Zhuge Liang is famous in the history of China for thousands of years because of his loyalty to the Han Dynasty, his noble demeanor as a powerful minister, his diligence and his Northern Expedition, all of which were appreciated by emperors, rulers and intellectuals in previous dynasties. Ordinary people are amazed at Zhuge's ingenious plan and his magical plan to divide the world into three parts before going abroad. However, in recent years, under the scanning of extreme heroic historical view, Zhuge is a loser. Zhuge succeeded in Longzhong Dui and failed in Longzhong Dui. After Lv Meng and Bai Yi crossed the river and captured Jiangling City, the Shu-Han regime was in turmoil, because the people who constituted the high-level structure of the Shu-Han government, whether civil servants or military commanders, were mainly Jingzhou people, so it was well known that Jingzhou was recovered. Not many people object, including Zhao Yun, the leader of Zhuo Junbang, who is alone. Where is Zhuge? As a representative of Jingzhou literati, he also opposed the crusade, and said that if Fazheng was not dead, he could persuade Liu Bei, even if he was not advised to join the army as a staff officer, Liu Bei would never be so defeated. Liang sighed: "If there is filial piety in the law, you can control the Lord, not the East; If you go back to the East, you won't be in danger. " What's going on here? No one can support it, but Zhuge must support the recovery of Jingzhou. ! Was the founding plan originally planned for Liu Bei right in Longzhong just for fun? When Guan Yu dies, this strategy is over? We say that a macro strategy is not a whim, but the result of years of careful consideration. Today, we will discuss the reasons why Zhuge Liang gave up the strategy of Longzhong, which made him famous, so as to explore the deep reasons behind Zhuge Liang's giving up General Wei Yan.

1. Guan Yu and Liu Bei are both staunch supporters and implementers of Longzhong Dui.

1, the core content of "Longzhong Dui": A. Background of the times: Today, Cao has a population of one million, relying on the emperor to establish princes, and this sincerity cannot compete with the front. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. B. Basis of separatist regime: Jingzhou is bordered by Han, Mian and Li in the north, Ba and Shu in the east and west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. General, are you interested? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but ungrateful, and the wise think of the wise. C, political strategy: the general is the emperor's palace and believes in the four seas. He is a hero, and he is eager for wisdom. If you have advantages and benefits, you will protect your rock resistance, be brave in the west, be brave in the south, have good sun quan outside, and have good political reasons inside; D. Military route: If the world changes, order a general to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating pot pulp? E. Overall strategic goal: If so, the hegemony can be achieved and the Han clan can flourish.

2. Guan Yu's northern expedition to Xiangyang and Fancheng was firmly implementing Zhuge's strategy of "Long Zhong Dui", so was the timing of the attack. In the spring of the twenty-third year of A Jian 'an, Dr. Han Gibbon and others rebelled in Xuchang, the capital (in the first month of spring, Dr. Han Gibbon rebelled against the government and the company, attacked Xu, and burned Wang Biying, the prime minister's long history); B the garrison rebellion in Wancheng, north of Fancheng, Jingzhou (in October, Wan Shoujiang Hou Yin and others rebelled, defending Nanyang satrap, robbing officials and people, and protecting Wan's "Emperor Wu Ji"); In the spring of 24 BC, Liu Bei won a great victory in Hanzhong and killed Xia; D In August, Guan Yu flooded the Seventh Army: E In September, Xiang Guan Cao's case satirized the Wei rebellion in Yecheng, the capital of Wei, in which Xiang Guo Zhong You was suspected. It can be completely understood that the world has changed. As for Guan Yu's failure, there are three main factors. First, there is no clear degree of cooperation with Hanzhong Army. Second, it failed to grasp the rhythm and intensity of the campaign and failed to do what it could; Third, I didn't expect Soochow to be so cheap. Lv Simian, a master, thinks that Guan Yu's downfall is the fatal wound of Shu Han, and he also thinks that Dongwu's unprovoked behavior is rare in the history of China.

3. Liu Bei's motivation to launch the Yiling War has been discussed a lot on the Internet. Some people say that Liu Bei didn't want to avenge Guan Yu, but picked up a soft persimmon and thought Wu Dong was easy to fight. No matter what Liu Bei's motivation is, the counterattack against Jingzhou is the basis for restoring Longzhong's confrontation strategy. So after the defeat of Yiling, did Liu Bei give up this established strategy when he repented Zhuge in his will? We said no.

Second, Liu Bei's political will is still to resolutely implement Longzhong's confrontation.

