1, there are talented people in Jiangshan generation, each leading the way for hundreds of years. (On Zhao Yi's Poetry in Qing Dynasty)

Brief analysis: it shows that things are constantly developing, and every era should be innovative and progressive, rather than following the ancients and not seeking progress. It is often used to praise talented people, or to show that a new generation has passed and another generation has appeared, and the waves behind the Yangtze River push forward the waves. It also contains the philosophical thought that "things surpass the inevitable trend of predecessors, innovate and make progress".

2, one eye must be independent, the art garden is full of orpiment. When dwarves go to the theater, they always chat with others. (On Two Poems by Zhao Yi in Qing Dynasty)

Analysis: The author points out that when commenting on the quality of poetry, we should have our own opinions and opinions, not like people in some literary gardens. Marxist philosophy holds that in order to have a unique vision and deeply understand and grasp the essence of things, we must first possess a large number of perceptual materials in practice; Instead, we should be good at processing perceptual materials by "removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, from this to the other, from the outside to the inside" to realize the leap and development from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.

3, helpless, I seem to know the return of Yan. (Yan Shu, Huanxisha? A new word "a glass of wine")

Analysis: All the good things that are bound to disappear can't stop them from disappearing, but at the same time, there are good things reborn, and life will not become nothing because of disappearance. (Often used to express a mentality of "wanting to retain but not retaining". Or the feeling of life: ups and downs, ups and downs, life and death gather and disperse, just like this flower blooms and flowers fall, Yan goes to Yan. )

4. The surplus and contraction period is not only in the sky; Blessings that nourish grace can last forever. (Three Kingdoms Cao Cao's "Although the Turtle is Longevity")

Analysis: Give full play to subjective initiative, be optimistic and positive, and you will benefit from lifelong regret.

5, the circle is cold, all the words are the same. Knowing thousands of miles away, there is no rain and no wind. (Tang Liqiao's Mid-Autumn Night)

A bright moon rises to the cold sky, and everyone says the same thing. The world is vast, how do you know there are no storms elsewhere?

Analysis: Everyone is telling the truth. The world is changing. With the improvement of human cognitive ability, human understanding of nature and society is also deepening and developing. Whether an understanding is correct or not does not depend on the number of people who hold it. Even if everyone says yes, we should dare to doubt and keep exploring. Secondly, the most taboo is to replace one thing with another, to replace the part with the whole, and to replace the exploration of the whole or essence with the description of the local and one-sided phenomena. Seeing the bright moon in the sky here and now, dreaming of a cosmopolitan family, it is this for the other, in order to generalize. Adhere to the dichotomy to prevent one-sidedness.

6 ... Night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness. (Tang, "The next berth on the North Fort Mountain")

Brief analysis: It contains the philosophical thought that new things are bred in the disintegration of old things.

7. Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky ... (Tang Du Fu's "Looking at Yue")

Analysis: Everyone who has made a difference should have the ambition and spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, daring to reach the top and overlooking everything.

8. Xue Mei refused to surrender for the spring, and the Poets' Hall made a comment on the pen fee. The snow in Mei Xu Xun is three points white, but there is a piece of Mei Xiang missing from the snow (Notice of Mei Po, Song Lu)

Analysis: materialist dialectics holds that things in the world are so different because they all have their own contradictory particularities. Without the concrete analysis of the particularity of contradiction, people can't distinguish things, let alone correctly understand them. This requires us to adhere to the dichotomy and analyze the particularity of contradictions in detail.

9. Peach blossoms outside the bamboo are three or two, and the duck prophet of Chunjiang plumbing (stone "Hui Chong Chunjiang Xiaojing")

Analysis: materialist dialectics holds that generality (generality of contradiction) always exists in individuality (particularity of contradiction) and is expressed through individuality. The arrival of spring is expressed through these special and individual things. Without these wonderful pictures, spring is impossible From the perspective of epistemology, it also embodies the principle of dialectical relationship between practice and cognition, and practice produces true knowledge.

10, who says life is not short? The water in front of the door can also flow west! (Su Shi, "Huanxisha? The orchids under the mountain have short buds and soak in the stream ")

Brief analysis: It shows that although the author is in a difficult situation, he still tries to cheer up. As long as you work hard subjectively and have a healthy attitude, you can still stay young and strong in your old age.

