2. Freedom is the right to do everything permitted by law.
3. In a monarchy, there is only a civil war without * *. But in authoritarian countries, there is only * * without civil war.
4. Laws are made to punish the viciousness and absurdity of human beings, so the laws themselves must be the purest.
5. Although I have some advantages, my most important advantage is my modesty.
6. Moral character should be noble; Life should be frank; Behave, you should be polite.
7. Loving learning is our only and eternal motivation. Nothing can stop us unless life comes to an end.
8. If the rich are not extravagant, the poor will starve to death.
9. The income of the state is a part of every citizen's own property, so as to ensure that the rest of his property can be enjoyed safely or happily.
1. Reading is the best way for me to dispel the unhappiness in my life. There is no distress that reading can't dispel.
11. I have never known any distress that can't be relieved by an hour's study.
12. The law is always just in general, but it is almost always unfair in practical application.
13. By "harmony", I mean loving the motherland, that is, loving equality. This is not a moral virtue, nor a Christian virtue, but a moral virtue.
14. If you just want happiness, it's not difficult at all; The hard part is that we always expect to be happier than others.
15. the relationship between law and all beings. in the most general sense, law is an inevitable relationship produced by the nature of things, that is, the inherent laws between things. In this sense, law in a broad sense refers to law.
16. People's obedience to officials is just a fear of the power of the law. If there is no law, people will be very cruel to officials and they will take revenge.
17. We speak in front of people who are as vain as we are, and their vanity is tortured to the same extent as our vanity is satisfied.
18. All people with power are prone to abuse their power, which is a hard experience. People with power often use power until there is a boundary. " Power is naturally expansive and vicious. As long as it lacks sufficient restraint and supervision, any power will produce corruption. To prevent abuse of power, it is necessary to restrain power with power.
19. Charm is by no means an acquisition. To gain charm, you have to be naive first. But how can people be naive?
2. People's safety is the supreme law.
21. Those who don't obey the natural laws first are those with strong power, because others don't have to worry about the punishment of others. The same is true in international relations.
22. The powerful tend to invade the powerless, which is a major feature of human life.
23. If you like reading, you can turn a boring moment into a joyful moment.
24. Loving reading is equivalent to changing the lonely and boring time in life into a moment of great enjoyment.
25. Human beings are extremely hopeful and fearful. Religion without region and heaven will not please mankind.
26. Time has given us a new life, which is precious and can't afford a natural life.
27. Modesty is an indispensable virtue.
28. An injustice to one person is a threat to all.
29. In the East, people always marry many wives in order to cancel their great power over us in a country with a climate like ours. But in Constantinople, the law of only one wife gives women great power: this situation often makes the rule weak.
3. If a person is morally perfect, he will have no friends.
31. For the very rich, everything that can't bring them power and honor is regarded as an insult.
32. To make the country stable, we should make the two poles as close as possible; Neither the rich nor the poor are allowed. These two naturally inseparable grades are equally fatal to the happiness of the public; One will produce advocates, while the other will produce tyrants. There is always a free trade between them: one is to buy freedom, and the other is to sell freedom.
33. Beauty must be clean and clear, not only in image, but also in heart.
34. Generally speaking, an intelligent person is difficult to get along with others, and he chooses few people.
35. Good-natured ridicule is a way of speaking that is harmful to people's health and beneficial to intelligence.
36. In order to preserve discipline, it will destroy humanity. You should know that humanity is the source of discipline.
37. In countries with different identities, there must be privileges.
38. There are four good habits: punctuality, correctness, perseverance and quickness. Without the first item, time will be wasted; Do not have the second item, full of mistakes; Without the third item, things will never be done well; If you lose the fourth item, you will miss the opportunity in vain.
39. The ever-needed rectification for maintaining the rule of the Republic of China will only do great harm to the rule of the emperor, because this kind of dispute will only change the rulers, but it will not establish the law and will not stop the abuse of power.
4. Dictatorship of the powerful is less dangerous to people's well-being than indifference of the democratic people.
41. Society is a collection of people, not each of them.
42. No matter in a harmonious country or an autocratic country, everyone is equal. However, the equality between the two is different. * * * The equality of all people in the Republic is that everyone is the master; The equality of all people in authoritarian countries lies in the fact that everyone is a slave.
43. Luxury always follows fornication, and fornication always follows luxury.
44. The most powerful thing about the law is that citizens obey officials.
45, refining the legal provisions is a way to reduce the judge's autonomy; Increasing judicial procedures is another way to limit judges' autonomy. The existence of judicial procedure greatly reduces the chances for judges to convict an innocent person and convict a guilty person at will.
46. Freedom is not unlimited freedom, but the right to do anything permitted by law.
47. Freedom does not mean that people can do whatever they want. Freedom only means the right to do everything within the scope permitted by law.
48. The democratic system tramples on all these ideals in a frivolous and impetuous manner, regardless of what a person used to do or what his character is. As long as he claims to be kind to the people when he turns to politics, he can also get respect and honor.
49. All people with power have a tendency to abuse their power to seek personal gain for themselves. The purpose of education in any authoritarian country is to reduce the minds of the people.
5, above people, we should regard others as human beings; Under people, you should regard yourself as a person.
51. As an animal with desires, people are dominated by many kinds of * *, and their desires can easily get rid of the bondage of reason and conscience and expand indefinitely.
52, moral character should be noble; In life, you should be frank, behave and be polite.
53. A citizen's freedom is a state of peace of mind. This state of peace of mind comes from the view that everyone thinks he is safe. To enjoy this freedom, we must establish a kind of * *. Under its rule, one citizen is not afraid of another.
54. People at both ends of happiness, that is, those who are extremely happy and unfortunate, tend to be cruel. People who are in the middle of happiness will have gentle compassion.
