Liu Chan (shàn) (207-271), whose courtesy name was Gongsi and whose nickname was Adou. That is, the empress of Shu Han and the eldest son of Liu Bei. The second emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. After the Shu Han was destroyed by Cao Wei, Liu Chan surrendered to Cao Wei and was named An Le Gong. Nickname: Adou

Place of Birth: Zhuo County, Youzhou County, present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei Province Position: Emperor of Shu (Later Master) Posthumous title: An Le Gong of Si Jin

Birth and Death: 207 — 271 (65 years old)

Family information: Father Liu Bei Mother Gan Spouse: Zhang Fei’s daughter

Brothers and sisters: Liu Feng, Liu Yong, Liu Li

Related figures: Zhao Yun, Zhuge Liang, Sun Shangxiang, Jiang Wan, Huang Hao, Qiao Zhou, Deng Ai, Jiang Wei, Zhang Fei

Affiliation: Shu State, Western Jin Dynasty [Edit this paragraph] Liu Chan - Concise Historical Biography

Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, became the leader of Liu Bei After his death, he succeeded to the throne and became the emperor of Shu. The military and state leaders successively entrusted Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and others with full powers, but he did not perform much. After Zhuge Liang and other wise ministers died one after another, Liu Chan was unable to control the state affairs. The eunuch Huang Hao began to take power, and the Shu Kingdom gradually declined. After the Wei State launched a large-scale attack on Shu, Liu Chan surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang. He was named An Le Gong and died a few years later. Liu Chan was made crown prince by Liu Bei. Liu Bei died of illness in April 223 AD. He succeeded to the throne in May of the same year and changed his reign name to "Jianxing". Liu Chan is mediocre and incompetent. In the early days of his reign, he mainly relied on Zhuge Liang to govern the country. He sent troops to the Northern Expedition several times to attack Wei, but all failed. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi assisted in the administration. They followed Zhuge Liang's established policy, united the internal forces, and did not use troops easily. They once maintained a relatively stable situation in Shu. After Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, Jiang Wei came to power and used troops against Wei many times to no avail, which depleted the country's power. Since the death of Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan has become even more foolish and ignorant. He is greedy for pleasure and ignores the affairs of the state. The eunuch Huang Hao took the opportunity to gain favor and gain power, and formed cliques for personal gains. The state affairs were deteriorating day by day. Even Jiang Wei invited himself to Tazhong (today's Gannan, Gansu) for fear of being killed. Northwest of Zhouqu) grew wheat to avoid disaster. At this point, the foundation of Shu has been greatly shaken. In 263 AD, Wei attacked Shu Han in three groups. Wei general Deng Ai took a small road and invaded Shu. Liu Chan sent Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to stop Deng Ai. Zhuge Zhan died in battle at Mianzhu, and the Wei army approached Chengdu. At this time, the main force of the Shu army led by Jiang Wei was still stationed at Jiange without any damage. When the rear master heard that the enemy was approaching, he panicked and was at a loss what to do. The ministers were hurriedly summoned for discussion. Some people suggested that the later master should flee to the Nanzhong area (now southern Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou), but the situation there was complicated and it was uncertain whether he could stand firm. Some people suggested moving east to Sun Wu, but Sun Wu was also getting weaker and weaker and could not protect himself. Doctor Guanglu persuaded Zhou to urge surrender to Wei, but the latter adopted the suggestion to surrender to Wei, tied his own hands, went out of the city and surrendered to Deng Ai, and ordered all Shu troops to surrender according to Deng Ai's order. The Shu Han was destroyed. In the summer of the first year of Jianxing, Zhu Bao, the prefect of Xianxing, supported the rebellion in the county. First, there was a rebel named Yong Kai in Yizhou County, and the eunuch Zhang Yi was exiled to Wu. He was not a guest in the county, and Gaoding, the king of Yue Junyi, also rebelled. This year, the queen is in charge of the Zhang family. The minister Deng Zhigu was sent to be better than Wu, and Sun Quan, the king of Wu, made peace with Shu and hired his own envoy. It was a good year.

A Wei family's Spring and Autumn Annals said: In the early days, Yizhou was engaged in Changfangxing Department. When he heard that the general had different ambitions, he collected his chief records and asked questions and killed him. Praise and anger, attack and kill Fang, and falsely accuse him of treason. Zhuge Liang executed all his disciples and moved his fourth brother to Yuejun in order to pacify him. Bao still refused to change, so he responded to Yong Kai with the rebellion of the county.

The case of Chen Song: I think the house was falsely accused by praise, and it is appropriate for the government to investigate. Is there any wrongful killing of innocent people to please the traitors? This is absolutely ridiculous! !

In the spring of the second year, he engaged in farming and grain cultivation, and closed the door to the people.

