Confucius of Confucianism

The founder is Confucius. Confucius, whose surname is Kong Mingqiu, whose word is Zhong Ni, was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period in the country of Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) and was honored as a "model for all generations" by later generations. The core of his theory is "benevolence". He thinks that benevolence means loving others, and requires people to love each other and live in harmony. To realize' benevolence', we should be tolerant of others, and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". The criterion of the system or behavior that embodies benevolence is "self-denial and courtesy". Confucius initiated private teaching, and advocated "teaching without class", believing that everyone, regardless of wealth, has the right to education. At the same time, it also broke the situation of aristocratic monopoly of cultural education. Confucius advocated "ruling by virtue" and "saving money and loving others" to make the people "have enough food" and the country "have enough soldiers" to gain "people's trust". This thought contains the people-oriented thought and is also the moral and ethical concept he advocated. Attach importance to moral education, especially personal cultivation, emphasize caring for others, and restrain your behavior with social norms. Works: The Five Textbooks of Spring and Autumn Annals: Poetry, Book, Rite, Book of Changes and Music compiled by Confucius, together with Spring and Autumn Annals, are called "Six Classics" by later generations. Poetry, Book, Rite, Book of Changes and Spring and Autumn Annals are called the Five Classics. The Confucian school split after Confucius, and Mencius became a representative figure in the middle of the Warring States Period. Mencius, whose name is Ke, whose word is Zi Yu, was a native of Zou during the Warring States Period. He was a disciple of Confucius' direct grandson Zisi (named Kong Ji) and was known as the "Yasheng". Mencius' idea was retro and retrogressive, which was considered inappropriate by many governors at that time. He advocated "benevolent government" and further put forward that "the people are the most important, followed by the state; Jun is light. " His ethics is "human nature is good". The representative figure of Confucianism is Xunzi. Xunzi's fame was respected as Xun Qing. Politically, he advocated "benevolence and righteousness" and "kingly way", and "serving people with virtue", and put forward that "a monarch can sail in Shu Ren, but he can swim in the water". Water carries a boat, but it also capsizes the boat. " Philosophically, it also insists on "there are always things in heaven" and "making use of destiny". Xunzi believes that people are born with sensory requirements. When they are hungry, they need to eat, and when they are cold, they need to dress. This has formed people's natural demand of "being good at profit" and "being good at music". However, by learning etiquette and ruling by law, villains can be turned into gentlemen and ordinary people into saints. Xunzi's idea is called "theory of evil nature". Xunzi reformed Confucianism and integrated the positive and reasonable elements of Legalism and Taoism, making Confucianism more adaptable to the needs of society. Mencius and Xunzi summarized and reformed Confucianism, and absorbed some positive and reasonable elements of other schools, which made the Confucian system more complete and the Confucian thought more adaptable to the needs of society. Confucianism in the late Warring States period has developed into a great mass in hundred schools of thought!

Mohist

mohists was founded by Mozi. Mozi, whose name is Zhai, was a native of Lu in the early Warring States period. Mozi's ideas are tit for tat with Confucianism. Oppose the Shi Qing Shi Lu system, advocate being virtuous, attach importance to talents when appointing officials, and break the old hierarchical concept, so that "officials are impermanent and expensive, but the people are not cheap." The representative of Mo Zhai's thought is Mozi, which was compiled by his disciples according to the notes of the class. He advocated "universal love", eliminated the distinction between relatives and nobles, loved all people equally and "did not attack", and condemned the disasters brought to the people by the war, such as "Shang Tong", "Minggui" and "Shang Xian". Mohist thought represents the wishes of ordinary people. Among the "hundred schools", Confucianism and Mohism were the most powerful, and there was a saying of "non-Confucianism and Jimo" at that time. Mo Zhai, the founder of Mohism, was a native of Lu in the early Warring States period. His thoughts represent the interests of the common people, especially the craftsmen. Mozi advocated "universal love" (love all people, regardless of the class difference between "princes and adults" and "people") and "non-attack" (opposing war, which at that time mainly reflected the desire of small producers for a stable life) and "Shang Xian" (advocating meritocracy and opposing cronyism of princes and nobles). Mozi established a strict organization, and the leader of Mohist group became a giant, and Mohist actions must follow the command of the giant. Mohist thought once became a prominent school in the Warring States period, and his thought was widely absorbed and requisitioned by other schools, and was gradually ignored in the late Warring States period.