1 1. Horizontally, the hillside has become a mountain peak with different heights. I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there. (Song Sushi's "Title Xilin Wall")

Analysis: People will come to different conclusions when they look at things from different positions and angles. Only when people get rid of subjective and objective limitations, stay out of Lushan Mountain and have foresight can they really see the true face of Lushan Mountain. To understand the essence of things, we must observe them from all angles, both objectively and comprehensively.

12. If there is a piano sound, why not put it in the box? If the piano sounds from your hands, why can't you hear the sound? (Song Sushi's "Qin Poetry")

Analysis: Wonderful music is an organic whole, which is composed of several parts and elements that influence and restrict each other. In music and piano sound, fingers, piano, players' thoughts and feelings, playing skills and other parts and elements are interdependent and indispensable, influencing and restricting each other, and there is a close relationship. According to materialist dialectics, the fundamental content of universal connection is the connection between the parties to the internal contradictions of things and between things. So what this song reveals is the contradictory relationship between piano, fingers and piano sound. If the players are included, then the relationship between the players' thoughts, feelings and skills and the piano and fingers can be regarded as the relationship between the internal contradictions (internal causes) and external contradictions (external causes) of things. The former is the basis of music production, and the latter is the condition of music production, both of which are indispensable.

13, half an acre of square pond was opened, with clouds and shadows all over the sky. As clear as water? Because there is inexhaustible living water for it. (Song Zhuxi's reading thought)

Analysis: Taking the pond as a metaphor, it shows that the method of learning is to accumulate and absorb new nutrients. Everything is moving, changing and developing, and everything can maintain its existence only in movement. It is this uninterrupted movement, change and development that makes things exist in constant self-renewal. Once this movement stops, things can't exist. If there is no constant renewal and accumulation of knowledge, one's knowledge will become a stagnant pool, lifeless and without progress. Learning is like this, and so is doing other things. The last two sentences also mean that people's practical activities are the source of human spiritual wealth and various artistic activities. Without the fresh materials provided by the people in practice, any creation will become a stagnant pool.

14, Mo Yan went down the mountain without any difficulty, earning enough favor from pedestrians. Just entering Wanshan Circle, one mountain releases another. (Song Yang Wanli, "Passing Song Yuanchen's Paint Shop")

Analysis: the poet uses poetry to analyze the truth: no matter what people do, they should fully estimate the difficulties on the way forward and not be intoxicated by the success of one thing. When grasping the theme of this poem, we should first position the style as a philosophical poem, and then we can quickly know that this poem clearly describes the feelings of mountaineering, but in fact it is about the philosophy of life: when we achieve certain achievements, we should never be complacent, but should keep making progress.

15, there is no way to recover from heavy mountains and heavy waters, and there is another village (Song's Visit to Shanxi Village).

Brief analysis: it embodies the principle of unity of progress and stagnation in the development of things. For another example, "there are obstacles in science, and efforts can pass" also contains this truth.

16, the rise and fall of the country, why do Wu people complain about history? If history overthrew the State of Wu, who would be the dead of the State of Yue? (Yin's History of Xi)

Brief analysis: the poet analyzed the essence of Wu's demise through in-depth thinking, and thought that Wu's demise had its profound reasons and should not be attributed to Shi himself. If it is the chief culprit in subverting the State of Wu, then the King of Yue does not love women, and who is to blame for the demise of the State of Yue? Epistemology tells us that the fundamental task of cognition is to grasp the essence and law of things through phenomena, and to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, rather than staying on the phenomenon of things.

17, the ancients learned nothing, and the teenagers were not old. What you get on paper is so shallow that you never know what you have to do. (Song Luyou, "Reading on a Winter Night")

Analysis: This poem contains profound philosophy: direct experience and indirect experience are two ways for people to acquire knowledge. It is very necessary to draw nutrition from books and learn the knowledge and skills of predecessors. It is an important aspect for people to master and accumulate knowledge, that is, to form indirect experience. Direct experience is another important way to acquire knowledge, and it is also very necessary to know it directly from practice. In addition, only in practice can indirect experience be used, tested and developed. If you just "don't listen to things outside the window, you must read the book of sages", don't participate in social practice, and don't touch the broad social life, then his understanding will always be "shallow"; Only by "practice" and turning book knowledge into practical knowledge can we play a guiding role in practice and realize the second leap in understanding.