55. Law, where it dominates all people on earth, is human reason.
56. All men are created equal, and there is no distinction between high and low. We have no right to order others around under the pretext of giving the day after tomorrow, and there is no reason to feel sorry for ourselves for what happened the day after tomorrow. Above people, treat others as human beings; Under people, you should regard yourself as a person.
57. The difference between a good democracy and a bad democracy is that the former only gives citizens legal equality, that is, everyone is equal before the law; The latter tries to equalize different levels and different status, so that people can obtain absolute equality.
58. What dominates and rules everything is the power of law in monarchies and the iron fist of monarchies forever held high in despotism. However, in a people's country, there is also a driving hub, which is virtue.
59. The tolerant regime is not based on accidental whimsy, but is established through the checks and balances of various forces and careful thinking, so it is standardized and stable. On the contrary, authoritarian regime is based on contingency, which is the unpredictable, ever-changing will and insatiable * * of autocratic monarch.
6. I've never had anything that even an hour's reading can't dispel.
61. If you pursue wit, you will catch stupidity in the end.
62, * * is a blunt knife, and it slowly achieves its purpose.
63. Noble people don't do business, and business people are not noble.
64. Under monarchy and autocracy, few people pursue frugality. People who are corrupted by ease and enjoyment will not like to live a frugal life. Those who envy or appreciate the luxury of others will not like frugality.
65. When we talk to others, we should pay special attention, because this is the time when people "evaluate" us.
66. If you can pin your life on the memory of others, your life seems to be longer.
67. Some ethnic groups are abnormal, and they are kind and tolerant to them. Instead, they feel justified and that countries that tolerate them are easy to bully. If we retaliate against it and make it suffer great disasters, it will be friendly to that country. For such an ungrateful and ungrateful perverted country, there is no better means than revenge.
68. Politeness makes polite people happy, and also makes those who are treated politely by others happy.
69. The principle of autocracy is * *.
7. Education should improve people's minds, while education in authoritarian countries lowers people's minds. Even for those in command, slave sex education is beneficial, because there are no tyrants and no slaves at the same time. Absolute obedience means that the subject is stupid, even the person who gives orders repeatedly is stupid, because he doesn't need to think, doubt or reason, as long as he expresses his willingness to obey.
71. The measure of a person's true character is what he does when he knows that no one will find out.
72. The true spirit of equality does not mean that everyone is in command or not, but that we obey or command people who are equal to us.
73. All people with power are prone to abuse their power, which is an eternal experience. The way to prevent abuse of power is to restrain power with power.
74. A soul that has been corroded by luxury is full of thousands of desires. In order to realize their own desires, they do not hesitate to be enemies of the law.
75. To prevent abuse of power, it is necessary to restrain power with power.
76. If you can pin your life on other people's memories, your life seems to be longer. Glory is a new life we have gained, which can be as precious as natural life.
77. If a person wants to succeed in this world, he must act like a fool, but he is smart.
78. Ordinary people often praise mediocre people. For mediocre people, people are happy to help; For intelligent people, people are quick to be deprived. The latter became the object of jealousy, and people did not forgive him; However, for the benefit of the former, people spared no effort to give support, and he was supported by people's vanity.
79. All people with power will abuse their power, which is a hard experience. Judging from the nature of things, the only way to prevent power from being abused is to restrict power with power.
8. Since nature has caused different degrees of strength in the world, it also often uses a desperate struggle to make the weak no less than the strong.
81. It is by no means the new generation that goes bad. Only after the old people have been corrupted will they go down.
82. In the motherly eyes of civil law, everyone is the whole country.
83. Morality is closely related to freedom, but when freedom develops to the extreme, it will become extreme slavery.
84. Let's take dishonor as the heaviest punishment!
85. I've met some people who are virtuous and have a natural attitude, which makes people feel that they are virtuous, because they fulfill their bounden duty without reluctance, and all their performances are instinctive. They will never make a long speech and point out their rare advantages, because they don't seem to know it at all.
86. The larger the population, the denser the population proportion, the more people's desires and the stronger their vanity. The more populous the society is, and most people don't know each other, the stronger people's desire to be different and outstanding. People want to prove that they are better than others in order to gain their respect. Respect is also a limited resource. Everyone wants to get respect from others, and as a result, all people can't get it.
87. the relationship between law and all beings. in the most general sense, law is an inevitable relationship produced by the nature of things, that is, the inherent laws between things. In this sense, law in a broad sense refers to law. All beings have their own laws. God has his laws, God has their laws, animals have their laws, and people have their own laws.
88, ah! Praise, from your own mouth, how boring it is!
a brief introduction to montesquieu
Montesquieu (January 18, 1689—February 1, 1755) was a great French enlightenment thinker and jurist, and one of the earliest scholars in modern European countries who systematically studied ancient oriental society and legal culture. Although his works are few, their influence is quite extensive, especially The Spirit of Law, which laid the foundation for the development of modern western legal theory and also influenced Europeans' views on eastern legal culture to a great extent. His representative works include Persian Letters and On the Spirit of Law. Montesquieu is an encyclopedic scholar. He has made great academic achievements and won high honors. He was elected as a member of the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Britain and the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
In p>1689, Montesquieu was born into a noble family in La Bellevue Manor near Bordeaux, France. Received a good education since childhood. He used to be a lawyer and speaker of Bordeaux Parliament.
In p>177, at the age of 19, he obtained a bachelor's degree in law and became a lawyer. I traveled in Paris for the first time in 179. In 1714, he began to serve as an adviser to the Bordeaux court. In 1716, he inherited the president of the Bordeaux court (Montesquieu's grandfather and uncle)