Taoism

Laozi of a hundred schools of thought contend in Taoism

The founder of the school is Laozi. Lao Tzu's surname is Li Ming 'er Zi Yong, a native of Chu State, who was born in a declining aristocracy at about the same time as Confucius. The book reflecting his thoughts is Laozi, also known as Tao Te Ching, which was compiled by the Warring States. Laozi abstracted "Tao" and summarized the highest philosophical concept that is not universal and all-encompassing. In his view, Tao is the origin of all things above the sky. He also put forward the idea that "Heaven and Taoism are natural" and eliminated the absolute authority of "destiny". Laozi's philosophy contains rich dialectical thoughts. It is pointed out that everything has two contradictory aspects; Contradictions can be transformed into each other by "keeping quiet" and advocating "governing by doing nothing" politically. Doing nothing means not doing anything, not doing anything wrong, and doing whatever you want. The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period was Zhuang Zhou. Zhuang Zhou, a native of Song Dynasty, was born in a declining aristocratic family, and once worked as a junior official in the lacquer garden of Song State. Later, he hated official positions and "refused to be an official for life." The book Zhuangzi was compiled by him and his master. Also known as Xiaoyao Tour, it is a Taoist classic with the same name as Tao Te Ching. Zhuangzi's thought is developed on the basis of Laozi's theory. Zhuangzi is more like an explanation of Taoism in the form of a story. The language form has a great influence on the text expression of China's ancient novels and legends. Taoism pays attention to everything and nature, which is contrary to Confucianism.

Legalist school

Legalist school represents the interests of the emerging landlord class. The early representatives were Li Kui, Wuqi, Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai and others, while the late legalist Han Fei was a master of the theory of authoritarian centralization. Han Fei, the eldest disciple of Xunzi, and Li Si, came from a noble family in Korea. The book Han Feizi is the result of his summing up the thoughts of the early legalists. Han Fei paid attention to absorbing the strengths of different schools of legalism and put forward the theory of rule of law combining "law", "technique" and "potential" Han Fei was a thinker in the late Warring States and a master of Legalism. Han Feizi believes that history is developing forward, and Han Feizi (12 photos) is bound to surpass the ancient times. People should carry out political reforms according to the actual needs and do not have to follow the ancient traditions. Put forward a systematic theory of the rule of law, advocating "law-based" and "law is not expensive" (the object of the rule of law is the broad masses of subjects, except those who go abroad, regardless of their rank, they are bound by France and Germany). It is advocated that the monarch mainly uses political skills to control ministers and shock his subjects with absolute authority (magic potential). Han Feizi advocated the establishment of a centralized feudal country with absolute monarchy, and the state power was concentrated in the hands of the monarch, which catered to the historical development trend of establishing a unified and autocratic country.

Military strategist

Portrait of Sun Wu (from Ming Wanli's "Painting with Three Talents")

The originator of military strategist is Sun Wu, an outstanding military strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, the famous art of war were Sun Tzu and Sun Bin. Sun Tzu's Art of War is a military masterpiece written by Sun Wu, from which military famous sayings such as "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle" come. Today, this book enjoys a high reputation in the world, and many western military schools list it as a teaching material. During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin, the descendant of Sun Wu, inherited and developed his military thoughts and wrote Sun Bin's Art of War. They were called military strategists at that time.

famous artists

this school sprouted at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with Dr. Deng Xi of Zheng as the pioneer. As a school of thought, famous scholars do not have the same idea, but only the same research object, and each theory is very different. There are mainly two schools: "contract difference" and "separation from reality". The so-called "contract difference" means that the similarities and differences of all things are relative, and all of them can be regarded as one. This school is represented by Hui Shi, a native of Song Dynasty. Hui Shi put forward ten famous propositions, namely, "Heaven and earth are humble, mountains are peaceful" and "universal love for all things, and heaven and earth are integrated". The so-called "separation from firmness and whiteness" means that a stone can only be felt "white" with eyes but not "firm", and can only be felt "firm" but not "white" with hands. Therefore, "firmness" and "white" are separated and isolated from each other. This school is represented by Gong Sunlong, a native of Zhao, who put forward such propositions as "White Horse is not a horse" and "Jian Baishi II". Contract difference emphasizes the unity of things, while Li Jianbai emphasizes the difference of things. At the end of the Warring States period, Mohism corrected their one-sidedness and put forward the viewpoint of "strengthening white and benefiting each other", and Xunzi also emphasized "making names to refer to reality".