Liu Bei fought all his life, and was finally defeated by Lu Xun and Sun Huan. His mood is shrouded in shame all day. This kind of emotion intensified Liu Bei's hatred for Wu Dong, and Liu Bei would not give up the Longzhong strategy. Let's see what Liu Bei's political will is. One is to entrust an orphan to two important officials, one master is seriously ill, the other master is alone in the light of the prime minister, and the official book makes Li Yan deputy ("Biography of One Master"); The second is to set up Li Yan's duties, protect China with strictness, unify internal and external military affairs, and stay in Yong' an (Biography of Li Yan). Many historical researchers say that Liu Bei entrusted the orphan to two people, not only to contain Zhuge with Li Yan, but also to achieve a balance. Li Yan, a native of Yizhou, was chosen to encourage Yizhou people to actively participate in the Northern Expedition. We say that this view is a serious misunderstanding of Liu Bei, and the basic historical materials are unclear. Because first of all, Liu Bei's power to Zhuge Ya's father is not restricted by Li Yan at all; Secondly, Li Yan is not indigenous to Yizhou at all. How does he inspire Yizhou people? What's more, the decadence of Yizhou aborigines is hard to compare with Jingzhou's wealth. How to motivate them? ! Let's discuss the meaning of Li Yan in the will.

1. Why did Liu Bei choose Li Yan as the second minister to entrust an orphan? Liu Bei attaches great importance to soldiers and doesn't like ordinary literati at all. Besides Zhuge, the only literati Liu Bei respected were Fa Zheng, Pang Tong and Liao Li. What are the personalities of these three people? Bold, rough and aloof, compared with Guo Jia and Cheng Yu in Cao Wei's camp, Fa Zheng is the most important. As for Mi Zhu, Jian Yong, Sun Gan, Ada, Yi Ji and others, they can treat them well, but they will not reuse them. Liu Bei did many things that looked down on or even belittled the common people, including Xu Jing, Ma Su, Fu Qin, Liu Ba, Jiang Wan, Fei Shi and Zhang Yu. These people are not only Jingxiang literati, but also Yizhou literati. More importantly, they are ministers of the central government during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Among them, Liu Bei was imprisoned because of remonstrance (Wu Jiangdong's expedition, Chen Wuli, so he was imprisoned claustrophobic, and later borrowed biography), and Zhang Yu was even executed for making fun of Liu Bei, and Zhuge La could not stop it (the late master often called him puffed up, adding anger to his words, but it can be seen that if he remonstrated with Hanzhong, he would be punished in prison). Zhuge Liang confessed ... Sui Yu gave up the city). Liu Bei's response to Zhuge's intercession is a famous saying handed down from ancient times, "Fang Lansheng died in the door." Liu Bei hates literati, but what he likes is, of course, martial men and rough people. People who seem rude are straightforward and easy to deal with. See which military commanders Liu Bei appreciates? Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Wei Yan. Guan Yu and Wei Yan looked down on literati, but Liu Bei especially liked them. Liu Bei clearly knows that Zhang Fei likes to drink and loves to whip his foot soldiers after drinking. He was too rude and persuaded many times, but he didn't punish Zhang Fei for it. Before the battle of Yiling, the commander-in-chief of Zhang Fei's account suddenly arrived, and Liu Bei could have guessed that Zhang Fei was dead (the late Lord heard that the commander-in-chief of Fei had a watch and said, "Hey! Fly to death. " "Zhang Feichuan"). When Fa was a prefect of Shu County, countless people complained to those who had offended themselves, and published personal vendetta to the extent of abusing the death penalty (a meal of virtue, a feud, all revenge, killing and injuring several people), and Liu Bei also turned a blind eye. When Fa Zheng died, Liu Bei wept bitterly for several days. So why did Li Yan become the second minister of trusteeship? Is Li Yan the kind of military commander Liu Bei likes or a rough scholar?

