Techniques for reading short passages in Mandarin

Reading short passages is an important part of the Mandarin proficiency test and an important means of Mandarin training. The following are tips for reading short passages in Mandarin for your reference.

Language communication is carried out through discourse, and reading aloud short texts in which the pronunciation of words forms a flow of speech lays the foundation for Mandarin learning and oral communication. Therefore, short article reading is of great significance in Mandarin learning and Mandarin proficiency testing. The test taker's reading level will also directly or indirectly affect the test results.

Test content

The content of the short essay reading is the 60 reading works in the national "Putonghua Proficiency Test Implementation Outline". It is both the content of Mandarin training and the content of the Putonghua proficiency test. The short article reading item is based on the candidate reading a designated work (reading 400 syllables) to test the standard pronunciation of initial consonants, finals, and tones when reading written language in Mandarin within the specified time, as well as the pronunciation changes, pauses, and continuous pronunciations. Intonation and natural fluency of reading, etc.

Techniques for reading short articles aloud

Reading aloud is to read the article clearly and loudly. It is different from recitation. Recitation mostly refers to reading poetry or prose to express the emotion of the work. Reading skills refer to using appropriate sounds and intonations based on the correct understanding and feeling of the reading works, and using certain techniques such as stress and pauses to express the works appropriately. Generally speaking, reading skills mainly include internal skills and external skills. The focus here is on the external skills of reading aloud.

The internal skills of reading aloud refer to the correct understanding and feeling of the work, understanding the structure of the work, grasping the meaning of key words, and obtaining an accurate and profound understanding of the work through in-depth and detailed analysis and thinking. .

The external technique of reading aloud means that after fully understanding and feeling the work, using external expressions of sounds such as pauses, stress, speaking speed, intonation, etc., to express what has been understood and felt. The content of the work is expressed appropriately.

Stop connection is one of the important expression skills in audio language expression, that is, the pause and continuation of sounds in the reading flow. The purpose of stop-and-run sentences is to clearly display the context of sentences so as to accurately and vividly express the language content. It also has the function of emphasizing, aggravating emotions, enhancing momentum, and highlighting key points.

Accent refers to the stressed syllables in Mandarin words. It is mainly a function of sound intensity. The tone and value of the pronunciation generally do not change, but in special contexts, the absolute pitch of the pronunciation will also change. Changes in Mandarin stress include word stress and sentence stress.

Speech speed refers to the speed of reading and speaking. Speech speed can affect the changes in article structure and the effect of emotional expression, so it plays an important role in reading aloud and speech language communication.

The speed of speaking mainly depends on the specific content and sentences of the work, and is also related to the genre of the article. For example, the speaking speed should be slightly slower when expressing heavy and sad content, and the expression should be tense, cramped, intense, and happy. The speaking speed should be slightly faster when reading the content. The speaking speed can be roughly divided into three situations: slow, fast and medium speed.

Intonation is the change in the pitch, severity, speed of a sentence or a certain language fragment in a speech. Intonation is related to the sentence pitch, pauses, pitch, severity, speed, etc. of the sentence. In other words, intonation is the concentrated expression of the prosodic characteristics of speech in discourse.

Free speaking skills in Mandarin

Say what you say and do it

The most difficult thing for people to do is to do what they say, but we still have to do what we say arrive. Because: 1. Talking without action will make everything difficult. Only by doing things can things be done. 2. If you fail to follow your words or keep your word, you will slap yourself in the face and ruin your own image. Bragging is equal to self-denigration, and self-promotion is equal to self-destruction. Integrity is the foundation of life. If you don't keep your word, aren't you slandering yourself and slapping yourself?

Beauty of words and beauty of form

A bad word turns beautiful into ugly. The beauty of a person's language determines the beauty or ugliness of his image. Everyone may have had this experience: when you see a beautiful woman on the street who has a high rate of return, you just want to take a few more glances. But when you hear her swearing and swearing, she immediately changes into a pig in your eyes, and you don't want to look at her again. In fact, the language becomes ugly instead of beautiful, which is just an external manifestation of the relationship between the beauty of the soul and the beauty of the image. Because, the reason why people speak harshly and dirty words is because they have a "rough heart".

