The Song Dynasty is the most special of all dynasties in China, which is special because its ruling style is almost the same as that of modern times: it is a politics of literati politics, party politics, centralized politics, agriculture, industry and commerce.

the literati politics in the song dynasty was the most thorough, and it was a novelty for a scholar to be the minister of national defense (Privy Council) in the modern west, but it was a common practice in the song dynasty. The reform of the army is that the army is impermanent and handsome, and handsome and impermanent, which is also the basic system for modern countries to command and manage the army. According to historical records, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taizu carved an ancestral motto in the ancestral temple. Only the emperor himself was guided by an illiterate eunuch to recite it in front of the ancestral oath tablet when he sacrificed to the ancestral temple. On the day when Kaifeng City was broken, curious people didn't know its contents until they ran to the ancestral temple (which can be said to be the most immortal famous saying in China's history): "The sons and daughters of Chai's family shall not be given additional punishment if they are guilty, and they shall be given up in prison if they commit rebellion, and they shall not be slaughtered by the city, nor shall they even sit down and support themselves"; "Don't kill a scholar-bureaucrat, and write a letter to tell people"; "Children and grandchildren have this oath, and the sky will be ruined." What is commendable is that the emperors of the Song Dynasty were still obedient. Let MAO's most enlightened policies in the history of China have been effectively implemented for 3 years. It can be said that this is a magna carta with a history of more than 3 years in the Song Dynasty, and it is also the most enlightened magna carta in the world at the same time. It fundamentally ensured that the Song Dynasty became the highest peak of China civilization. The Song Dynasty is a real era of scholar-officials, that is, an era of praise and practice among the literate population. Above the temple, the monarch and his subjects argued endlessly; In the rivers and lakes, scholars point the way. Which dynasty and which generation did the literati have such status and status? On the court, Bao Zheng was spitting, and Emperor Injong had to try his face with silk, but Lao Bao just ignored it and was still making a big speech; On the rivers and lakes (this river and lake is not Jin Yong's river and lake, but a relatively central local government), Fan Zhongyan wrote brilliantly: "Worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world." Mr. Chen Yinque, a master of Chinese studies, commented on Song: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, and its climax was in the world of Zhao and Song. After a gradual decline, it will eventually revive. " The Song Dynasty was the most fertile period for intellectuals in China. It is also a society in which China intellectuals have political ideals, cultural innovations, moral pursuits and guaranteed lives. We don't deny that there was a political struggle in the Song Dynasty, but the political struggle was often just a difference in political views. Although there were partisanship, it was not physically eliminated. At best, it's relegation. Although Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang and Su Shi have different political views, their personal friendship is not bad. After Ouyang Xiu's death, it was not his party comrades who gave Ouyang Xiu the highest evaluation, but his political enemy Wang Anshi. It can be seen that it was a gentleman's era. It is no accident that so many celebrities appeared in the Renzong Dynasty in the history of China (six of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties appeared at the same time), which is the fruit of the suitable political environment. The relatively mature party politics in the history of China is a typical political phenomenon in this period. It is a miracle in the history of the world that the Reform Party with Wang Anshi as its idol and the Conservative Party with Sima Guang as its idol have been in power in turn for nearly a hundred years. What needs to be pointed out here is that what I am proposing here is a political party, not a clique that people often criticize in history. There are many dynasties in China's history, and there are cases in which ministers collude with each other, which is a disaster for the country. Ouyang Xiu has discussed this: "Gentlemen share the same interests, while villains share the same interests". In history, cronies often collude and rely on each other purely for the sake of interests. Political parties are different. Although there are interests between them, it is important that they have ideals and aspirations, and hope to have the opportunity to realize this morality. To paraphrase the present words, a political party must first have lofty ideals, concrete and realistic goals, a program, organization and leaders. These realistic and fashionable things were implemented as early as the Renzong era. Although the effect was not good and finally failed to save the downfall of Beizong, its advanced nature as a political system cannot be ignored, let alone erased.

(2) After Song Liguo, the problem that the politicians need to face is what kind of political structure to build to overcome the disadvantages of the dynasties from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. The establishment of talent selection and appointment mechanism by imperial examination system not only breaks the political pattern of "big door", but also solves the disadvantages of bureaucratic hereditary system.

Although the imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty, as a basic system of talent selection, it was established in the Song Dynasty, with the decrease of access conditions and the increase of the number of selected scholars (in the Tang Dynasty, there were only twenty or thirty scholars at a time, ranging from a few to a dozen). As many as 2 to 3 people were admitted each time in the Song Dynasty, and the imperial examination system was implemented as a means for the country to take scholars, which made the Song Dynasty quickly enter the era of literati. What is a scholar-bureaucrat? Sit and talk, and do it with your hands down. From then on, no matter scholars from poor families or farmers and mulberry families, those who are excellent in learning can enter and leave the temple. As the highest chief executive of the central and local governments, civil servants rank above military attache. The main responsibility of local officials is herders, and the responsibility of defending the land is handled by full-time military officers appointed by the central government (aren't these systems modern political systems?), both of which are dispatched by the central government and are not subordinate to each other. This completely eliminated the political tradition of warlord separatism since the Tang Dynasty, and also completely eliminated the political basis of frequent replacement of the five dynasties.