2. Li Yan magically escaped from Zigui. How did Li Yan start his career? First of all, Li Yan is not only from Yizhou, but also from Nanyang, even the so-called "Nanyang Gang General Group" that we deliberately divided. When he appeared, he was the county magistrate of Zigui, South County. Who is his immediate superior? It is not the satrap of Nanjun, but Liu Biao's shepherd in Jingzhou, because there was no satrap of Nanjun in Liu Biao's era, and Liu Biao directly governed Nanjun. Why did Liu Biao send Li Yan to his own county as a county magistrate? Our minds suddenly flashed the scene that Liu Pan and Huang Zhong were sent to Youxian. When Cao Cao marched south to Jingzhou, and five thousand elite cavalry marched south to snatch Jiangling City (Tsao Gong rode behind with five thousand elite riders, and traveled more than three hundred miles a day and a night), Li Yan, the county magistrate of Zigui, not far away, did not surrender to Cao Cao with four counties in Jingzhou, but fled and ran to Liu Zhang, the profit. Liu Zhang was immediately appointed as the county magistrate. Liu Zhang means that as long as it is against Cao, it is one of our own. At this time, there are still five years before Liu Bei makes progress in Chengdu. When Liu Bei attacked Chengdu, Liu Zhang promoted Li Yan to guard and sent troops out of Chengdu to station in Mianzhu. Li Yan simply led his troops to surrender to Liu Bei. Liu Bei treated Li Yan just like Cao Cao treated Huang Zhong, and immediately made him a general. At the same time, Xu Jing, the prefect of Shu County, was ready to surrender to Liu Bei, but Liu Bei looked down on Xu Jing. (In the 19th year, Xu Jing, the prefect of Zhangshu County, was defeated. Zhang Wei is in danger, not punishing Jing. Zhang Jifu, the late master used this to keep slim and quiet. What happened? Under the siege of Cao Cao's hundreds of thousands of troops, Li Yan refused to surrender to Cao Cao. Liu Bei surrendered as soon as he arrived. However, the same act of surrendering to God is handled in a completely different way between Li Yan and Xu Jing. This rhythm is exactly what Li Yan and Liu Bei said when they contacted Liu Biao to entrust an orphan to Liu Bei. After my death, I took Jingzhou's "Wei Shu". Why did Liu Bei dare to rest assured that a large number of troops slowly went south to Jiangling? As we have already analyzed in the previous post "Liu Biao and Cao Cao usurped the Han Dynasty", Liu Biao will inevitably introduce his subordinates to Liu Bei, especially the generals who are stationed in the south of Jingzhou. Then it is easy to understand that Li Yan escaped from Zigui. Li Yan is a Jingzhou talent left by Liu Biao to Liu Bei. In Liu Bei's declaration of Hanzhong king, Li Yan is among the eleven. Although he came last, in this list, except Liu Zhang's father Ada, Liu Bei's clique, Ma Chao and other outstanding ministers, only Fa Zheng and Li Yan were left at the bottom. In Liu Bei's eyes, Fa is a super minister like Zhuge, because he actively planned to contribute to Yizhou. What is the reason why Li Yan is on the list as a satrap? Apart from the factor of Liu Biao, personal ability is bound to be extraordinary.

3. What is Li Yan's ability? Since he became an official, he has been famous for his talent. Liu Biao specially asked him to go to various counties for experience (less as a county official, better at talent), and finally he went to Nanjun directly under Liu Biao for experience, in order to improve his ability to govern the local area. After Liu Bei made Chengdu his capital, he promoted Li Yan as an avant-garde satrap and became one of the few actual generals, especially for Xingye. At that time, Liu Bei's status as a left general could give the generals the greatest authority, that is, General Za (former commander of the Dongwu Corps), General Ding Si and Commander Di Ding Si. When Liu Bei confronted Xia in Hanzhong in the north, tens of thousands of thieves and soldiers rebelled in Zizhong County and Qianwei County under the rule of Li Yan. Li Yan did not report to Liu Beifa's regular army, but used 5,000 local troops to pacify himself in the county seat and beheaded the thieves Ma Qin and Gao Sheng. Not long after, the minority rebellion broke out in southern China. The rebels led by Gao Ding surrounded Xindao County, and Li Yan led the army to rescue them. The rebels were defeated. Add Li Yan as the assistant general of the Han Dynasty. It can be said that Li Yan is a talented person with both civil and military skills. Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke of Wu Dong had similar counter-insurgency experiences, but they were good at ingenuity and Liu Bei's preferences. We suspect that Li Yan's performance is more about leading troops to kill the enemy.

