A: In order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials (page 2 of the book).
Second, why did Britain smuggle opium into China?
Direct purpose: profiteering
The fundamental purpose: to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials.
Third, the harm of opium.
1, the outflow of silver caused the financial crisis in Qing Dynasty.
2, the price of silver rose "silver is expensive and money is cheap" Qing * * * Taxation with silver increased the burden on the people.
3. Opium smuggling corrupted the ruling institutions of the Qing Dynasty, which allowed opium smuggling because of corruption. The ruling body of the Qing dynasty
It has become more corrupt because of accepting bribes and letting people go to private schools.
4. Opium poisons the physical and mental health of China people, brings social instability and seriously weakens the fighting capacity of China army.
Fourth, the anti-smoking campaign.
Lin Zexu wrote to Daoguang Emperor asking for a ban on smoking, and Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to ban smoking.
After Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, he arrested cigarette dealers, confiscated opium, set up a smoking ban bureau, prepared smoking cessation pills and destroyed opium in Humen.
1On June 3rd, 839, opium was destroyed in public in Humen Beach, Guangzhou.
Significance of the destruction of opium in Humen: The destruction of opium in Humen is a great victory of China people's anti-smoking movement, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Opium War
Reason: The evil opium trade was influenced by China, and Britain decided to go to war.
Time: 65438+June 0840-1842
Results: The Qing Dynasty was defeated and signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking (the Qing Dynasty lagged behind Britain in politics, economy, science and technology and military affairs).
Revelation: If you fall behind, you will be beaten. Closing the door to the outside world is the main reason for backwardness.
"treaty of nanking" content: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation 2 1 ten thousand yuan; Open five trading ports in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai; The taxes paid by British businessmen on import and export goods need to be agreed with Britain in China.
The division of Hong Kong Island to Britain destroyed the territory of China.
The compensation of 2 1 10,000 yuan has aggravated the financial crisis and the people's burden.
Five-port trade and agreed tariffs: beneficial to British commodity exports and disintegration of China's natural economy
The influence of intransitive verb opium war
After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from a feudal society. (Changes in social nature)
2. The first lesson of the seventh grade history textbook, the first lesson, the ancient residents of the motherland 1. The earliest human in China was 1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools. Lesson 2 primitive farming life 1. Hemudu primitive farming 1. China is the first country in the world to grow rice.
2. The primitive inhabitants of Hemudu, who lived in the Yangtze River valley (about 7000 years ago), began to settle down in the primitive farming method of grinding stone tools. Hemudu people live in a dry fence house, which is convenient for ventilation and moisture-proof; They also raise poultry and make pottery, jade and musical instruments.
The rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties 1. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty 1. Objective: In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system. 2. Content: Zhou gave his land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes and made them princes.
Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime. 3. Role: Develop remote areas, strengthen the rule and make the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country.
4. Destruction: Chinese people rioted, and in 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. Brilliant bronze civilization. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China.
Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. The famous bronzes are Simu Wuding and Siyang Fangzun.
2. During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a unique bronze culture prevailed in Chengdu Plain in southwest China, which is the world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed there have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period 1. Spring and autumn hegemony 1. In 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; At the same time, it reformed the military system, formed a powerful army, and gradually became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period with the order of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries". 3. In the late 7th century BC, after the Chengdu-Pudong War between Chu Jin and China, Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.
One hundred years later, Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains. Second, the warring States Seven Heroes 1. From southeast to northwest, the seven heroes of the Warring States Period were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.
It happened in 260 BC, and the decisive battle between Qin and Zhao was the battle of Changping. The battle of Changping made the six eastern countries unable to resist Qin.
Lesson 7 the era of great change 1. The famous Dujiangyan during the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan built by Li Bing for Qin was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project. Chengdu Plain has become a "land of abundance".
Second, the Shang Yang Reform 1. Time and place: 356 BC, Qin State. 2. Contents: ① The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading.
(2) those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
3. Function: After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and its army's combat effectiveness continued to increase, making it the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period. Lesson 8 Cultural Prosperity in China (1) 1. China has a written history, starting from the Shang Dynasty.
2. The words carved by merchants on tortoise shells or animal bones are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture (2) 1. Confucius was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his remarks are recorded in The Analects. He put forward the theory of "benevolence", advocated "loving others" and "ruling the country by virtue", and put forward in education: teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, reviewing the old and learning the new, and learning honestly.
The Analects of Confucius was compiled by Confucius' disciples. 2. Laozi was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his theory was recorded in Tao Te Ching. He believes that everything has opposites, and opposites can be transformed into each other.
Tao Te Ching was compiled by Taoism during the Warring States Period. Mozi, a Warring States man, advocated "universal love" and "non-attack", opposed bullying the small with the big and bullying the weak with the strong, and supported the just war.
Mencius in the Warring States believed that there was no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period and opposed all wars. Advocate "benevolent governance" to govern the country, pay no attention to taxation and pay attention to environmental protection.
