the Ratio of Sufficient Reason", "The World as Will and Representation", "Appendices and Supplements", "On the Origin and Foundation of Morality", etc. He wrote fluently and had clear ideas. His later prose-style discussions had a great influence on the poeticization of later philosophical works.

Biography

Schopenhauer received education in England and France in his early years and was able to speak fluently in English, Italian, Spanish and other European languages ??as well as Latin and other ancient languages. He was initially forced to choose business to inherit his father's business. After his father's death, he was able to enter university.

In 1809 he entered the University of G?ttingen to study medicine, but shifted his interest to philosophy and studied for a period of time in Berlin in 1811. There he developed a keen interest in Fichte and Schleiermacher. He received his PhD with "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason". Goethe admired this article very much, and at the same time discovered Schopenhauer's pessimism tendency, and warned: If you love your own value, then give more value to the world. He called Plato divine and Kant miraculous, and he greatly respected the ideas of these two men. But he did not agree with the later speculative philosophy represented by Fichte and Hegel.

Between 1814 and 1819, he completed his representative work "The World as Will and Representation" in intellectual solitude. This work was influenced by Indian philosophy and is considered to be the link between East and West. The first work of a fusion of ideas, but no one cared about it after it was published. Schopenhauer said this about his book: If I am not worthy of this era, then this era is not worthy of me. But based on this work, he obtained the qualification of non-staff professor at the University of Berlin. One famous thing here is that he chose to teach at the same time as Hegel, whom he considered a famous sophist. But Hegel was at the peak of his reputation at the time, and Schopenhauer naturally failed to succeed. Soon there were only two or three people left in his class, and finally no one was left. Introduction to Schopenhauer, and he could only leave miserably. University of Berlin, this also confirms my point - truly intelligent people are not appreciated.

After frustration at university in 1833, he moved to Frankfurt, where he spent the last 27 lonely years.

In 1837, he was the first to point out the significant differences between the first and second editions of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. After that, he published a variety of works. In 1841, he published a collection of two papers, "On the Freedom of the Will" and "On the Foundations of Morality". These two papers were prize-winning essays written for different academies of science. The first one won the He was praised by the Royal Norwegian Academy of Sciences, but the second article was not praised by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. In subsequent books, he repeatedly ridiculed the Danish Academy of Sciences. After he became famous, the Danish Academy of Sciences also became a laughing stock for a while. But this book is also almost unknown.

In 1844, at his insistence, the second edition of "The World as Will and Representation" was published. The first edition was long out of print and failed to attract the slightest interest from critics or academics, and the second edition found few buyers.

In 1851, he completed the supplement and explanation of the world as will and representation. The result was this "Appendix and Supplement" written in aphorism style, which gained him reputation and made him instantly become celebrity. Some people wrote "The Great Dictionary of Schopenhauer" and "The Complete Works of Schopenhauer", and some commented that he was a thinker of world significance.

In 1859, the third edition of "The World as Will and Representation" caused a sensation. Schopenhauer said that "all Europe knows this book" and wrote in the preface of the third edition: I was only 30 years old when the first edition of this book came out, but I couldn't have been earlier than 72 when I read the third edition.

Finally, I found comfort in Petrarch's famous saying: Whoever walks all day and arrives at evening should be satisfied. Schopenhauer finally gained popularity in the last ten years, but still lived a lonely life. Accompanying him is a poodle named "World Soul". Some people say that this name is used to mock Hegel, while others say it is not. Schopenhauer died due to worsening pneumonia in 1860. In his last words, he said: He hopes that people who like his philosophy can understand his philosophy impartially and independently.

As a well-known pessimist, his life is not completely reclusive, and he is somewhat selfish by ordinary people. He has been in love; he has also been praised as a witty and eloquent talker. He reads the Times of London every day; he has a bad temper and once pushed a seamstress down the stairs (because he couldn't stand her noise and tried to dissuade her many times to no avail. He even wrote an article on noise. ) and caused her to be disabled, so Schopenhauer needed to pay her quarterly compensation throughout her life. At the time of this man's death, Schopenhauer wrote: "Obit anus, abit onus). His life has been criticized by others, and it is contrary to his philosophy in the eyes of ordinary people, which makes others despise him. Russell said this in his famous History of Western Philosophy: If we judge Schopenhauer based on his life, we can see that his argument is also insincere. Schopenhauer's attitude towards women can also be seen in his On Women. He believes that women "just want to be quiet and live their lives smoothly." "It is stupid and simple - in a word, their thoughts It is between adults and children, "irrational" and "mutual hatred" and "everything is subjective".