18, the color of gold is not enough, and the white jade has slight defects. Ask for help, but don't be prepared. I want to go to your house. (Dai Song Fugu "Ji Xing")

Analysis: materialist dialectics holds that everything in the world contains two aspects, both opposition and unity. Therefore, in order to truly reflect the true nature of things, we must adhere to the dichotomy and two-point theory and look at the problem comprehensively. We should divide people, things and ourselves into two parts. If you blindly blame perfection, you will make a one-sided and absolute mistake.

19, reading thousands of books, writing like a god (Tang Du Fu's "Give Wei Zuocheng Twenty-two Rhymes")

Analysis: Some results are caused by some reasons.

20. Flowers are similar from year to year, but people of different ages are different (Liu Tang Yi Xi's "A Generation of Whiteheads")

Analysis: Everything is changing and developing. Nothing can be changed.

2 1, the boundless grassland comes and goes with each season. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. (Don Bai Juyi's Farewell to Ancient Grass)

Brief analysis: the movement, change and development of things have their objective laws; New things have great vitality.

22. Shoot the horse first and catch the thief first. (Tang Du Fu's "Out of the Plug")

Analysis: Be good at grasping the main contradiction when doing things.

23. Yu Xin's articles are older and more mature, and Ling's brushwork is vertical and horizontal. People today laugh at him and blame his works. If Yu Xin is still alive, I'm afraid he will really regard you as an afterlife. (One of Tang Du Fu's "Plays Like Six quatrains")

Analysis: (1) From the perspective of universal connection, everything is a process of successive development. Without the analysis of historical connection, we can not only correctly understand yesterday's history, but also correctly understand today's right and wrong. Cutting off history, denying contact, blindly laughing at tradition and denying predecessors will inevitably lead to national nihilism.

(2) Looking at problems from a developmental perspective, we should regard things as a process of change and development. To study any one of me, we can't cut off history, let alone deny yesterday's naivety with today's maturity. We should adopt a historical attitude towards our predecessors, and we should not look at and measure the past with today's rampant irrigation and standards, let alone demand the ancients.

(3) From the viewpoint of combining two-point theory with key theory, on the one hand, we should correctly analyze and distinguish the achievements and defects of predecessors, right and wrong, essence and dross. On the other hand, it is necessary to further distinguish between the main aspects of contradictions and the secondary aspects of contradictions.

24. Lingxiao hangs on the holly tree, and the flowers will not wither when they are old. Everything has roots, and in the end it won't give birth to any bean sprouts. (Tang Gu Kuang's "Difficult Travel" three songs, the first part)

Analysis: (1) Internal factors are the basis of the development of things; (2) The contradiction is special; (3) The law is objective.

25. Warwick is thousands of miles away and is also in the imperial power. To jujube house, but to each horse. (Ming Yang Ji "Feeling")

Analysis: materialist dialectics believes that the development of things, internal and external factors coexist, are indispensable. Internal cause is the foundation of the development of things, while external cause is the condition of the development of things, and external cause works through internal cause. Although this poem highlights the important role of external factors in talent development, it does not deny internal factors. On the one hand, it warns those who are in an external position for others that they should be good at discovering, cultivating and using talents and actively create conditions for the growth of talents. On the other hand, it also warns those who have succeeded in all aspects, not to forget and deny the external factors of their success, and to take all the successes and achievements as their own.

26, broken halberd heavy sand iron is not sold, and self-grinding will be washed and recognized. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai. (Don "Red Cliff")

Brief analysis: internal cause is the basis of the development of things, and external cause is the condition of the development of things. External factors play a very important role in the development of things under certain conditions. Without certain conditions, even a hero cannot succeed.

27, although skilled, the year is also a deep disaster. Work leaks through rivers and oceans, eroding trapped whales. Dare to fear the beam and hide the column. All is not light who keeps his word. (Don "Ant")

Analysis: Through the great harm caused by small ants, this poem shows that the accumulation of quantity can cause qualitative change, and the levee of a thousand miles is destroyed by an ant nest, warning people not to underestimate small changes and even lead to catastrophe.