Han Fei was born at the end of the Warring States Period. He advocated reform, opposed empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocated the rule of law. 6. Sun Wusheng was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and he is the author of The Art of War. His military thought is: "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible."
Lesson 10 The King of Qin Sweeps Liuhe 1. Qin unified six countries and established centralized rule 1. Time to destroy the Six Kingdoms: From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the Six Kingdoms successively. 2. Establishment of the Qin Dynasty: The first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established in 22 1 year, with Xianyang as its capital.
3. Establishment of centralized rule (1) Purpose: In order to strengthen the rule, centralized feudal autocracy was established. (2) The supreme ruler is the emperor, and the central government has Prime Minister Qiu and imperial advisers in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision. (3) the local county system.
(The county system originated from Shang Yang's political reform and is still in use today. (2) Measures to consolidate reunification in the Qin Dynasty 1. Politically, the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China was established. Economically unified currency (unified use of square copper coins) and weights and measures. 3. Culturally: unified writing (using Xiao Zhuan as the national standard writing, and then promoting the official script with simpler strokes) 4. Ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism.
(Li Si suggested) 5. Militarily: counterattack Xiongnu and build the Great Wall in the north (from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east). Dig canals in the south and develop southern Xinjiang.
6. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was implemented locally. Lesson 12 Unified Han Dynasty. During the reign of Wen Jing, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned the lesson from the death of the Qin Dynasty, paid no attention to thin taxes, attached importance to the development of agricultural production, and advocated thrift.
2. Specific measures for the reunification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: (1) Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu's suggestion and promulgated an "imperial decree", allowing kings to distribute their fiefs to their descendants, establishing a smaller vassal state and weakening the power of the vassal state; (2) Ideologically, he accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and regarded Confucianism as the orthodox thought of feudal society, thus establishing the dominant position of Confucianism in ancient China. (3) Militarily, many large-scale counterattacks were launched against Xiongnu, which basically relieved the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border counties.
(4) Economically, the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be cast in a unified way. Lesson 14 The Rise of Xiongnu and the Peace War in Han Dynasty 1. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated the Huns.
On the afternoon of 3.0949 10/Sunday, the first lesson of the first unit of history in the second volume of Grade 8 1 .65438+was on the platform of Tiananmen Square.
2. Domestic significance: The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) opened a new era in the history of China. Since then, the humiliating history of 100 years of aggression and enslavement has ended, and China has truly become an independent country, and the people have stood up and become the masters of the country.
International significance: The establishment of New China has strengthened the forces of world peace, democracy and socialism, and inspired the liberation struggle of oppressed nations and people in the world. 3. 195 1 year * * * local * * sent a delegation headed by Ngapoi. * * * went to Beijing to negotiate with the central people, and the two sides reached a peaceful liberation agreement, and * * * was peacefully liberated.
1 1. The mainland of the motherland has been unified and the people of all ethnic groups have achieved great unity.
4.[ Reprint] What is history? The first day I entered the junior high school classroom, I felt wonderful.
Because if the education stage of life is divided into five stages: children, primary school, junior high school, senior high school and university, I have been a tutor for senior high school students, tutored my niece who went to primary school and taught college students, and now I am going to teach junior high school students. It can be said that I have never taught except kindergarten children, but I have really taught all the educational stages of my life.
Think about it, isn't this a wonderful teaching experience? I study history. There are always many wonderful things in the long river of history. For example, during World War I, 1 million German and French troops were deadlocked in Verdun. One day, the French gunner tried his gun, and one shot hit the powder magazine hidden by the Germans in the forest, resulting in the explosion of 600,000 shells and dozens of tons of gunpowder, which turned the French army around the World War I situation. For example, before World War II, the Germans discovered a book "The Army of the Future", which talked about how to use mechanized troops for mobile operations. On this basis, the Germans established a huge panzer corps and defeated France in only six weeks. The author of this book is the later French President Charles de Gaulle; These incredible and wonderful things in history have been written into history books because of their importance. My wonderful teaching experience can't be compared with it, but I can write it in my own blog, hehe, it's also a historical witness anyway.
Then let's take a look at my first junior high school history class! Before entering the classroom, I have been thinking about what I should tell my 12-year-old children in junior high school in my first history class. Scripting is undoubtedly the easiest choice, but I have a semester to do it, because what I want to share with my children is their thoughts in the first communication. Not only mine, but theirs.
I want to know their learning attitude, their understanding of history, their knowledge and so on, and I want them to speak out truthfully and actively. There are three links in the classroom: self-introduction, classroom narration and exchange feedback.
Self-introduction is very interesting, not because I designed it, but because of various emergencies. Self-introduction in eight classes is carried out in different ways. Once in class, when the class teacher introduced me to the children, she said that I came back as a realistic student to serve my alma mater. For this lesson, I started by joking that the head teacher was suspected of "tampering with history", introduced myself and the principle of historical records to ensure authenticity, and finally brought the topic to my classroom theme "What is history" today.