When you talk about trivial things, you will show your insignificance; when you talk about common things, you will show your vulgarity.

What I'm talking about is the impact of bad words, swear words, foul language, etc. on a person's image and beauty. In fact, even talking about trivial things and vulgar things will damage your image. Premier Zhou, whom we respect, set himself the principle of not talking about three things when he was young. That's why.

Speech and heart (including moral cultivation)

The way and content of speech are closely related to a person’s moral character, quality, personality and other psychological factors (the relationship between speech and psychological factors Separate monograph). For example, people who are straightforward and upright are often quick and unobstructed. This is because: the road is straight and the car is fast, and the heart is straight and fast. If you are quick, your heart will be straight, and if your heart is straight, you will be quick. Don’t pretend to have high-quality noodles, don’t pretend to be honest. Selfless and fearless, he works quickly and speaks without any worries.

However, words are not always expressed sincerely. For example, a conversation in a social setting is not the heart of a close friend. Unintentional words express sincerity, and intentional words express falsehood. Flowery words are not beautiful in the heart, and sweet words are not good in the heart.

Speech and thinking

Language should be a tool for flowing thoughts and an external manifestation of thinking. But many people's speech seems not to go through the brain, but is simply a stimulus from the outside world. The result is of course - fast cars are prone to accidents, and fast cars are prone to causing trouble.

You need to think more before you act, and you need more thought before you speak. Think before writing and think before speaking. Eat more before you eat, think more about what you say. It's easy to talk but can't say it is "silly talk". Talking too much and losing too much is worse than being dumb. It is better not to say anything than to make a mistake. If you can't control yourself, you will hurt yourself. Think more about what you need to bring when you go out, and think more about what you need to avoid when talking.

Speech and mood

The way and content of speech have a great relationship with the mood of people when they speak. If you are hungry, you will not choose food; if you are angry, you will not choose words. "When your mind is full, you forget everything." Whether people are overly angry or overly excited, they are prone to say things they don't mean, or things they shouldn't say. This is because emotions can reduce people's rationality and disturb people's thinking.

Many people regard other people's oaths as "gold and precious words", which is really too naive and childish. Not to mention that many people have ulterior motives when they swear, even if they swear "sincerely", they must not be taken lightly. Because, the oaths made when we are moved are like words made when we are drunk. How many innocent girls have ruined their youth, marriages, and even lives because of their credulous belief in the oath of "I only have you, and I will always be you".

Methods and Effects of Speech

Healing does not have to be painful, and well-intentioned words do not have to be unpleasant. Liang, how can vomiting as soon as you eat help your illness? How can good words help you if you feel annoyed as soon as you hear them? Only if you eat them can they be effective, and can your words be useful only if you listen to them. No matter how well-meaning your words are, they cannot be effective if they cannot be swallowed; no matter how kind your words are, they cannot be effective if they cannot be listened to. Eating depends on the curative effect, speaking depends on the effect. Don’t just have good intentions, look for good results. Production and sales should be market-oriented, and speaking and services should be guided by results. A good slope lies in being flat, and good words lie in being tactful. The main point here is that you should pay attention to your attitude when speaking and respect your personality.

In addition, you should pay attention to the frequency of speaking. If there is too much pulp, it will not stick; if there are too many words, it will not work. Eating too much delicacies from mountains and seas will make you tired, and hearing too many kind words will make you tired. Therefore, don’t be nagging when speaking, and don’t give “thousands of instructions”. You must know that the frequency of speaking is not directly proportional to the effect, or even proportional.

So, when we give advice, persuade, criticize, educate, etc. to express our thoughts to others, we must pay attention to the attitude, occasion, language, frequency and other methods. Otherwise, good words will go unheard, good intentions will go unappreciated, and even good intentions will not be rewarded.

Speaking and listening

Only if you listen well can you speak well. Only by being good at listening can one learn speaking skills from good speakers; only by being good at listening can one deeply understand the gist of what others are saying, which will help you respond correctly. Only by first becoming a "good listener" can one become a "good speaker."

