Socrates believes that the "heart" is supreme, and only the "heart" can grasp the real form and idealization, while the sensory objects only tend to approach this form.
For example, we can consider real triangles and abstract triangles. Real triangles refer to those concrete individuals who are close to abstract triangles in our experience. The abstract triangle is an idealized object and the object of "mind" thinking.
Socrates is the representative of the so-called idealism philosophy. When he was framed by the powerful people in Athens, he got the news that he had a chance to escape, but he did not choose to escape, but voluntarily stayed for trial. In prison, Socrates took this as an example to refute the mechanical materialism at that time:
Because the Athenians think it's best to convict me, I also think it's best to sit here and accept their punishment, because I can swear that if I didn't think it was a more just and decent way to accept any trial given to me by this city than to escape, my bones and muscles would have gone to Megara or Peoria in the best way as some people say.
Socrates believes that everything is created and arranged by God, which embodies the wisdom and purpose of God. He proposed that the most knowledgeable person is God, knowledge ultimately comes from God, and real knowledge is obedience to God. Later Christian apologists often take Socrates as an example to show that Greek philosophy is an ally of Christian theology.
Plato, a student of Socrates, is the greatest representative of idealistic philosophy. Plato's view of nature is derived a priori from people's needs and intentions. For example, God is good and the ball is the most perfect form, so the universe must be spherical.
Transcendentality refers to knowledge that can be acquired without experience, such as: God is good and human nature is good in essence.
Plato despised experiment and technology, but attached importance to deductive science such as mathematics, and opened a large number of mathematics courses in his academy.
Plato believes that the sensory objects are constantly changing, and only the object "class" (* * * phase) of the heart is unchanged. So the idea is the only reality, and the individual talent is the shadow. Before class was discovered, they had no reality. Plato's view is called realism.
Aristotle is a master of ancient world knowledge and has made important contributions in many fields. As a student of Plato, Aristotle has a famous saying: "I love my teacher, especially the truth."
Philosophically, he put forward the so-called nominalism, that is, he acknowledged the reality of the sensory object and the reality of the "mind" object at the same time. But Aristotle believes that the individual is the only reality and "class" is a name or a psychological concept.
Aristotle attaches importance to individual research and experiments, while his teacher Plato attaches importance to the study of abstract concepts. From this perspective, Aristotle's thought is more conducive to the emergence of modern experimental science.