Once in class, the class teacher taught the children the writing and pronunciation of historical English before introducing me, and then let me introduce myself. I looked at the word history and made a simple English introduction. I am a history teacher. In the next class, I introduced the globalization of the modern world, and made them understand that English is as important as history when showing China to the world. ..... The lecture begins with students expressing their views on history. Students all think that "history is what happened in the past", and I agree with this view, and prove this view with two groups of pictures of solidified history of buildings and historical witnesses.
Later, the famous saying of Italian historian Croce was introduced: "All history is contemporary history." Let the children compare the differences between the two viewpoints, and then analyze the ancient China people's thoughts on "calendar" and "history" by learning the word "history", so as to guide the children to pay attention to the important role of human beings in the historical development. All history is created by "today's me", so is history, and so is history learning. Only by actively studying can history study get rid of boredom.
The link of communication and feedback is to let students ask me questions about history, let them ask me questions, and improve their enthusiasm for speaking. I never dare to say that I know everything. Everyone's time and energy are limited. Even in this major, I have many unknowns.
Before I began to ask questions, I used the phrase "ask questions first, then specialize in their skills" in the teacher's conversation to give them a vaccination. In fact, I am also afraid of this link, but if this link goes well, I can learn about the learning enthusiasm, knowledge, language organization ability, logical thinking ability and even the formation of their outlook on life and values in the shortest time. In some classes, the children stood up with their hands up so that I could ask him questions. After this class, I need to pay attention to the discipline requirements and always remind myself to control the classroom atmosphere. However, in some classes, only a few children raise their hands, and the atmosphere is a bit "cold". Therefore, more guidance should be given in the future teaching to make the class active and seize their attention.
Some children want to ask me who lived the shortest time in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but ask who died first in the Tang and Song Dynasties. I can't answer the "correct answer" at all. The organizational ability of language needs more practice in class.
A child asked me how the glaze color of blue and white porcelain was refined. A child asked me how the Maya were buried after their death. A child asked me how many monarchs there were in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and who they were in turn. A child asked me what the Diamond Sutra had written. Although the question was answered, I was sweating all over. Of course, it's very hot.
A child asked me who the eight eccentrics in Yangzhou were, but I only said five, three of which I don't remember. When a child asked me which bone my ancestors would take to commemorate their dead relatives; Although I was ready to be stumped by them from the beginning, I still broke out in a sweat and cold. Their knowledge opened my eyes, because they all remembered these questions in class, and they also prepared correct answers. They were snapping their fingers when I answered them.
When a child asked me, why did the teacher learn truth, goodness and beauty at school, and so many bad things happened in society? The child asked after class. He said nothing in class. I am very happy when facing this problem. This class is over. I have to answer, but I really don't have to answer in front of all the children. I told him that the Buddhist scriptures say that people have "greed, anger and stupidity" and the Bible says that people have "seven deadly sins". From the perspective of biological evolution, people evolved from animals. Philosophically speaking, people have two kinds of natural attributes and social attributes, (I am circling him), and we are people.
5. The first lesson of the ninth grade history is what is the human social group formed by the same blood relationship in the primitive society of the clan, and its members come from the same ancestor.
Produced in the middle and late paleolithic period. They often use an animal or plant as the totem symbol of their tribe.
In the clan, there are certain provisions on marriage, which prohibit the marriage between the elders and the younger generation, exclude the marriage between brothers and sisters, and even prohibit the marriage with the farthest collateral relatives of the mother. Clan members have equal status, collective labor, equal distribution and property sharing.
Public affairs are managed by clan leaders, and major affairs are decided by clan meetings composed of clan members. Clan society experienced matriarchal clan society and paternal clan society, and disintegrated due to the development of private ownership in bronze age.
A clan is a group of people who believe that they have the same ancestor and generally have the same totem.
6. The first lesson of the seventh grade history (1), the reasons for the reunification of the Sui Dynasty: the great integration of the northern nationalities and the economic development of the south; Long-term separatist regime, the people are eager for reunification; Corruption in the south under Chen regime.
The unified dynasty before Sui Dynasty was Qin and Han Dynasties. (2), Sui Wendi.
The unification of the country. ③ Tongji Canal and Hangou.
It reflects that the rulers of the Sui Dynasty covet the beautiful scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, are extravagant and corrupt, and have no sympathy for the people. (4) After the Grand Canal was opened to traffic, it not only became a political, economic and cultural link between the north and the south, but also became a hub to communicate the "Silk Road" in the inland of Asia and the "Silk Road" at sea.
The navigation of the canal also promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas. It is like a ribbon, and coastal towns are like pearls inlaid on the ribbon. Successive dynasties dredged and rebuilt the canal, which made it play a continuous role in connecting the north-south artery.