28. It is also strong to talk loudly, and it is only sad to have a white head. One room for white education, why sweep the world? (Song Yang Wanli "Reading")

Analysis: (1) From the perspective of contradiction analysis, Chen Fan does not know how to analyze specific problems. The contradictions of things are different, and the methods to solve them cannot be the same. Contradictions of different natures can only be solved by different qualitative methods. Trying to solve different contradictions with one model is doomed to failure. Chen Fan has more ideas than strategies, and even things fail.

(2) From the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, Chen Fan didn't understand that the development of everything must start with quantitative change. The lofty ideals and lofty goals can only be realized by combining them with the spirit of down-to-earth and hard struggle. Fan Chen doesn't sweep a room, how can he talk about his ambition of "sweeping the world"?

29, there are still official uniforms to give, should be pity; I don't know the world, but I still look at it with cloth. (Tang Gao Shi's "Ode to History")

Brief analysis: The first two sentences of the poem affirm JOE's feeling of pity for the cold and nostalgia for the past, while the last two sentences use this as an excuse to satirize JOE's feeling of pity for the cold and lack of knowledge. It is also a kind of irony to judge people only by their looks and clothes. The fundamental task of cognition is to know the essence through phenomena and move from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is precisely because Su Jia's understanding has not reached such a level and degree that it is impossible to attach importance to it and entrust it with an important task. This is the understanding of everything.

30. I have been in the grass since I was a child, and now I feel awkward. Those trees that don't recognize that they can soar into the sky, until it enters the sky, people say it is tall. (Don Du Xunhe's Komatsu)

Brief analysis: The author uses metaphors to warn people to be good at discovering and identifying talents, and to attach importance to, care for and cultivate promising talents as soon as possible so that they can become talents as soon as possible. From a philosophical point of view, Komatsu's growth can also be compared to the process of new things growing. The growth of all new things has to go through a process from small to large, from weak to strong, from imperfect to relatively perfect. When it first appeared, it was always weak, so it could not fully occupy and give full play to its advantages, and it was often even humble and naive. However, because it conforms to the objective law and replaces the development direction of things, it has strong vitality and broad development prospects. "The future is bright and the road is tortuous" is the road for the development of all new things. Under the guidance of materialist dialectics, we should discover it in time, foresee its great development prospect, actively support it and promote its rapid growth and expansion.

3 1, you should pity the fangs and print moss, but Xiao Kouchai can't fly for a long time. But this spring spring, after all, can't be caged. Look, there is a pink apricot sticking out of the wall. (Ye Songshao Weng's "The Garden is Worthless")

Analysis: Any new thing with strong vitality can't be imprisoned under any circumstances.

32. The storm in Zhongshan has turned yellow, and millions of heroes have crossed the river. Tiger's dragon card is better than in the past, upside down and generous. It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord. If the sky is sentimental, it will grow old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes. (Mao Zedong's Seven Laws. China People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing ")

Analysis: The poem quotes the historical tragedy that Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, could have wiped out Liu Bang with superior forces, but in the name of "injustice", he was afraid of losing opportunities many times and was finally attacked by Liu Bang, warning lively people that "it is better to chase the poor bandits with the remaining courage". From a philosophical point of view, when the accumulation of equivalence reaches a certain level, we should seize the opportunity to promote leapfrog development and qualitative change. If you hesitate, you will miss the opportunity. "If the sky is sentient, if the sky is old, the human path will be vicissitudes", and from the height of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, "the world always replaces the old with the new, always metabolizes, eliminates the old or brings forth the new." Vicissitude is that the sea has turned into a mulberry field, which is a metaphor for revolutionary development and change. "The right way on earth" refers to the law of social development. "Old" means getting old because of anger and pain. The meaning of these two sentences is that if heaven is affectionate and sees the darkness and cruelty of the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, it will be angry and aging; It is an objective law that human society changes from the old to the new, regardless of human will.

33. Great rivers turn from east to west, and dense groups help the poor. Ten years of broken walls, it is difficult to reward the sea and be a hero. (Zhou Enlai's "Great River Songs Turn East")

Analysis: In the poem, we can clearly see how important the values play in guiding people to know and transform the world and their own life path. It is this value of serving the country and the people that determines the life path of Zhou Enlai Revolution.