In the spring and March of the third year, Prime Minister Liang led an expedition south to four counties, and all four counties were flat. Yizhou County was changed to Jianning County, Jianning and Yongchang counties were divided into Yunnan counties, and Jianning and Zangzhou were divided into Xinggu counties.

In December, the sun returns to Chengdu.

In the spring of the fourth year, Li Yan, the governor, returned to Jiangzhou from Yong'an and built a big city. 1

1 This is the ancient city of Bajun.

In the spring of the fifth year, the prime minister came out of Hanzhong and camped at Shima, Yangping, Mianbei. 1

In the third month of Zhuge Liang's collection of Zen, he issued an edict: "I have heard that the way of heaven and earth benefits benevolence and harms adultery; those who accumulate good things will prosper, and those who accumulate bad things will lose. This is the constant in ancient and modern times. Therefore, Tang and Wu After cultivating virtue and becoming kings, Jie and Zhou died in extreme violence. During the Han Dynasty, Zuo was in a weak position, and Dong Zhuo created troubles and shook the capital. . Zi Pi dared to seek chaos, steal the artifacts, and change the surname. At this time, the emperor is extremely ignorant and the world has no master, so my emperor Zhaolie died. The emperor possesses bright and wise virtues, performs well in civil and military affairs, responds to the destiny of the universe, comes from a humble background, manages the world, conspires with humans and ghosts, and is admired by the people. He obeys the prophecies, establishes the throne and changes his name, and inherits the order of heaven. Repair the shortcomings of the rise and fall, preserve the ancestral legacy, and not fall to the ground. The world is not settled, and the early life is gone. The country is not built, but it is always the case. I am thinking about saving it, and I only carry out the foresight, but I am very afraid that there will be no help. Therefore, I work hard at night and do not dare to rest on my own. Every time I deduct a small amount to benefit the country, I urge you to divide the work. With the wealth of the people of Fu, he was appointed to the government to listen to them, and he cut off his selfishness and surrendered his intention to support the soldiers. He wanted to use his sword to fight for the evil, but the red flag was not raised, and Pi Fu died. This is the so-called self-immolation without burning my salary. Yes. The remnant remains ugly, and it is a natural disaster, and the troops in Suihe and Luo are blocked. Prime Minister Zhuge is brave and loyal, forgetting about himself and worrying about the country. The late emperor entrusted the world to serve me.

Now I have entrusted him with the weight of the ax and the power of special command, commanding 200,000 troops on foot and cavalry, and supervising Yuan Rong. I will carry out the punishment of heaven, eliminate troubles and chaos, and conquer the old capital. I am here to go. In the past, Xiang Ji had a powerful people, who crossed the state and occupied the territory, and had a big task. However, he was defeated by Gaixia and died in the east city. That’s why. Today, the thief is imitating you, and the gods and humans are complaining. It is advisable to do it quickly. With the blessing of the powerful spirit of the ancestors of Yanjing, I will definitely defeat whatever I want. Sun Quan, the king of Wu, sympathized with the disaster, hid in the army, and conspired to follow him. The kings of Liangzhou each sent more than 20 people, including Yuezhi, Kangju Huhou, Zhifu, and Kangzhi, to accept the festival. When the army went north, they wanted to lead their troops and spearhead the attack. Now that destiny has been gathered, personnel and affairs have arrived, and teachers and forces are combined, they will be invincible. The soldiers of the husband, the king, have conquests but not battles. They are respectful and righteous, and no one dares to resist. Therefore, in the battle of Mingtiao, the army did not fight with blood. Muye's division and merchants turned against him. Now I am on the first road, and wherever I go, I don't want to use extreme force. Those who are able to abandon evil and follow righteousness, and eat wine from a pot to welcome the king's teacher, the state has a standing code, and the pet size has its own limits. As for the clans, branches and branches of the Wei Dynasty, both domestic and foreign, there are those who can judge the interests and harms, judge the rebellious and obedient, and those who come to surrender will be eliminated. Xi Fuguo was definitely related to the Zhi family and was blessed by the whole clan. Wei Zi left Yin and Xiang Bo returned to Han, and they were both celebrated by Mao Tu. This is a clear experience from this past life. If he remains in a state of confusion and does not fight back, he will help the troublemakers and will kill his wife and children without complying with the king's orders, without any chance of pardon. He spread his grace and power widely, loaned his marshal, and mourned his remnant people. He is like an edict and a decree, and the prime minister reveals it to the world, so that he can say what I mean. "

In the spring of the sixth year, Liang went out to attack Qishan, but failed. In winter, he returned to Sanguan, surrounded Chencang, and all the food was withdrawn. Wei general Wang Shuang led his army to pursue Liang, Liang fought, defeated him, and killed both of them. , returned to Hanzhong.