yin and yang family

the concept of yin and yang first appeared in the book of changes, and the concept of "five elements" first appeared in the book of history, but the emergence of the two concepts can be traced back to a longer time. By the Warring States period, Yin and Yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, the world view based on the theory of "Yin and Yang news, five elements transfer". Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and using it to explain social personnel. This school, which originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendar in ancient times, is also called "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School". Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools" lists "Yin and Yang Schools" as the first of the six schools. One of the "hundred schools of thought": Liu Xin recorded more than 1 famous works in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzilue, which was listed as one of the "ten schools and nine streams". Later books such as Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi and Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu made the works of hundred schools of thought (an academic school from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty) rise to thousands. However, there are only ten most famous schools with wide spread and great influence, including Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang School, Legalist School, Famous School, Mohist School, Strategist, Peasant Family, Miscellaneous Family and Novelist.

vertical and horizontal strategists

vertical and horizontal are Lian Heng. During the Warring States period, a school mainly engaged in political and diplomatic activities, the main figure was Guiguzi. The History of Han Literature and Arts was listed as one of the "Nine Streams". "Han Feizi" said: "The vertical, the United States is weak to attack a strong one; Those who are horizontal, when things are strong, attack the weak. " They are uncertain and capricious, and their plans are based on subjective political requirements. The main representative of the Hezong School is Su Qin, and the main representative of the Lian Heng School is Zhang Yi. In the end, Su Qin failed and Zhang Yi won. After Yi Chang and Su Qin, Lu Zhonglian, a famous strategist in Qi State, was called Prime Minister Buyi and Buyi! In the later period, the last manipulation and the six countries fought against Qin, but it ended in failure!

miscellaneous school

miscellaneous school (zájiā) is the philosophical school of China from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Be good at learning from others. It is characterized by "Confucianism and Mohism, and the method of combining names", and "all the ways of a hundred schools are well connected". Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi listed it as one of the "Nine Streams". The emergence of miscellaneous schools is the result of ideological and cultural integration in the process of establishing a unified feudal country. The miscellaneous works, represented by Lu Chunqiu in Qin Dynasty and Huainanzi in Western Han Dynasty, were collected by Lv Buwei in Qin Dynasty and Liu An, the king of Huainan in Han Dynasty, respectively. They were eclectic to hundred schools of thought, but a little too complicated. Also, because the miscellaneous works contain Taoist thoughts, some people think that the miscellaneous works are actually a new Taoist school. Miscellaneous school, listed among the philosophers, is a very distinct school, because it is a comprehensive school from the end of the Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. It is listed as one of the nine streams in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi Lue. Later, Zhao Kun wrote <: Anti-warp > Summarize the sage At the end of the Warring States period, after fierce social changes, feudal countries appeared one after another, and the emerging landlord class demanded political and ideological unity. Under this kind of voice, there appeared a miscellaneous school in academic thought, which integrated various schools of thought into one. The emergence of miscellaneous school generally reflected the trend of academic and cultural integration at the end of the Warring States period. The sage is characterized by "adopting the goodness of Confucianism and Mohism, and summarizing the essentials of the law of names". Although the miscellaneous scholars only gather opinions and are eclectic, they can also be called a family by collecting their opinions and implementing their political intentions and academic opinions.

Farmhouse

Farmhouse is a school that paid attention to agricultural production in economic life in the pre-Qin period. In his "Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning", Mr. Lv Simian divided farmers into two factions: one was about planting trees; The second is related to politics. "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi Zhu Zi Lue" listed the peasant family as one of the nine streams, and said: the peasant family flowed because of the official of the peasant millet. Sow a hundred grains, persuade to cultivate mulberry, in order to have enough food and clothing, so eight governments say food and goods. Confucius said, "What people value is food", which has its own advantages. And contemptuous people do it, thinking that the holy king has nothing to do, and wants to make the monarch and the minister plow together, contrary to the order of the upper and lower. "Paying attention to people's food" is also the characteristic of farmers, respecting Shennong's family. Farm school advocated carrying out the policy of ploughing and fighting, encouraging the development of agricultural production, and studying agricultural production problems. Farmers' summary of agricultural production technology experience and their simple dialectical thoughts can be found in Guan Zi Di Yuan, Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Xun Zi.

Novelist

Novelist is a school of folk ancient stories in pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, novelists were people who recorded the gossip in folk streets, and novelists were classified as one of the hundred schools of thought in ancient China. "History of Han Dynasty. Art and Literature" says: "Novelists flow, and they are covered by officials; The street talks about the lane, and the road listens to what the speaker has made. " That is to say, what novelists do is mainly to record the gossip in folk streets and report it to their superiors. However, although novelists form their own family, they are regarded as lowlifes. Liu Xin ranks among the nine schools, but novelists are not among the nine schools, which has little influence. However, novelists reflect the side of ancient common people's thoughts, which can't be replaced by other nine-stream schools. Therefore, there is a saying that there are nine schools and ten schools.