Second, proverbs and proverbs

1, one cannot step into the same river twice.

Analysis: This is a famous saying of Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, and his other two sentences: "The sun is new every day." "Everything flows, and everything is not born." It shows that objective things are constantly moving and changing. On the contrary, his student Kratylos put forward that "people can't even step into the same river at one time", which went to extremes and denied relative stillness, which was an agnosticism.

2, heaven and earth are in harmony, and everything is born by itself.

Analysis: Everything in the universe exists naturally, regardless of human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.

3. Different people have different opinions.

Analysis: To explain the same thing, people have different opinions because of their different knowledge structures.

4. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Analysis: Explain that consciousness has a reaction to matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development process of things; It will hinder the development of things. Another example is "lose the whole game, benefit modestly", "man will conquer nature", "everything depends on man" and "ingenuity alone"

5, full of losses and benefits.

Analysis: It embodies the principle of contradictory identity. That is, both sides of the contradiction not only depend on each other, but also transform each other under certain conditions. Another example is to eat pits and gain wisdom; Failure is the mother of success; Modesty makes people progress, pride makes people lag behind and so on. , all belong to this principle.

6. How bold people are and how productive the land is.

Analysis: exaggerating the initiative of consciousness and trying to replace objective regularity with subjective will are bound to be punished. Another example is "human reason is natural legislation" and so on.

7. The form of existence is the existence of God, and the form of gratitude is the elimination of God.

Brief analysis: it shows that human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. This is a materialistic view, which holds that form survives from spirit, and form thanks spirit. Another example is "Heaven and earth combine to create everything, and Yin and Yang alternate", which means that everything in the universe is not created by God, but the result of its own contradictory movement, and it also belongs to materialism.

8. Think every day and dream at night.

Analysis: Explain that consciousness is a reflection of matter. For another example, some fairy tales, religious rumors and scientific fantasies that we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted, and some are illusory or exaggerated.

9, running water does not rot, the family is not embarrassed.

Brief analysis: It shows that matter and motion are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental attribute and way of existence of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; Matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter. It can also be understood from the dialectical relationship between internal and external causes: running water will not rot, and the pivot button on the door will rotate frequently, so there will be no insects. Because internal factors are the basis of change, external conditions can only work through internal factors. Even if water has external conditions of corruption and there are insects outside the wood, as long as water and wood are constantly moving, external factors cannot play a role through internal factors.

10, the sky will always be there, not for Yao Village or Wu Jie.

Analysis: It shows that the changes in nature have certain laws, and they do not exist because Rao is a holy king, nor do they die because Jie is a tyrant. Another example is, "Hongyan leaves Saibei and goes to Wan Li Road." Eat southern rice in winter and return to the north in spring. "It shows that the movement of living things follows the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest." The changes of heaven and earth, storms in summer and winter, floods, droughts, moths and locusts are all regular "(Shen Kuo)

1 1, nothing outside the heart.

Brief analysis: it means that matter exists in people's consciousness, and there is nothing outside consciousness. This belongs to the idealism of "being is being perceived", "things are a collection of ideas" and "opening your eyes to be bright and closing your eyes to be silent".

12, chopping wood is not according to the pattern, which makes the woodcutter exhausted.

Analysis: Explain that the law is objective, give full play to the subjective initiative and build on the basis of respecting the objective law, otherwise, it will not succeed.

13, difficulties and hardships, you are successful.

Analysis: It shows that we must give full play to people's subjective initiative in order to overcome difficulties and win victory under the guidance of law.

14, "The official of the heart thinks" (Mencius), "The heart is the king of form, and the Lord of God is also" (Xunzi), "People's memories are all in the brain"

Analysis: What they have in common is that people's thinking activities must have a certain material organ foundation, and matter determines consciousness.

15, planted flowers intentionally, but not willows.

Analysis: It shows that all objective things exist independently of people's consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.

16, knowing means knowing, not knowing means not knowing, just knowing.

Analysis: Say what you know and admit what you don't know. This attitude is wise. This famous saying tells us that we should regard ourselves as an objective thing, proceed from our own reality and know ourselves correctly.