In the spring of the seventh year, Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping, and then conquered the two counties. In the winter, Liang moved his camp to the lower plains of Nanshan and built the two cities of Han and Le. At the age of 18, Sun Quan became emperor and made an alliance with Shu. In the autumn of the eighth year, Wei sent Sima Yi from Xicheng, Zhang He from Ziwu, and Cao Zhen from Xiegu, Xie, and Yu Sheyu rebelled. Attacked Hanzhong. The prime minister ordered him to stay in Chenggu and Chiban, and the heavy rains stopped. At that time, Wei Yan defeated Guo Huai, the governor of Wei Yongzhou, and moved to Yangxi. The king of Liang became the king of Anping. It was because Lu and Liang were at the border with Wu.

In the spring and February of the ninth year, Liang returned to surround Qishan and began to use Mu Niuyun to rescue Qishan.

In June, Liang's army ran out of food, and He pursued him to Qingfeng, where he fought with Liang and was killed by an arrow. In August, Li Ping, the military governor, was dismissed and moved to Zitong County. > In the Spring and Autumn Period of the Han and Jin Dynasties, it was said: In the tenth month of winter, there were birds flying from the south of the Yangtze River to the north of the Yangtze River from Jiangyang, but thousands of them fell into the water and died. In the winter of the eleventh year, Liang sent troops to transport rice and gather at the entrance of the Xieguchi to govern the Xieguli Pavilion. Liu Zhou rebelled, and General Ma Zhong defeated him. In the spring and February of the twelfth year, Liang came out of Xiegu and began to use Liuma Yun. In the autumn and August, General Liang died in Weibin. Wei Yan and Prime Minister Yang Yi fought for power and attacked each other, but Yan was defeated. Yan was beheaded, and Yi led his troops back to Chengdu for amnesty. The prime minister left the governor Shi Jiang Wan as Shangshu Ling and the president of state affairs. In the first month of the spring of the thirteenth year, Yang Yi, the military advisor of the Central Military Commission, moved to Hanjia County. In April of the summer, Jiang Wan became the general. p>

In the summer of April of the 14th year, the emperor arrived in Nanjing, where he visited Guanban and watched the flow of Wenshui River. On the tenth day, he returned to Chengdu and moved to Guangdu with the Di Wang Fu Jian and more than 400 Di people. /p>

The case of Yichensong: Jian, the name of the county, belongs to Shu County, Yinjian

In the summer of the 15th year, Queen Zhang passed away.

In the first month of the spring of the first year of Yanxi, the Empress Zhang was granted amnesty, and Ziyao was made the crown prince. In the winter of November, General Jiang Wan left Hanzhong on the third day of the spring. In the following month, Jiang Wan was promoted to Grand Sima.

In the spring of the third year, Zhang Yi, the prefect of Yuejun, was ordered to pacify Yuejun County.

In the winter of the fourth year, in October, the minister ordered Fei Yi to go to Hanzhong. , discussed matters with Jiang Wan, and returned at the end of the year. In the first month of spring of the fifth year, Jiang Wei, the supervisor of the army, returned to Tunfu County from Hanzhong.

In the winter of the sixth year, he returned. Grand Sima Jiang Wan returned from Hanzhong and lived in Fu. In November, he was granted amnesty. In the leap month of the seventh year, Wei generals Cao Shuang, Xia Houxuan and others went to Hanzhong and marched to the north. General Wang Ping resisted the siege, and General Fei Yi supervised the troops to go to the rescue, and the Wei army retreated. In April of summer, King Li of Anping died.

In the ninth month of autumn, Yi returned to Chengdu.

In the autumn and August of the eighth year, the Empress Dowager passed away.

In December, General Fei Yi arrived in Hanzhong to surround and defend the city.

In the summer of the ninth year, Fei Yi returned to Chengdu. Autumn, amnesty.

In the eleventh month of winter, Grand Sima Jiang Wan died. 1.

1. Wei Lue said: Wan died, and Zen took charge of state affairs.

In the tenth year, Bai Huwen, Zhiwudai and others, kings of Liangzhou, led their troops to surrender. General Jiang Wei of the Wei army welcomed the rebellion and pacified them, and settled in Fan County. That year, Wenshan was peaceful and Kang rebelled. Wei went to fight against it and defeated it.

In the summer of the eleventh year in May, General Fei Yi came out of Hanzhong. In the autumn, the people belonging to Fuling rebelled against the rebels. The chariot and cavalry general Deng Zhi went to attack them, but they were defeated.

In the spring and first month of the twelfth year, Wei killed the general Cao Shuang and others, and the right general Xiahou Ba came to surrender. In April of summer, there is a general amnesty.

