20 10: Document No.1 broke the theme of truly solving the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers in urban and rural areas, and focused on agriculture. But it is qualitatively different from the past-that is, the focus of work has increased the problem of urbanization, and it has become a two-wheel drive of new rural construction and urbanization. As the old saying goes, the real solution to the problem of agriculture, countryside and farmers is not only the top priority of China's real development, but also an important reason, that is, it is time to make major adjustments and concentrate on fighting a tough battle. This tough battle is the urban-rural overall planning that has been called for many years but has not been fundamentally touched and broken through. This problem is too complicated, involving too many departments and problems. Including migrant workers, household registration system, employment, social insurance, food security, the relationship between the central and local governments. In the past six No.1 documents of the Central Committee did not directly address this issue. 20 10 document No.1 of the Central Committee is the time to touch these hard bones. Therefore, 20 10 is a year of overall planning and integration of urban and rural areas. The six No.1 documents of the Central Committee since the new century focused on farmers' income in 2004, comprehensive agricultural production capacity in 2005 and new rural construction in 2006-2009. Traditional farmers' income, modern agriculture and infrastructure construction have all been brought into the development strategy of new rural construction. Careful people will find that although the new rural construction is very good, it has been difficult to solve the problem of urban-rural integration that restricted the development of China in the past and called for many years. No matter how good the new rural construction is. It is still difficult to retain or retain young people in rural areas, and their enthusiasm for the city will never change. Although the government has invested material and financial resources in rural areas, it is still difficult to solve the problem of scattered, empty and poor rural areas. The huge population can't stay in the countryside all the time. Only by moving them out and reducing the rural population can poverty be finally eliminated. The main ways to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas. Simply letting farmers stay in the countryside will never solve the problem of urban and rural planning. In the future, the overall planning of urban and rural areas is to gradually solve the problem of unified rural population entering the city, rather than one-way unified rural land entering the city, capital entering the city, and people running to the city, but the household registration of the population remains in the countryside. This also limits the expansion of the city scale. Except for several super-large cities, the number of medium-sized cities and towns has been small, the scale is small and the development speed is slow. The population of towns and villages in county towns is generally several thousand people, so it is difficult to have agglomeration effect, and it has failed to radiate and drive the surrounding countryside, and its popularity is far from enough. If urbanization develops, on the basis of planning and guidance, we will actively and steadily attract a large number of returning young people to settle in small and medium-sized towns, and attract a large number of rural people through the liberalization of household registration system and industrial development. The gathered popularity will play a driving role in the development of small and medium-sized towns. The increase in population will inevitably drive the development of real estate and related industries in these towns. After a large number of people move out of the countryside, the scale of rural land management will also expand. Therefore, the No.1 Document of the Central Committee in 20 10 has become a strategic shift point for China's future development. Since then, the development focus of China has changed from the simple development of new countryside in the past to the real integration of urban and rural areas. Small and medium-sized towns have attracted a large number of transferred farmers through urbanization. Fundamentally solve the "three rural issues". Of course, this is a problem that affects the whole body and belongs to the most difficult bone to chew. It is difficult for a single policy to work, and many factors must be considered comprehensively, including urban planning, household registration system, real estate development, job creation, social security, non-agricultural land use, food security and so on. From this perspective, the central government once again locked the "three rural issues" No.1 document. I want to solve the rural problems thoroughly through the breakthrough of household registration system and the development of small and medium-sized towns, so as to guide the all-round development of urban-rural integration in the future. (Text/Zheng Fengtian The author is a professor at Renmin University of China) 2004~2009: Document No.1 returned to agriculture, countryside and farmers. If the five No.1 documents on rural issues in the early stage of reform were the escort for rural reform, then the No.1 document from 2004 to 2009, on February 8, 2004, the State Council's Opinions on Several Policies to Promote Farmers' Income, was officially published as the No.1 document of the Central Committee in 2004. People will never forget that from 1982 to 1986, the central government issued five documents No.1 on rural work in succession, creating a new situation of rural development and reform in China. In the eyes of rural cadres and the masses, the No.1 Document of the Central Committee has become a special term symbolizing the liberation and development of rural productive forces. After 18 years, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the sixth document on agricultural and rural work. Farmers who are "really poor, really bitter and really dangerous" are very happy to find that the No.1 document of the Central Committee has come back. Since then, until 2009, the central government has successively issued six No.1 documents. If the five No.1 documents on rural issues in the early stage of reform were intended to escort rural reform, then the No.1 document of the Central Committee from 2004 to 2009 opened an era of attaching importance to agriculture. In the early days of reform and opening-up, the Five No.1 Document of the Central Committee made the farmers in China, who had not had enough food and clothing for thousands of years, leap from poverty to a well-off society at a historical moment. However, the deep progress of rural reform depends on the reform of urban state-owned economy and political system. First, the country began to implement the reform of the circulation channel system from 1985, but this reform has been full of twists and turns and has not been completed so far, which has hindered farmers from going to the market smoothly. Second, after the establishment of the household contract responsibility system, according to the original idea, the new agricultural system is combined with unification and separation, which is a two-tier management system. But in fact, the peasants who have been oppressed by the "big collective" do not have that kind of interest. So at that time, it was reported at different levels how many economic associations and cooperatives were established, but in fact, farmers operated independently. This way of independent management by thousands of households is extremely unsuitable for the requirements of the big market. Farmers don't understand the market and often see their neighbors. What the village planted in the past made money, and what it planted next year will keep up. Therefore, there will be a surplus of scarce products on the market this year. Farmers have suffered a lot. Especially after the center of reform turned to cities, some new collisions and frictions emerged due to the interweaving of urban and rural