The goodness of "good words"

A good speaker not only dares to speak, but the most important thing is that he can say it - say what he should say and what others want to hear. What you say means that it is consistent with your own speaking purpose, principle, theme, etc. When speaking, you should not only say what you should say, but also try your best to say what others want to hear. Because what you want to say may not necessarily be what people want to hear, or even what they may find annoying. Everyone wants to drink sweet water, and everyone wants to listen to good words. Therefore, those who are "very good at talking" only say what others want to hear, and those who are "bad at talking" only say what they want to hear.

When talking to others, you should speak at the right time, with the right person, and at the right place. "The right time and the right place" mainly means that speaking should be based on the occasion and blend in with the atmosphere. "Appropriate people" means that you should look at the person you speak to.

For example, if you see an adult speaking "big words", you will not be looked down upon; if you see someone speaking "big words", you will not be deceived; if you see a ruthless person saying "cruel words", you will not be intimidated.

It’s hard to answer in words, but you can refute it in words. If you can’t answer directly, it’s better to ask. If you encounter someone who deliberately wants to embarrass you, speaking or asking can not only relieve yourself, but also give the other party a powerful blow.

The article is written so that people will read it, and the words are written so that people can believe it. Concreteness not only makes it easy for people to recreate imagination and visualize language, it can also "make the truth more real" or "make the false real", making it easy for people to believe. Therefore, when we describe things and express our thoughts, we must be as specific as possible. People who make up lies and tell lies are taking advantage of this point.

Don’t procrastinate in doing things, and don’t hesitate in speaking. Procrastination in doing things will make people feel that they are not taken seriously, and being hesitant in speaking will give people a feeling of dishonesty. The latter can also make people feel uncomfortable.

Things have room for change, and words have room for negotiation. If the pot is full, you can’t stir it, and if your words are full, you can’t change it. Talking too full and too rigidly, as if the thread has been tied into a tight knot, and seems to have cut off one's escape route. The saying "don't overestimate your words" makes sense.

If you can write what most people want to write but can't, you know how to write; if you can say what most people want to say but can't, you know how to speak. Famous poems are true scenes, famous quotes are true. Famous poems and famous sayings are actually very true reflections of objective facts (sincere truth). It’s just that it’s not easy for us ordinary people to do it. However, as long as we work tirelessly, we can greatly improve ourselves.

For words to be powerful, they must first be prioritized. The main aspects of speech are like the main force of an army, elite soldiers and generals, so speech without prioritization must be ineffective.

Accounts must be settled and words must be explained. It is better not to remember unclear accounts, and it is better not to say unclear things. In fact, speaking clearly is a basic requirement for speaking.

Mandarin Reading Skills

Reading aloud is a creative activity that converts written works into audio language. That is, readers use their own voice to shape images and reflect life on the basis of understanding the works. , explain the truth, and reproduce the author's process of re-creation of thoughts and feelings. In the Mandarin proficiency test, reading aloud is a comprehensive test form of the examinee's Mandarin usage ability. In daily reading activities, there are many factors that determine the reader's reading level and reading effect. This article discusses several main factors that affect test takers' performance in the Mandarin proficiency test and discusses several basic requirements for reading aloud. The purpose is to help test takers grasp the difficult points, reduce mistakes in the test, and better display their skills.

1. Reading aloud in Mandarin

Reading aloud in Mandarin is a science. In addition to requiring candidates to be faithful to the original appearance of the work, without adding, omitting, or changing words, it also requires that the initial consonants, finals, tones, soft tones, infantilizations, phonetic changes, and expressions of sentences when reading aloud must comply with the standards of Mandarin pronunciation. . When reading a work aloud, if the Mandarin reading is not accurate or even wrong, it will affect the audience's understanding of the original text and even make a joke. To make your reading conform to the phonetic standards of Mandarin, you must work hard in the following aspects:

1. Pay attention to the phonetic differences between Mandarin and your own dialect. The phonetic differences between Mandarin and dialects are mostly regular. This kind of rule has big rules and small rules, and the rules often contain some exceptions. You have to summarize these by yourself. Summarizing alone is not enough. You need to look up more dictionaries and dictionaries, strengthen your memory, and practice repeatedly. During practice, we should not only pay attention to the differences in pronunciation and tone, but also pay attention to the study of the rhyme of softly spoken words.