In autumn, General Jiang Wei of the Wei army went out to attack Yongzhou, but failed to return. Generals Ju'an and Li Shao surrendered to Wei.

In the thirteenth year, Jiang Wei returned to Xiping, but failed to return.

In the summer of the 14th year, General Fei Yi returned to Chengdu. In winter, he returned to the north and stayed in Hanshou. amnesty.

In the fifteenth year, King Sun Quan of Wu died. He made Zi Cong the king of Xihe.

In the first month of the spring of the sixteenth year, General Fei Yi was killed by Guo Xun, a descendant of Wei, in Hanshou. In the fourth month of summer, General Jiang Weifu led his troops to besiege Nan'an, but they were unable to return.

In the first month of the spring of the seventeenth year, Jiang Wei returned to Chengdu. amnesty. In the sixth month of summer, Weifu led his troops out of Longxi. In winter, citizens of Badao, (Hejian) [Heguan] and Lintao counties lived in Mianzhu and Fan counties.

In the spring of the 18th year, Jiang Wei returned to Chengdu. In the summer, he again led his troops out of Didao and fought with Wang Jing, the governor of Wei Yongzhou, in Taoxi and defeated it. After retreating to Didao City, Wei stayed in Zhongti.

In the spring of the 19th year, Jiang Wei took the position of general and supervised the army and horses. He met with Hu Ji, the general of Zhenxi, but Ji failed to come. In autumn and August, Wei was defeated by Wei general Deng Ai in Shanggui. The Wei troops returned to Chengdu. In this year, Zi Zan was made King of Xinping. amnesty.

In the 20th year, when he heard that General Zhuge Dan of Wei had rebelled against Shouchun, Jiang Weifu led his troops out of Luo Valley to Mangshui. It's the annual amnesty. In the first year of Jingyao's reign, Jiang Wei returned to Chengdu. The historian said that Jing Xing met, so he was pardoned and the year was changed. The eunuch Huang Hao began to rule. Sun Wei, the general of Wu, deposed his chief Liang and established Langxie King Xiu.

In the summer and June of the second year, Zichen was made king of Beidi, Xun was made king of Xinxing, and Qian was made king of Shangdang. In the autumn and September of the third year, posthumous titles were given to the late generals Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong and Huang Zhong.

In the spring and March of the fourth year, the late general Zhao Yun was posthumously named. In October of winter, there is a general amnesty.

In the first month of spring of the fifth year, King Cong of Xihe died. That year, Jiang Weifu led his troops out of Houhe, but was defeated by Deng Ai, and he still lived in Tazhong.

In the summer of the sixth year, Wei Daxing disciples ordered the General Deng Ai to conquer the West, General Zhong Hui to Zhenxi, and Zhuge Xu, the governor of Yongzhou, to attack together. So he sent the chariot and cavalry generals Zhang Yi and Liao Hua, as well as the auxiliary general Dong Jue and others to reject them. amnesty. Changed the Yuan Dynasty to Yanxing.

In winter, Deng Ai defeated General Zhuge to visit Mianzhu. With Guanglu's doctor Qiao Zhou Ce, he surrendered to Ai and sent a letter saying: "It is limited to divide Jiang and Han. The situation is far-reaching. The rank is bound to the land of Shu. The battle is cut off. The dry luck has been violated. Gradually, it has been recorded, and then it has a close relationship with the capital." Thousands of miles away from Huang Chuzhong, Emperor Wen ordered General Xian Yufu to promulgate Wenmi's edict, express his kindness to the three good people, and enlighten the family. The leader of the great religion is so powerful that the number of humans and ghosts returning to power is terrifying. The king's master is so powerful that he dares not to change his face and obey orders! The people spread their crops and settled in their acres, in order to benefit from it in the future. The whole Yuan Dynasty ordered Fu Wei to assist Yi and Zhou, and sent Zhang Shao and Guang, the private servants. Dr. Lu, Qiao Zhou, and Prince Consort, Deng Liang, sent a seal of approval and asked for an order to express their sincerity and pay tribute to the emperor. However, they were ordered to do so because they were close by. When Chen Shang's country was destroyed, he killed his wife first and then committed suicide.

Yishao, Liang and Ai met in Luo County. Ai was overjoyed when he received the letter, and reported it immediately.

The second sent Shao and Liang back first. When Ai arrived in the north of the city, the queen leader tied himself up and built a gate for the army. Ai untied Fen Chu and asked to meet him.

Sanyin accepted and worshiped his master as a hussar general. All the surrounding guards were ordered by the empress and then lowered themselves. Ai sent the empress to stop at the Forbidden City and go to build Yan. The money has not yet been released. In the first month of next spring, the AI ??will be harvested. Zhong Hui went from Fu to Chengdu to cause trouble. After Hui's death, all the troops in Shu were buried in a state of disgrace, and they gathered in peace in a few days.