reforms. First of all, they mistakenly believe that the countryside has become rich, so all parties have reached out to the countryside and farmers through various methods, and the burden on farmers has been increasing. At the same time, the state continues to accumulate funds from rural areas for urban construction and industrial construction. Although the tax reform has made great achievements, the fiscal revenue below the county level is too tight, accounting for only 2 1% of the national fiscal revenue, but it supports 69% of the national staff. Rural public expenditure is seriously inadequate. Compulsory education and public health, which should be undertaken by the state, have to be undertaken by farmers. In order to maintain the normal operation of grass-roots political power, arbitrary charges, arbitrary apportionment and arbitrary fund-raising have been repeatedly prohibited. Coupled with the expansion of rural institutions, in the early stage of rural reform, the benefits gained by farmers were offset a little. Moreover, due to the long-term existence of the dual structure of urban and rural areas, a large number of surplus laborers are stranded in rural areas, and farmers cannot fully obtain employment. As a result, the income growth of farmers is slow, and the material and cultural living standards of farmers cannot be further improved. Especially in the central grain-producing areas, negative growth occurred in some years, and farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain was seriously frustrated, resulting in successive years of grain production reduction. In 2000, Li Changping, who worked in rural grass-roots units for a long time, wrote to Premier Zhu Rongji, describing the problems he had experienced and observed in rural grass-roots leadership work, and concluded that "farmers are really bitter, the countryside is really poor, and agriculture is really dangerous", which became the most classic famous saying on the issue of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. In these three generalizations, there may be some arguments about whether agriculture is dangerous, but farmers. However, this is an accepted fact. The grim situation facing the countryside has also attracted great attention from the State Council and the CPC Central Committee. Since 1993, it has become a common practice for the central government to hold a rural work conference every year and issue agricultural and rural work documents. However, in 2003, two central rural work conferences were held and two documents were issued. I've only seen it in the past 20 years. In order to prepare for the Central Rural Work Conference in early 2003, the newly elected the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau held a special meeting. At the the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting on February 28th, 2002, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee proposed to pay more attention to the countryside, care for farmers and support agriculture. We should take agriculture, rural areas and farmers as the top priority of the whole party's work, which laid a very important foundation for the central rural work conference held in early 2003. At the beginning of 2003, Hu Jintao, the newly elected general secretary, attended the Central Rural Work Conference and made an important speech. The phrase "the most arduous and arduous task of building a well-off society in an all-round way is in the countryside" was later widely quoted, which also explained the deep-seated reasons why the General Secretary made an important speech at the meeting. At the end of 2003, the second central rural work conference was held. On the surface, on the one hand, it commemorates the rural reform initiated by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee on February 22, 1978, and on the other hand, it commemorates the Spring Festival of June 2004 in/kloc-0. But the deeper reason is that after careful analysis and research, the central government believes that in 2004. At the same time, the slow growth of farmers' income in recent years has become a major issue affecting the overall situation of rural areas and even the entire national economy. The word "agriculture and rural work" has changed from the long-term "basic position" to the "primary position" of economic work in recent years, and then to the "top priority" of the whole party's work, which shows that the new central leading collective attaches great importance to solving the "three rural issues". It is the best embodiment of this great concern. Following 18, the central government once again issued the issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" as the first document of the central government, and took increasing farmers' income as the theme of the document. This is a strategic decision made under the background of slow growth of farmers' income and widening income gap between urban and rural residents. The document conveys a clear signal: the Party and the government are highly concerned about the "three rural issues" and are very concerned about the fundamental interests of the broad masses of farmers. The party and the government have been thinking about increasing the income of 900 million farmers. From then on, until 20 10, the central government left the "No.1 document" to "agriculture, countryside and farmers" every year, so that farmers could feel a kind of warmth after breaking the ice for the first time every spring. (Wen/Yu is a scholar of modern history) 5438+0982 ~ 1986: The five "No.1 documents" in the early days of reform and opening up reflected the aspirations of the peasants and recorded the historical process of rural reform in China. 1in the winter of 978, Xiaogang production team of Liyuan commune in Fengyang county, Anhui province 18 farmers pressed 18 red handprints and distributed them to households, taking the lead in implementing agricultural "all-in-one contract". Wan Li, the first secretary of Anhui Provincial Party Committee, went to Fengyang to listen to the report on the big contract and immediately expressed his support. The feat of Xiaogang Team 18 farmers in Fengyang County first sounded the drum of rural reform in China. It is not allowed to leave "black accounts" and socialist "dependent accounts" in the dictionary of socialist public ownership. There is no explanation supporting "fixing agricultural output to households" in the Constitution. Even in the red-headed documents of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, there is no clear basis. The Decision on Accelerating Agricultural Development (Draft) issued by the Third Plenary Session has two clear "No"-"No farmland, no household production". But this document can also show signs of reform: rural labor organizations can record work points according to quotas. On the premise of unified accounting and distribution by the production team, workers can also be contracted to the ZuoYeDui, and labor remuneration can be calculated according to the output, and the over-production reward can be implemented. This rural policy of "ability, ability, ability" only sees "ability" and regards it as a promising small window-it is not allowed to register indoors and "ability" in the group. This is what they have longed for for for a long time. "Yes" and "fixing production quotas to households" immediately began to break the imprisonment of "two noes". On the eve of 1979 National Day, it has become an irresistible trend to "fix production quotas to households" and "divide fields and go it alone" in rural areas. At this time, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee revised the Decision on Accelerating Agricultural Development of the Third Plenary Session for many times. The revised decision was officially released in document No.37, changing the "two prohibitions" in the draft into "one prohibition" and "one non-prohibition": "It is not allowed to work alone in the field. Except for some sideline production and the special needs of inconvenient outdoor transportation for single-family households, it is not allowed to contract to household production. " In the central red-headed document, the tone is so mild.