2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of polyphonic words. Polyphony in one word is one of the important reasons for mispronunciation, so we must pay close attention to it. Polyphonic characters can be learned from two aspects. The first category is polyphonic words with different meanings. We should focus on clarifying their different meanings and remember their different pronunciations from each different meaning. The second category is polyphonic words with the same meaning, and it is necessary to focus on clarifying their different usage situations. In most cases, one sound is used in a wide range of situations and the other sound is used in a narrow situation. Just remember the narrower one.

3. Pay attention to misreadings caused by similar glyphs or radical analogies. Due to similar glyphs, the character A is pronounced as character B. This misreading is very common. Misunderstandings caused by analogy of the pronunciation of a new word from the pronunciation of the radical itself or the pronunciation of more commonly used characters composed of the radical are also very common. The so-called scholar who reads half of the characters and makes a joke refers to this kind of misreading.

4. Pay attention to the pronunciation of words with different pronunciations.

In Mandarin vocabulary, there are some words (or morphemes in words) that have the same or basically the same meaning, but have two or more different pronunciations in customary usage. These are called heteroplasmic words. In order to standardize these pronunciations, the country organized a Mandarin Pronunciation Review Committee in the 1950s to review the pronunciations of Mandarin words with different pronunciations. After decades, the draft has been revised several times. In 1985, the state promulgated the "Pronunciation Chart for Different Pronunciations of Mandarin Words", requiring that the pronunciation and phonetic notation of Mandarin words with different pronunciations involved in culture, education, publishing, broadcasting and other departments and industries nationwide should be based on this new pronunciation chart. When using the "Shen Yin Table", it is best to refer to reference books (such as "Xinhua Dictionary", "Modern Chinese Dictionary", etc.). First look at all the pronunciations, meanings and usage examples of a certain word, and then look at the pronunciation and usage cases in the pronunciation table. After comparison, if any discrepancy is found between the two, the audio review table will prevail. In this way, the purpose of pronunciation standardization is achieved.

2. Grasp the tone of the work

The tone refers to the basic mood of the work, that is, the overall attitude, emotion, color and weight of the work. Any piece of work will have a unified and complete tone. When reading a work aloud, you must grasp the tone of the work, because the tone of the work is an overall concept and a comprehensive expression of specific thoughts and feelings in levels, paragraphs, and sentences. To grasp the tone well, we must deeply analyze and understand the ideological content of the work, and strive to carefully and fully analyze the genre of the work, the theme of the work, the structure of the work, the language of the work, and the style formed by combining various elements. and effective analysis. On this basis, readers can produce true feelings, distinct attitudes, and inner rhythms that are eager to express. Only through such a complex process can the thoughts of the work become the thoughts of the reader, the feelings of the work can become the feelings of the reader, and the language expression of the work can become what the reader wants to say. Only by going through such a complicated process can readers start from the ideological content of the work and grasp the tone. No matter what works you read, you cannot lack this work.

3. Master the basic skills of reading aloud

(1) Pause

When reading aloud, some sentences are short, so just pause according to the written punctuation. Some sentences are longer and have a more complex structure. Although there are no punctuation marks in the sentences, short pauses can be made in the middle to express the meaning clearly. But if you pause improperly, it will destroy the structure of the sentence, which is called reading a broken sentence. It is forbidden to read broken sentences in the reading test, and test takers should pay special attention to it. There are several types of correct pauses:

1. Punctuation pauses.

Punctuation marks are pause marks in written language and are also an important basis for language pauses when reading works. The pause rules for punctuation marks are generally: the pauses for periods, question marks, exclamation marks, and ellipses are slightly longer than those for semicolons, dashes, and hyphens; the pauses for semicolons, dashes, and hyphens are longer than commas and colons; the pauses for commas and colons are longer than Stop sign, interval sign. In addition, the pause time between paragraphs in the work is longer than the normal period time. The above pause is not absolute. Sometimes, in order to express feelings, you can pause in places without punctuation, and you don't have to pause in places with punctuation.

2. Grammatical pause.

A grammatical pause is a natural pause in the middle of a sentence. It is often a short pause made to emphasize and highlight the subject, predicate, object, attributive, adverbial or complement in the sentence. Learning grammar helps us pause correctly when reading aloud