In the Spring and Autumn Period of the Han, Jin and Jin dynasties, it was said: After the Lord followed the policy of Qiao and Zhou, King Chen of the North Land said angrily: "If the principles are too weak and the strength is subdued, disaster will surely come. It will be easy for the father, son, monarch and ministers to fight against the city and die together in the country." It's okay to see the late emperor." The later master didn't accept it, so he sent the seal to him. On that day, Chen wept in Zhaolie's temple. He first killed his wife and then committed suicide. Everyone around him was weeping.

The Records of the Two Kings Hidden in Shu says: Ai Baoshu said: "Wang Gang lost his way, all heroes rose up together, dragons and tigers fought, and finally returned to God. This is the way to fulfill destiny. Since ancient times, holy emperors have been in love with Han. , Wei, those who were ordered to be kings did not care about the Central Plains. The rivers produced maps, Luo published books, and the saints followed them to prosper. If they did not follow this, there would be no one who would not overturn it. And then destroyed, this is a lesson from the overthrow of the previous life. It is not a matter of human affairs, but it is a sign of heaven! The prince returned to Zhou Dynasty, and he was actually an honored guest. The gentleman changed his mind, and the great changes were made. He came to speak humbly, and to treat the emperor with courtesy, which was the rule of the world. The second best country is not wise and wise, so how can it be seen that the king is worthy of justice?" Zen also sent Taichang Zhang Jun and Yizhou Biejie Ruchao to accept the governor, and sent his servant Jiang Xian to give orders to Jiang Wei. He also sent Shang Shulang Li Hu to deliver the records of the people, including 280,000 households, 940,000 men and women, 120,000 armored soldiers, 40,000 officials, more than 400,000 hu of rice, and 2,000 catties of gold and silver each. , 200,000 pieces each of brocade and silk, and the remainder is called this.

The princes of the Three Jin Dynasties praised: Liu Chan rode a mule cart to Ai, which was not a sign of subjugation.

The later master moved his family eastward, and when he arrived in Luoyang, he ordered: "On Dinghai in March of the fifth year of Jingyuan, the emperor came to Xuan and ordered Taichang Jia to appoint Liu Chan as the Duke of Anle County. In Xi , Follow my orders! Governing heaven and carrying things, taking Xianning as the great one, taking the light of the world, and taking time and Yong as the prosperous one. This is the way of a ruler to obey the heavens, and the meaning of Kunyuan. .

There will be smooth communication between the upper and lower parts, and then all things will be in harmony, and the common people will gain the right. As a result, the Han family lost its lineage and Liuhe was in turmoil. I, Taizu, carried the fortune of Longxing and promoted Ji Baji. I used it to obey the heavens and obey the people, and to care for the Xia region. At that time, because of the quarrel between the heroes and the tigers, Jiufu was not quiet, and he took advantage of the distance to block the way to Shu, so he made the west corner specially sealed and blocked outside. Since then, the people of Yuanyuan have not been able to protect their nature without fighting the war, and they are almost in danger. I have been studying the legacy of my ancestors forever, thinking about Sui, searching all over the world, and leading the country on the same track. Therefore, I have united the six divisions to show off the power of Liang and Yi. Gonghui upholds morality, deeply upholds justice, is not afraid of surrendering his body and soul, regards caring for the people and the country as the most important thing, calms down his thoughts, responds to the situation, and acts obediently, so as to enjoy a rest without borders, isn't it not far away! I have been with you for a long time to show your wealth, I have used the precepts and precepts to establish the country, and I have led you to follow the old regulations. Gong Qi only obeys my orders, conquers Guang's virtuous heart, and in the end becomes a powerful person. "Ten thousand households in the city were given ten thousand pieces of silk, and hundreds of slaves and maidservants, and they were called so. Their descendants were more than fifty who were ennobled by the three captains. Fan Jian, the minister, Zhang Shao, the minister, Qiao Zhou, the official of Guanglu, and Ling the secretary Que Zheng and Zhang Tong, the governor of the palace, were granted the title of marquis.

