Five major schools of fine arts popular in the west since the 19th century: neoclassicism, romanticism and realism, impressionism and modernism.

Social background of neoclassical art: Neoclassical art came into being in France at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century, which was related to the bourgeois revolution. At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, French society was in turmoil. With the arrival of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie opposed the stale artistic style under the old system, and they needed art to become a powerful weapon for propagating revolution and advocating freedom, equality and harmony. It is necessary to cultivate people's struggle courage and establish heroic spirit with art. They pursued the heroic spirit of ancient Greece and Rome, and neoclassical art came into being.

Its basic characteristics are: it adopts classical form, embodies rationality and new system, mostly selects the historical and mythological themes of ancient Greece and Rome, and its characters are full of heroic spirit of fighting for freedom and * * *; The painting style is simple, solemn and elegant, paying attention to sketch, emphasizing the clarity and accuracy of lines and pursuing perfection in form.

representatives of this genre and their representative works: death of marat and Napoleon's coronation by French painters David, and Fountain by Angel.

Second, the social background and basic characteristics of the emergence of romantic art

Romantic art came into being during the restoration of Bourbon after the failure of the Great Revolution. People were increasingly disappointed with the rational kingdom advocated by the Enlightenment, and some intellectuals were depressed. They opposed the authority, tradition and classical model, thus producing romantic art.

representative figures and works of romantic art

Delacroix of France is one of the greatest romantic painters. The Massacre of Theo Island depicts the scene that the Greek people were tortured and killed by the Turkish army in the Greek-Turkish War, and the painter showed great sympathy for the Greek people. "Freedom to Guide the People" depicts the scene of French workers, citizens and petty-bourgeois intellectuals taking to the streets to oppose the feudal regime in the July 183 revolution. Another outstanding representative of romantic painting is Spanish painter Goya, whose art has distinct "national characteristics, modernity and practical historical feeling." His most representative painting is Shooting the Citizens of Madrid. The painter depicts the historical fact that the Spanish people rose up against Napoleon's invasion in 188. He praised the patriotic people with irresistible enthusiasm.

Social background and basic characteristics of realistic art

Realistic art was produced in France in the mid-19th century. After the bourgeoisie seized power, the darkness of capitalist society made people and advanced intellectuals feel dissatisfied and depressed. Therefore, they demand the true expression of reality and expose and criticize it. The basic characteristics of realism are: emphasizing the characteristics of the times of art and directly describing the current style and struggle of the times.

The representative of realistic art and his representative works

Miller was born in a farmer, and he was good at seeing the farmer's world with the eyes of the farmer. His art truly reflected the rural face of France from 184s to 196s like a mirror. He not only praised the farmers' kindness, simplicity and love of labor, but also showed their weakness of conservatism, piety and resignation. Representative works The Sower and gleaner all reflect this feature. Lie Bin is one of the main representatives of Russian realistic painting, and The Tracker on the Volga River is his famous work. Lie Bin once went to the Volga River to sketch, and the life of the trackers left an unforgettable impression on him. In the painting, Lie Bin drew eleven weather-beaten laborers, who struggled to pull the ropes on the hot beach by the river. The trackers had different experiences and personalities, and they lived at the bottom of society, but this was a team that was trained to be tenacious and interdependent in suffering.

four. "impressionist school"

the artistic characteristics, representative figures and representative works of impressionist school. The textbook shows the artistic expression style of impressionism in different periods through Sunrise Impression and Cherry and Peach.

(1) Causes and basic characteristics of impressionism

In the second half of the 19th century, some young painters expressed dissatisfaction with all kinds of rules and regulations governing European art; Inspired by the scientific proof that "color is the light reflected by objects", they advocated outdoor sketching. They came out of the studio and discovered the ever-changing nature. When describing natural scenery, they attach importance to the expression of light, color and atmosphere. They regard light as the "master of painting". The change of light intensity is fully expressed in the works of impressionist painters. Most of them paint with primary colors, so the colors are particularly fresh and bright. They try their best to observe nature, with the aim of "transplanting nature powerfully and sensitively".

(2) The representatives and representative works of impressionism

The representatives of the early impressionism were Monet and Manet of France. Monet once formed an "Unknown Painters Association" with other young painters and held an exhibition in Paris, which caused a great sensation. Among them, Monet's painting Sunrise Impression is even more remarkable. This painting shows the instantaneous impression of watching the rising sun through the morning fog on a foggy morning in le havre Port. After seeing the exhibition, a critic wrote an article ridiculing the painting, saying that Monet and other painters were a group of "impressionists". Unexpectedly, the name "Impressionism" was established in the painting world, and Sunrise Impression became the symbol of this painting school. Manet's paintings pay attention to the relationship between light and color, with bright colors and clear and bright light. His representative work is Lunch on the Grass. The painter wants to show the contrast between the human body and the color blocks under external light. This painting caused a heated debate at that time.

(3) Post-impressionism

In the late 19th century and early 2th century, the Post-impressionism came into being. They opposed the impressionism's depiction of the objective world as a superficial phenomenon, and advocated that art should be different from photography. To reveal the subjective world, it is important not to write in a freehand manner, but to pay attention to self-expression and emphasize deformation and exaggeration. The works of Van Gogh, a Dutch painter, show the theme of pursuing light, enthusiasm and love for life. "Sunflower" freehand brushwork is more important than writing, expressing subjective enthusiasm. Cezanne of France pays special attention to the structure of objects. He thinks that "all objects in the world can be summarized as spheres, cylinders and cones". His exploration and deformation of geometric shapes inspired later Cubism, and he was praised as "the father of modern art". The artistic style of Gauguin, a French painter, is that the characters are childish and simple, with flat colors, lack of three-dimensional sense, no light and shade, but with strong decorative flavor. His masterpiece is Where Are We From? Who Are We? Where are we going? 》。

five. "Modernist Art"

The causes, artistic characteristics, representatives and representative works of modernist art. Through Dance, guernica, The Man from Naples, Black on Purple and other works, the artistic characteristics of modernist art are displayed.

(1) The concept, reasons and basic characteristics of modernist art

Many art schools that have emerged since the 2th century and are different from traditional art schools are collectively called modernist art. The reasons for its appearance are: since the 2th century, two world wars have broken out, which have caused great trauma to people's minds; The fast-paced life brought by industrialization has also aggravated people's sense of tension, making people no longer satisfied with traditional artistic expressions; The development of science and technology has broadened artists' horizons of understanding the world, and they have begun to create with new forms of expression and artistic spirit.

(2) Representative figures and representative works

The French painter Matisse, known as Fauvism, is one of the representatives of modernist art. His masterpiece Dance.

The most influential modernist art is the Spanish painter Picasso. As the founder of cubism, he completely subverted the traditional technique of figurative realism in the past with the painting "The Girl of Avignon". Guernica mural,

This painting combines cubism, realism and surrealism to express pain, suffering and animality.