Liu Bei suddenly promoted Li Yan before he died. The process of appointing Li Yan as the second orphan etiquette is also amazing. When Liu Bei defeated Yiling and was ill in Yong 'an Palace, Li, the satrap who had never served in the central government, was called to Yong 'an City and appointed as the official department minister to replace the dead Liu Ba. I'm afraid the order of this minister is different from that of the former Fazheng and Liu Ba. It's only nominal. At this time, the overall work of the central government has been taken care of by the Prime Minister. Liu Bei's real official position to Li is similar to that of the commander-in-chief of the central government, which unified the internal and external military affairs. Many people don't understand "staying in town for Yong 'an". In fact, it is not surprising that Liu Bei couldn't swallow the tone of Yiling's defeat. The arrangement of the will is to let Li's army continue to March eastward to replace Guan Yu's position, but when and how to fight depends on Zhuge's overall arrangement. It can be said that when Liu Bei died, he made overall arrangements for the two attacks, that is, Zhuge was Xiao He, who always led the state affairs, and if Fa Zheng was still alive, he planned a specific military for Chen Ping; The Hanzhong Army on the North Road was led by Wei Yan for Han Xin; The army of Jingzhou Middle Road, led by Li Yan, went to Cao Can on the premise of recovering Jingzhou.

(A title of generals in ancient times general Li Yan falls down in front of the opportunity to perform)

Third, to what extent did you launch the movement to conquer the East?

Liu Bei launched the Yiling War, enlisted most of Yizhou's troops, and made an alliance with the tribal armed forces of Sha, a minority nationality around Wuling County (Biography of Wang Hu Sha Luxun). I won't discuss in detail how many troops Liu Beijun and Lu Xun have, and whether this war is won by fewer troops. The number of Liu Beijun should be between 50 thousand and 70 thousand. If Li Yan can lead about 50 thousand troops eastward in the later period, to what extent can he fight? The best time to send troops is when Xelloss invaded Wu Dong from the south, regardless of whether Xelloss fought Jiangling or Hefei. Then the worst of Shu and Han can also be restored to the state before Guan Yu's Northern Expedition, that is, occupying the three western counties of Jingzhou, Wuling County, Lingling County and Nanjun County. This situation can be said to have once again restored the strategic foundation of Longzhong's confrontation, and even carved up Soochow with Cao Wei. During the seven years of Cao Pi's rule, he never attacked Shu Han. On the contrary, he attacked Wu Dong on a large scale from three aspects. The time was in the autumn and winter when Liu Bei defeated Yiling. The emperor promised to March south, the whole army advanced, and Linjiang right refused to keep it. Twice unified and heavily patrolled the south, threatening Sun Quan. The first time was in August of the fifth year in Huang Chu. He is a water army, pro-imperial dragon boat, following Cai and Ying, drifting on the Huaihe River, and was fortunate to be born in Shouchun. The second time was in Huang Chu in October of the sixth year. He visited Guangling ancient city and watched soldiers by the river. He died in hundreds of thousands of troops, carrying hundreds of flags. If it hadn't been for the severe cold that year, the Yangtze River water suddenly froze, and Cao Pi would have attacked Wu Dong on a large scale at the age of 38 (at the age of 38, it was severe cold, the waterway was frozen, and the ship could not enter the river, so it could only be brought back). Cao Pi died at the age of forty. Why not fight the weakest Liu Bei, but the strongest Wu Dong? The reason is that Soochow repeatedly betrayed Cao Wei and stabbed its allies to death with a black knife, which made the shameless Cao Pi furious (Sun Quan rebelled last month). Yunyang fuzhou is jingzhou. Emperor Xu Changnan's Wendy Ji), that is, battlefield planning is no less than Guo Jia's counselor Ye Liu's earnest persuasion. (When the army was defeated, Wu Lijing turned to waste, and the emperor wanted to attack the public. Ye thought that "the new business has been successful, and it is difficult to stop the rivers and lakes." The emperor didn't listen to Liu Ye. If Li Yan was not entrusted to an orphan at the time of Xelloss Third Road's massive south expedition to Wu Dong, and he couldn't catch up with the trip, then there are still many opportunities for Li Yan to recover the western Jingzhou under the condition that Xelloss is actively preparing for Wu Dong. By then, Zhuge's chances of success in Longzhong are great, at least much better than the difficult northern expedition to Hanzhong in the future.

Fourth, Zhuge's arrangement for Li Yan is a complete abandonment of Longzhong's strategy.