Yi Gongtai died in Luoyang in the seventh year of his reign. Everyone else was saddened by his tricks, but Chan was happy and smiling. The king said to Jia Chong, "How can people be so ruthless? Although Zhuge Liang is here, he can't help him for a long time, what about Jiang Weixie? Chong said, "Why don't you join us, Your Highness?" The next day, the king asked Chan, "Do you think about Shu?" Zen said: "I am happy here and don't think about Shu." "But when he heard about it, he asked to see Zen and said: "If the queen asks, she should cry and answer: "The graves of our ancestors are far away in Long and Shu, but my heart is sad and I think about it every day." Because she closed her eyes. "The king of Hui asked again, and to the same question as before, the king said: "Why is it so similar but the right words are wrong? Zen looked in shock and said, "It's just like your order." "Everyone on the left and right laughed. Er Shu Ji said: The posthumous title is Si Gongzi Xun Heir. The comment said: The later director Xianxiang was a logical king, and the confused eunuch was Zhen An. After that, it was said that "plain silk is impermanent, only the dye. "I believe it! Li, the king succeeded to the throne, and the Yuan Dynasty was changed after a year. In the third year of Zhang Wu's reign, it was renamed Jianxing. Examining the ancient meaning, it goes against the rules. In addition, the country does not record history, and notes that there are no officials. This is Although Zhuge Liang has accomplished many things in government, he has not been able to accomplish this for a long time. However, his name has not changed over the past twelve years, and his army has repeatedly prospered but he did not act rashly. ! Since the death of Liang, the system has gradually declined, and the advantages and disadvantages have been reduced. 1

One Huayang Guozhi said: When Prime Minister Liang came to the throne, he said: "Govern the world with great virtue." , do not use small favors, so Kuang Heng and Wu Han are not pardoned. The late emperor also said that I had dealt with Chen Yuanfang and Zheng Kangcheng, and every time I saw an announcement, I knew the way to control chaos, and I never said a word of pardon. If Liu Jingsheng, Ji Yu and his son were pardoned every year, how would it be beneficial to governance? "Chen Songzhi thought that "pardon should not be done rashly", which can be called sincerity. As for "the name of the year is not easy to change", it is still unreachable. The titles of Jianwu and Jian'an have not been changed for a long time. I have not heard of the previous history and think it is a good talk. "The scriptures contain twelve", why does it mean something else? After Liang's death, Yanxi's number increased to twenty, but it was not the case. < /p>

[Edit this paragraph] Liu Chan - a famous allusion

"The Savior Riding Alone" In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao's army defeated Liu Bei. Liu Bei's wife was separated and they fled in confusion, but his wife and son However, Adou fell into the hands of Cao Jun. Zhao Zilong, a famous Shu general, risked his life and broke into Cao Wanwan's camp alone to rescue Liu Adou. In order not to drag Zhao Yun down, Liu Bei's wife committed suicide by throwing herself into a well, and Zhao Yun also carried the infant Adou to fight to the death. After breaking out of the siege, Liu Bei once threw Adou in anger and said that even if he lost his son, he could not lose Zilong.

"Cut the river to save Adou" Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Liu Bei's son Adou was secretly carried back to Jiangdong by Liu Bei's wife Sun Shangxiang. Faced with this political situation and Soochow's ruthless move, Shu general Zhao Zilong personally crossed the river to chase Adou. The brave Zhao Zilong broke into Sun Shangxiang's ship alone and defeated Sun Shangxiang's numerous enemies. The guards successfully rescued Adou back to the Shu camp, avoiding the situation where the prince was kidnapped by Soochow.

"Adou who cannot be helped" Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, the leader of Shu in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, was nicknamed Adou Liu Bei. After his death, he succeeded to the throne and was called the Empress of Shu. Liu Chan was mediocre and incompetent. Although he was assisted by Zhuge Liang and other virtuous ministers and generals, he could not revitalize the Shu Kingdom. In the end, he surrendered to the Wei Kingdom and later called him "Adou". "Liu Adou" describes a person who is weak and incompetent, has no ambition, and does not want to cheer up.

People often refer to people who are so happy that they forget to return or are so happy that they forget their origins and have no thoughts about their homeland. This is called "being happy but not thinking about Shu". This allusion is It originated in Luoyang during the Three Kingdoms period. When the Wei army entered Sichuan, Liu Chan, the queen of Shu, surrendered and was sent to Luoyang. Sima Zhao granted him a residence and paid him a monthly salary. In order to express his gratitude, Liu Chan came to express his gratitude. Sima Zhao then hosted a banquet and entertained them with songs and dances. When Shu music was played, the old Shu officials recited the sorrow of the country and their family, and all of them burst into tears, but Liu Chan was indifferent and laughed calmly. Seeing this, Sima Zhao asked Liu Chan, "Do you miss Shu?" Liu Chan replied, "This place is very happy, and I don't miss Shu. "His old minister heard this and quickly found an opportunity to whisper to him: "Your Majesty, if Sima Zhao asks you again later, you can answer with tears: 'The graves of our ancestors are far away in Shu. There’s not a day that goes by that I don’t miss you!’ In this way, Sima Zhao could let His Majesty return to Shu. "After Liu Chan heard this, he kept it in mind. After drinking to his heart's content, Sima Zhao asked again. Liu Chan quickly learned what Que Zheng taught him, but he was about to cry but had no tears.