On September 21, 1860, he got up and took a cold bath, as usual. Sitting alone for breakfast, everything was fine. An hour later, when the housekeeper came in again, he found that he had fallen asleep on the corner of the sofa forever.

Schopenhauer's famous sayings

Mediocre people care about how to spend their time, talented people try to make the most of their time - Schopenhauer

Read too much or read endlessly without thinking. If it cannot be remembered forever, most of it will eventually disappear. - Schopenhauer

Only those who have an unwavering belief in their outstanding talents and unique value can be called "pride." Anyone who wants to pretend to be arrogant may not necessarily be proud. Like others, he will probably quickly discard this pretended personality - Schopenhauer

A personality learned purely through reading. Truth is as relevant to us as artificial limbs, dentures, wax noses, or even artificial skin grafts, and truth obtained through independent thinking is like our natural limbs: only they belong to us. —— Schopenhauer

The more he reads, the less things remain in his mind. The two are inversely proportional. The more he reads, the more his mind becomes like a densely packed blackboard. ——Schopenhauer

A single person is weak, just like the wandering Robinson. Only with others can he accomplish many things. —— Schopenhauer

Life is a language, it is for us. Conveys a certain truth; if we learn it in another way, we will not survive - Schopenhauer

Fundamentally speaking, only our independent thinking can truly have truth and life. Because they are the only things we understand repeatedly. Other people's thoughts are like leftovers on someone else's table, like clothes removed by strangers. —— Schopenhauer

Schopenhauer. Collected Essays

"Collected Essays on Schopenhauer" is a relatively easy-to-understand collection of seven groups of essays written by the famous modern German philosopher Schopenhauer about his philosophy, ethics, aesthetics and other aspects of his thoughts. The articles are: Wisdom of Life, Admonitions and Aphorisms, Religious Dialogues and Others, Essays on Literature and Art, Essays on Pessimism, On Human Nature, The Art of Argument, etc.

Schopenhauer’s Wisdom of Life

All the characteristics of personality are the most direct influencing factors of human happiness and happiness. Other factors are indirect, so their influence can be eliminated, but the influence of personality factors cannot be eliminated. This explains why people's deep-rooted jealousy is difficult to eliminate. Not only that, people also often carefully cover up their jealousy.

This book is a selected translation of Schopenhauer's original masterpiece, which basically reflects the main ideas and theories of Schopenhauer's philosophy of life. In order to facilitate readers' reading and understanding, some contents have been abridged and annotated in the editor. It is the first choice for understanding Schopenhauer's philosophy.

Character evaluation

Arthur Schopenhauer (Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860), German philosopher. In his early years, he studied medicine and philosophy at the University of G?ttingen. After receiving his doctorate, he studied Indian philosophy and Buddhism in Weimar and Dresden. He inherited Kant's distinction between phenomena and things in themselves. Unlike his contemporaries such as Fichte, Schelling and Hegel who eliminated the thing-in-itself, he insisted on the thing-in-itself and pointed out that it can be known through intuition and identified it as will. Will is independent of time and space, and all reason and knowledge are subordinate to it. People can only escape from it during aesthetic contemplation. Schopenhauer linked his famous extreme pessimism to this doctrine, pointing out that domination of the will can ultimately only lead to nothingness and pain. His repressed, distorted understanding of the mind's submission to organs, desires, and impulses laid the foundation for the emergence of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. He wrote fluently and had clear ideas. His later prose-style discussions had a great influence on the poeticization of later philosophical works.

Schopenhauer was one of the few philosophers whom Wittgenstein read and admired. He influenced many philosophers such as Nietzsche and Sartre, and started the philosophy of irrationalism. Nietzsche admired his works very much and once wrote "Schopenhauer as an Educator" to commemorate him. Wagner dedicated his opera "The Ring of the Nibelung" to Schopenhauer. Maupassant called him "the greatest destroyer of dreams in human history." The thoughts of the master of Chinese studies Wang Guowei were also deeply influenced by Schopenhauer. In his book "Human Ci Hua", he used Schopenhauer's theory to comment on Song Ci; he also used his theory to develop red studies and achieved great success.

In short, Schopenhauer is a shining star in human development. His thoughts should not be tarnished and discredited. His ideas are always worthy of people's deep thinking.

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