Does Li Yan know Liu Bei's political will? That's for sure. Our conclusion is that Li Yan is not only a strategist, but also a heavyweight military commander in Nanyang. Liu Bei ordered Li Yan to stay in Yong 'an Town in order to implement the strategy of "Long Zhong Dui", so that Li Yan's internal and external troops were to commemorate and continue Guan Yu's feat of northern expedition to Xiangfan, and Li Yan's internal and external troops were to make Li Yan's Jingzhou army the main force of the northern expedition. Then Wei Yan's Hanzhong Army was biased, and Wu Dong's knife was too deep. This adjustment should be a fine-tuning of Longzhong. Unfortunately, what Liu Bei never expected was that Zhuge had decided to give up his longzhong pair at this time. Zhuge can't talk about this change in front of Liu Bei or Li Yan. On his deathbed, Liu Bei gave Li Yan an official position in Zhongdu. Immediately after Liu Chan acceded to the throne, Zhuge severely dealt with Li, sealed his hometown, gave him a holiday and added Lu Xun. Guang Luxun's official position is very interesting, that is, Li Yan has been leading the internal affairs of the palace. According to Liu Bei's meaning, Li Yan was allowed to stay in the town, and the commander-in-chief of the Eastern Expedition Army, Yong 'an, could only take this light Lu Xun away by Li Yan. In any case, this appointment arrangement allows Li Yan to fully enjoy the status of the second etiquette of entrusting orphans. At this time, the relationship between Zhuge and Li Yan should be relatively harmonious, with mutual respect between master and servant (Yan and Uncle Meng said, "I am entrusted with it, deeply worried and responsible, and miss my good companion." Liang Yi and the tree said, "Part of it is like a stream. It is like a square." Precious to be "Li Yanchuan"). In the third year of lite, Zhuge put down the rebellion in South China and prepared for the Northern Expedition. In four years, Li Yan was promoted to a former general. Zhuge's Northern Expedition began in six years. In the eighth year of Jianxing, when Wei was named General Xi, Li Yan was unceremoniously promoted to Marshal. That is to say, after the death of General Guan Ma and Huang Zhang, Li Yan has always been the first rank, while Wu Yi and Wei Yan have never surpassed Li Yan. But,

1, Zhuge rejected Li Yan's request to run the government affairs and take the post of secretariat of Bazhou (to merge five counties, including Ba County, into Bazhou), and made it clear that Hanzhong Army was not only the main force of the Northern Expedition, but Li Yan's Eastern Expedition Army didn't even have the position to cooperate. Finally, Zhuge simply defeated Fei Yao in the west of Wei Yan, and when Guo Huai and Yeh laid siege to Hanzhong in eight years, he dispatched Li Yan's twenty thousand East Anjun Yong to help him northward. The Eastern Corps only has a small number of troops in Yongan, while Li Feng, the son of Li Yanzhi, is in Jiangzhou. This is a landmark event for Zhuge to give up Longzhong's strategy.

2. Is it reasonable for Zhuge to let Li Yan take full charge of the Prime Minister's Office? On the surface, Zhuge gave all the power of the Prime Minister's Office to Li Yan (who was ordered to protect the affairs in the Office). At that time, all the officials did not understand Zhuge's practice (everything was entrusted to him on the day of Pingzhi, and all the officials blamed me for being too thick). If Zhuge's first two northern expeditions were front-line command and logistics, then the logistics supply behind the northern expedition was left to Li Yan. What is Zhuge in charge of? Responsible for front-line invasion. Wei Yan is good at field operations, Li Yan is good at commanding operations at the last minute, and Zhuge is good at careful planning. In fact, Zhuge has become the general, Wei Yan has become the lieutenant, and Li Yan has become the logistics manager. This disorderly personnel arrangement, which is not suitable for everyone, will inevitably make Li Yan crazy, wronged and upset.

3. Is Li Yan's mistake serious enough to be discarded as a civilian? Li Yan didn't know that the supply of grain and grass in Hanzhong was so difficult that jokes were inevitable. In fact, this kind of thing can also be reported truthfully. Li Yan felt that his face would fail, so he played a trick of lying about his death. Is this mistake as serious as Zhuge's first Northern Expedition? Obviously not. Why can't Li Yan, who confessed, be demoted? Why should Li Yan be abolished as a civilian? Therefore, some historical researchers speculate that Li Yan actually made a very serious mistake-treason and wanted to go to Cao Wei. Zhuge covered up the truth in order to take care of the overall situation, instead of killing Li Yan, he just abolished Li Yan as a civilian. Although this conjecture has certain possibility, it cannot explain the historical fact that Li Feng, the son of Li Yan, was later promoted and used. Abandoned Li Yan also naively thought that Zhuge would reuse himself in the future. If so, he always tries his best. How could Zhuge, who is thoughtful, not mention the reuse of Li Yan in the funeral arrangement? Aren't people with this level and ability worse than Jiang Wan, a waste? In the future Northern Expedition, Li Yan is no longer needed as an able person? So does Li Yan know about the strategic adjustment of Zhuge's Northern Expedition?