After hearing this, Sima Zhao said, "Hey, how come these words sound like what Chu Zheng said?" Liu Chan was surprised and said, "What you said is absolutely right!" Sima Zhao and the ministers on his left and right all laughed.

According to the "Three Kingdoms" record, Liu Bei told Liu Chan before his death: "When you work with the prime minister, you will do things like your father." In the early days of Liu Chan's succession to the throne, he indeed obeyed his father's order, "No matter how big or small political affairs are, they must be decided by Liang" and delegated power to Zhuge Liang to handle major military and political affairs. With Liu Chan's in-depth understanding of military governance, he began to have different opinions on Zhuge Liang's militaristic and independent Northern Expedition, which led to the decline of national power. However, based on Liu Bei's established policy of the Northern Expedition to unify China and restore the Han Dynasty Grand Master's House, and Zhuge Liang's high prestige in the country During Zhuge Liang's reign, Liu Chan focused on unity and fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, according to "Three Kingdoms" records, Liu Chan abolished the prime minister system and established the three positions of Shangshu Ling, Grand General and Grand Sima to check and balance each other, and separated military and political affairs. Later, he "took charge of state affairs on his own" and proposed that "Wu should take action and push things east and west to take advantage of his provocations." Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others were in charge of the government. They cultivated themselves and accumulated strength to plan the long-term policy of the Northern Expedition. Personally handle domestic military and political affairs except in the field of foreign wars. Liu Chan also put many checks and balances on Jiang Wei, who succeeded Zhuge Liang, seriously slowing down the progress of the Northern Expedition.

However, because Liu Chan did not have reliable control over the army, he did not dare to put too much pressure on the military generals who advocated a rush for the Northern Expedition, resulting in confusion in the policy. Moreover, Liu Chan also favored the eunuch Huang Hao, and the Shu Han Dynasty finally fell in 263. After the fall of Shu, Liu Chan moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei. He left behind the famous saying "I am happy here, but I don't miss Shu". It left a good impression on Sima Zhao: "I have nothing to worry about!" and successfully saved his life. Jin's posthumous title was Si Gong of Anle County, and Liu Yuan's posthumous title was Emperor Xiaohuai.

[Edit this paragraph] Liu Chan - historical evaluation

In the eyes of the world, Liu Chan is a mediocre and ignorant king. In the eyes of ordinary people on the streets, Liu Chan's image has always been He is a mediocre leader who does nothing, and some even call him a "foolish king who ruins his country, and a mediocre person who loses his country." Because Liu Chan's nickname is Adou, there is another adjective in our Mandarin language, "Adou who cannot be helped." Some people predict that this adjective will be passed down for thousands of years.

Can Adou really not be able to help him? Is he really a dull, dull and even mentally retarded monarch?

There is a record in "Three Kingdoms" that Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan to Shejun (whose identity cannot be verified), and Shejun told Liu Bei about it, and Liu Bei was very happy. "The prime minister lamented that your wisdom has greatly improved, and it is beyond expectations. If the judge can be like this, why should I worry? Encourage him, encourage him." (Liu Bei's posthumous edict) It means that even Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan for his "great wisdom", which is better than imagined. Zhongmingming, what else do I have to worry about? Express encouragement. Zhuge Liang doesn't flatter people, Liu Bei doesn't know people, and Chen Shou doesn't cheat. Therefore, Liu Chan is by no means as incompetent as the traditional concept.

Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "Books with Du Wei": "The imperial court was eighteen years old, talented and sensitive, and a corporal of charity." To be the king of reason."

Throughout history, Liu Chan took office as the emperor of Shuhan for 41 years, making him the longest-serving chairman among all the chairman of the board during the Three Kingdoms period. Among them, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan for 11 years. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan remained the emperor for 30 years with the assistance of wise ministers. In that turbulent era when heroes were divided among themselves, Liu Chan must have had his own merits in being able to rule for such a long time.

Tolerant

Liu Chan was only 17 years old when he inherited the throne. Before his death, Liu Bei specifically told him: "When you work with the Prime Minister, you will do things just like your father." Then he said, "No matter how big or small the political affairs are, they will be determined by the light." Liu Chan would "do everything according to the Prime Minister's instructions." For Zhuge Liang, who had monopolized power, Liu Chan also showed humility in everything and "served him as a father."

Later, when Liu Chan got older, according to the rules of the Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang should gradually return the power to Liu Chan, allowing Liu Chan to successfully "turn into a full-time official" and completely escape the fate of being a "trainee" emperor. However, Zhuge Liang still holds power. Zhuge Liang's reason is also very simple. Because Liu Chan has no work experience and no experience in running a country, he only takes charge of the overall situation. This makes people wonder, Liu Chan has no experience now. If you don't give him a chance to practice, where will he get the experience? Isn't he always inexperienced?