17. Ask firewood in the mountains and fish in the water.

Analysis: The woodcutter is familiar with the situation in the mountains, and the fisherman knows the habits of water, so he wants to "seek firewood in the mountains and fish in the water". This proverb shows that people should think and do things from reality.

18, a clever woman can't cook without rice

Analysis: Matter determines consciousness, and the content of consciousness comes from the objective world.

19, radish and cabbage, each to his own liking.

Brief analysis: people's different hobbies indicate that the contradiction is special and needs specific analysis. Another example: people are different, flowers are red; The Eight Immortals crossed the sea and showed their magical powers; Soldiers against generals, soil against water-take appropriate measures as appropriate.

20. No pains, no gains.

Analysis: explain an inevitable connection in the inheritance of things, that is, regularity. At the same time, it contains the principle of contradiction particularity, which embodies that internal cause is the basis of things' change. For another example, the proverb "The dragon gives birth to the dragon, the phoenix gives birth to the phoenix, and the son born to the mouse can make holes" also illustrates this truth.

2 1, the whole line

Analysis: Metaphor does not distinguish between objects and treats different things equally, which violates the principle of particularity of contradiction. For another example, Zhang Guan Dai Li, Follow It and A Wind all belong to this category.

22, attack one point, not as good as the rest

Brief analysis: it violates the principle of universality of contradiction, and looks at the problem from a one-sided point of view, engaging in one-point theory and denying dichotomy. Another example is "seeing the trees but not the forest".

Petunia should lead by the nose.

Analysis: it means to be good at grasping the key points and keys in the work. In line with the principle of principal contradiction. Another example is "catch the thief first" and "good steel should be used on the blade".

24. Although the lotus is good, it should be supported by green leaves.

Analysis: To make a metaphor, people should be good at grasping the main contradiction in their daily work, but they can't ignore the secondary contradiction, because the quality of handling the secondary contradiction directly affects the solution of the main contradiction. Another example is that "one hero and three gangs" and "one fence and three piles" are the same.

25. Picking up sesame seeds and losing watermelon.

Brief analysis: it violates the principle of primary and secondary contradictions. Refers to doing things regardless of primary and secondary, grasping secondary, and losing the main. Another example is "scratching eyebrows and beards" and pressing fleas with ten fingers; Single Man also falls into this category.

26. One finger and nine fingers

Brief analysis: Comrade Mao Zedong often uses this metaphor to compare which is primary and which is secondary between achievements and mistakes. We are required to be good at grasping the main aspects of contradictions. Because the nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the contradiction that obtains the dominant position, it is necessary to distinguish the mainstream from the tributary, the nine fingers and the one finger when observing and handling problems.

27, pays special attention to the typical, both general.

Analysis: Based on the principle of the unity of two-point theory and key theory, we are required to be comprehensive in practical work and be good at grasping the key points and keys. Another example is "overall consideration" and "learning to play the piano".

28, near Zhu Zhechi, near the ink is black.

Brief analysis: it shows that the external environment has an important influence on the development of things, that is, external factors are the conditions for things to change. For another example, "the power of an example is infinite", "a famous teacher makes a noble apprentice" and "a buddy kills people with loyalty" all illustrate the role of external factors.

29, the master led the door, learning skills in the individual.

Brief analysis: explain that external causes work through internal causes. No matter how big the external factors are, they also work through internal factors.

30. The city gate caught fire, which affected the fish in the pool.

Analysis: the universality of the connection of things. There is a sky outside, and there are mountains outside the mountain; "There is water in the big river, but there is no water in the small river", "mantis catches cicada, yellowbird comes behind" and so on all belong to this truth.

3 1, for headache and foot pain.

Analysis: See only the part, not the whole, and look at the problem from a metaphysical point of view. Another leaf cannot see the forest; Sit by the well and watch the sky and so on. , belong to this category.

32. People change all their lives, but the sky changes all the time.

Analysis: Things are developing in motion and relatively stable.

33. Those who do not seek the overall situation do not seek a domain.

Analysis: This means that the whole and the part are interdependent and inseparable. The part cannot be divorced from the whole, otherwise it will lose its meaning of existence. Therefore, when thinking and doing things, we must take the overall situation into consideration. Another example is "the prosperity of the country is the prosperity of the family, and the death of the country is the death of the family."

34. One careless move will lose the game.

Analysis: This means that the whole and the parts are inseparable. We should not only take the overall situation into consideration, but also ignore the influence of local connections on the whole. Otherwise, local failure often leads to global failure. For another example, "a mouse killed a pot of porridge" also means this. It can also be understood that the part sometimes plays a very important role in the whole. Another example is "pulling one hair and moving the whole body."

35. Magpies give good news, crows give bad news.

Analysis: It violates the objectivity of connection and drags two unrelated things together to create a "connection". Another example is "seeing each other's fate", "comet, ominous photo", "all one's wishes come true", wishing on a meteor and so on. , all belong to this category.

36, don't be three days, when sit up and take notice.

Analysis: This means that things are changing and developing. You can't look at people and things around you with the same eyes. Another example is that "the afterlife is terrible", "the latecomers come first" and Han Fei's "the world is different, things are different, things are waiting for change" all contain the view of development.

37. A single spark can start a prairie fire

Analysis: It shows that although the new things are weak at first, they conform to the development law of objective things, have strong vitality and broad development prospects, so they will inevitably defeat the old things in the end. For another example, "Qian Fan is on the edge of a sunken ship and Wan Muchun is in front of a sick tree" is also a metaphor for the invincible new things.

38, don't do it with evil small, don't do it with good small.

Analysis: Explain that in the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, we should distinguish right from wrong, distinguish good from evil, and weigh interests. Useful things should persist and promote their qualitative change; Harmful things should be prevented from being delayed and transformed.

39. The blind touch the elephant

Brief analysis: metaphor only knows the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not know the essence of things. Phenomenon is different from essence. Phenomenon is the surface feature and external connection of things, which is one-sided and changeable and can be directly perceived by human sensory organs; Essence is the relatively stable internal connection of things and the fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by human rational thinking.

40. Never change its original belief.

Analysis: It means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is an essential manifestation.

4 1, knowing people, knowing people, knowing each other.

Analysis: The perceptual knowledge of metaphor needs to be upgraded to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things, only when it rises to rational knowledge can it be an understanding of the inner nature of things.

42. A blind man rides a blind horse

Brief analysis: metaphor is a blind practice without correct theoretical guidance. Because the correct theory reflects the essence and laws of objective things and has a guiding role in practice. Another example is "Without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement".

No.43 frowned, and the plot succeeded.

Analysis: The perceptual materials of metaphor can only be upgraded to rational knowledge after being processed by the human brain. Because the perceptual materials people get are often mixed with essence, truth and falsehood, which are separated from each other and difficult to distinguish from the outside, it is necessary to go through the analysis and synthesis process of "removing essence, removing falsehood and retaining truth, from here to there, from outside to inside" to form a rational understanding. Another example is "thinking more about wisdom", "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and so on.

44. Nothing gains.

Analysis: The practice of metaphor is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is acquired through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiment. Without practice, knowledge becomes passive water and rootless wood. For another example, "Truth is priceless and can only be found in practice", "Seeing is believing, seeing is believing" and "No discord, no concord".

45. Use books, but hate less.

Analysis: practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Only in practice can people find their lack of knowledge, thus motivating themselves to pursue knowledge, broaden their horizons and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once there is a technical demand in society, this demand will push science to more than ten universities." Another example is that "eating for a while makes you gain wisdom", "failure is the mother of success" and "learning is not enough" all belong to this truth.

46. Facts speak louder than words.

Analysis: it means that practice is the only criterion to test whether understanding is correct or not. Only practice can link cognition with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether cognition conforms to objective reality. Another example is "what you say doesn't count, but what you do" and "seeing horsepower from a distance and people's hearts for a long time".

47. Everyone is a saint

Analysis: People are the subject of practice and the creator of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also creates spiritual wealth. The saying that "heroes make the world" is groundless. Another example is "two heads are better than one Zhuge Liang", which means the same thing.

48. It is difficult for a lonely goose to lose its flock.

Brief Analysis: Metaphorical individual practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to do something and achieve something, he must take the road of combining with the people, otherwise he will accomplish nothing.