Zhuge Liang led his troops to fight, but he was still worried about Liu Chan, who was already 22 years old. He sent his confidant Dong Yuan as the servant to command the guards and "supervise" Liu Chan. In Zhuge Liang's "Execution as a Teacher", Zhuge Liang's tone and sense of language towards Liu Chan are like a stern father coldly training an ignorant and disobedient child.

Regarding these, Liu Chan gave in and did not want to cause domestic political chaos. Zhuge Liang launched the Northern Expedition. Although Liu Chan disapproved of it, he still encouraged Zhuge Liang. It can be said that Liu Chan was well aware of the principle that "disharmony between monarch and ministers will lead to internal changes", fully understood and strictly implemented Liu Bei's teachings and respect for the elders, and more importantly, he united the internal leadership team and maintained the leadership group's integrity. Stable, it is the common people who will benefit in the end. No wonder some people commented that Liu Chan was "a wise man who is almost unreachable". This shows that Liu Chan has a tolerant and generous mind as a politician.

Liu Chan was not only magnanimous to Zhuge Liang, but also to other ministers.

For example, when Wei Yan was killed during the rebellion, Liu Chan did not completely deny Wei Yan, but issued an edict: "Now that he has been exonerated, he will still remember his past achievements and bury him in a coffin."

When Liu Chan's life deteriorated, scholars Qiao Zhou and his veteran Dong Yun wrote letters to persuade Cambodia, but Liu Chan was helpless at most, rather than going on a killing spree in anger. Liu Chan, the later master, may be one of the emperors in China who rarely used swords against ministers, which is very rare.

Clear mind, know people well and use them well

Liu Chan is not only tolerant, but also clear-minded, knows people well and uses them well, has strong analytical ability, and is definitely not mentally retarded. Liu Chan dedicated Zhuge Liang to govern the country, which was his cleverness. Although Zhuge Liang had the problem of being militaristic, his measures to govern Shu did bring development to Shu. Therefore, even after Kong Ming's death, Liu Chan continued to use Zhuge Liang's measures and even reused people selected by Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang was eager for the Northern Expedition. Liu Chan was very clear-headed at this time. He knew very well that the strength of Wei and Shu were not on the same level at all, and it was difficult to directly oppose him. He could only advise Zhuge Liang: "My father-in-law is marching south, far away." We have been through difficulties; we just returned to the capital, but we haven't settled down yet; now we are planning to march north again, so I am afraid that I will have to worry about it." Although Zhuge Liang insisted on the northern expedition and did not listen to Liu Chan's advice, Liu Chan still fully supported Zhuge Liang's northern expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition, which wasted national power and wasted people and money.

Liu Chan also showed his excellence in personnel appointments and dismissals. In view of Zhuge Liang's excessive power during his lifetime, Liu Chan abolished the prime minister system. With Fei Yi as the Shangshu Ling and the Grand General, and Jiang Wan as the Grand Sima, their powers overlapped and restricted each other, but each had its own emphasis. Jiang Wan was mainly in charge of government affairs and also in charge of military affairs; Fei Yi was mainly in charge of military affairs and also in charge of government affairs. The power of military affairs and internal affairs was no longer held by the same person. This new political arrangement means that Liu Chan will never allow the embarrassing situation where everything depends on the prime minister, while he is left with power. After Jiang Wan's death, Liu Chan further "take charge of state affairs by himself". Liu Chan's consent was required for official appointments and nobility; Liu Chan's consent was required for personnel appointments and dismissals; Liu Chan's consent was required for sending troops to conquer; Liu Chan's consent was required for almost all major events. President Liu Chan directly took charge of the Shuhan regime for 19 years. Could this series of measures be thought up and accomplished by a person with low IQ?

"Wei Lue" also records such an incident: After Cao Shuang was killed in a power struggle with Sima Yi, Xiahou Ba entered Shu for fear of being implicated, and Liu Chan went out to greet him personally. Xiahou Ba's father, Xia Houyuan, was killed by veteran general Huang Zhong. When Liu Chan comforted Xiahou Ba who came to surrender, he said, "Your father's death was not caused by my ancestors." After saying this, he said, "My My son is still your nephew!" It turns out that Liu Chan's wife is Zhang Fei's daughter, and Zhang Fei's wife is Xia Houyuan's sister, so Liu Chan said this. After that, Liu Chan "increased his favor" towards Xiahou Ba. Liu Chan's gentle approach to win over Xiahou Ba was probably nothing more than this even if his father Liu Bei was still alive, which shows that Liu Chan is by no means a mediocre person.