1. Summary:
Qin Dynasty: Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism".
Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone".
Second, explain the details of the encounter of Confucianism in the above two periods:
(1) Burning books to bury Confucianism:
1. Burning books
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China (771 BC-221 BC), as the society gradually entered the Bronze Age, the social productive forces in China developed greatly, and some ordinary people were gradually liberated from manual labor. Facing the chaotic social situation, they hope to find a way to save the world by thinking and studying the previous ideas of managing the world. So many schools of thought came into being, and numerous works were written, which was called hundred schools of thought in history.
in 221 BC, the first unified centralized dynasty in the history of China-the Qin dynasty was established. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended in the society, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's unification of the people's thoughts in the six conquered countries and threatened the rule of the Qin Dynasty. In 213 BC, Li Si, the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, said that fools "are insincere when they enter, and talk about it when they leave. If they don't take the name of the master, they will take it as high, and they will lead a group to slander." Therefore, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all the history books of the six countries except Qin Ji and the poems and books hidden among the people in that year, until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 26 BC, which was called "burning books" (I asked the historian to burn all the books except Qin Ji). If you are not a doctor, those who dare to collect Poems, Books and hundreds of languages in the world will burn them. Those who dare to speak "Poetry" and "Book" abandon the market. Family of people who regard the past as not the present. Those who don't lift it when they see it are guilty of the same crime. If you don't burn it for the next 3 days, it will be a city. Those who don't go, books on medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn laws, take officials as teachers. What needs special attention is that from Reese's letter, we can know that all the books of the empire at that time, including those explicitly burned, were kept in complete copies in the government. Zhu Xi also said: Qin burned books only to teach the world to burn them, but his court still kept them; For example, if "those who are not in the hands of Dr. Qin Ji and Dr. Qin Ji are burned", then the six classics and so on, he still stays, but there is no one in the world.
Niu Hong put forward the theory of "five evils" in Sui Dynasty, saying that when books in China were burned, Qin Shihuang was the first to burn them, the Red Eyebrow Rebels entered the customs at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo moved the capital, Liu Shi was in chaos, and Wei Shi entered Ying. Liu Dakui, however, wrote "Book Burning Discrimination", pointing out rudely that the burning of books was not the crime of Lisi, but the crime of Xiang Yu. According to Historical Records of Xiang Yu, "Xiang Yu led troops to slaughter Xianyang in the west, killed Qin and sent Wang Ziying down, and burned Qin palace, and the fire would not go out in March". The precious books of the empire were burned. Pity the legal system of Tang, Yu and three generations, and the whispers of ancient sages only turned into a few joules of heat.
2. Pit Confucianism
In the second year of book burning, that is, in 212 BC, Qin Shihuang pit and killed more than 46 warlocks in Xianyang, the capital of Qin at that time, which was called "pit Confucianism". It should be noted that "Historical Records" records that the Confucian scholars were killed by Qin Shihuang.
This incident was caused by the escape of two magicians. It turned out that Qin Shihuang was very superstitious about magic and magic people, thinking that they could find immortal real people for themselves and get the medicine of immortality. He even declared: "I admire real people and call myself' real people', not' me'." And some magicians, such as Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng's followers, also liked it, and tried their best to claim that they were connected with God, and they could get wonderful medicines and prescriptions. But after a long time, their promises and all kinds of strange talks are always ineffective, and the scam is about to be debunked. The Qin law stipulates: "Do not have both sides, do not test, and die." Therefore, Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng conspired to escape. Before fleeing, Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng recorded in Historical Records criticized the first emperor's words, such as: "The first emperor was a full-time prison officer, and the prison officer was lucky. Although there are 7 doctors, the special staff are used, and "taking pleasure in punishment as a threat" is obviously criticizing Qin Shihuang, who is biased towards legalism, in a Confucian tone. You can't ask for a fairy medicine for it. When the first emperor knew this, he was furious and said, "Lu Sheng and others have been very generous to me. Now you are slandering me, and Jyuugo is not virtuous. Those who were born in Xianyang, I make people ask questions inexpensively, or swear by rumors. " So he ordered more than 4 Confucian scholars in Xianyang to be tortured in order to find Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng. Afterwards, all 46 Confucian scholars were killed. This incident is often juxtaposed with book burning in later generations, which is collectively called book burning to bury Confucianism.
In addition to killing more than 46 people in Xianyang. At the same time, a group of people were moved to the northern border. After the incident, Fu Su, the eldest son of the first emperor, remonstrated: "The world is at the beginning, and the leaders in the distance have not gathered. All the students recite the teachings of Confucius. Today, they all attach importance to the teachings of the law. I am afraid that the world will be uneasy and only look at it." (Since Fu Su interceded with Confucius as a warlock, it is more powerful to explain that the pit is a "warlock".) The first emperor was not only angry, but also made Fu Su leave Xianyang, and Song Zhihui of Beibian was killed by Qin Shihuang. History says that Song Diao was killed, and Jiuzu was killed.
bamboo, silk, and cigarettes eliminate the vanity of the imperial industry, and close the river to lock the ancestral home. Before the ashes were cold and Shandong was chaotic, Liu Xiang didn't study.
In the poem, "the ashes are not cold" refers to the fact that Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism. After the first emperor unified the world, he intended that "the second and third generations would last forever and spread endlessly", fearing that Confucian scholars would "learn from the past without learning from the present" and "learn from the past to harm the present", so he burned books first and then buried Confucianism. But only after more than ten years, the world was in chaos before the ashes were cold, and Liu Xiang, who rebelled, was a man who didn't study.
(2) Explanation:
"To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" is a feudal ideological rule policy implemented by Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, and it is also a sign that Confucianism is in a dominant position in China culture.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu disliked Confucianism, which almost cut off the academic origin of Confucianism. Although the doctor system still exists after the Qin system, the number of doctors is small, and there are only officials to be asked, so it is difficult to play much role in imparting culture. Hui Di abolished the Law of Holding Books, which revived the theories of various schools, among which Confucianism and Taoism had great influence. In the low tide of the development of academic thought, Taoism's thought of Huang Lao's inaction was advocated by the rulers in the early Han Dynasty and was in a dominant position. Thinkers of various schools were also happy to say what Huang Lao said. During the period of literature and scenery, there was a trend of evolution from inaction to promising, from entering the family to Confucianism. In old Qin Bo, the Twenty-eighth Road of Shangshu was hidden on its wall, and the Wendi Sect followed it. At this point. The number of doctors has reached more than 7, with a hundred schools of thought mixed and Confucianism alone. There are doctors in Confucian Books, Poems, Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Mencius and Erya, among which there are three doctors in Poetry, namely Qi, Lu and Han, and two doctors in Spring and Autumn Annals, namely Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu. This provided conditions for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to respect Confucianism alone. When Emperor Wu ascended the throne, the social economy has been greatly developed after the rule of Wenjing. At the same time, with the strength of the landlord class and its family, it has become an urgent need for feudal rulers to further strengthen the autocratic centralization of authority politically and economically. In this case, it is argued that quietism's Huang Lao thought can no longer meet the above political needs, and it is even more in conflict with Emperor Wu's excesses. However, Confucianism's thought of unification in the Spring and Autumn Period, benevolence and righteousness, and ethics of monarch and minister were just in line with the situation and tasks faced by the Han Dynasty at that time. Thus, in the ideological field, Confucianism finally replaced the dominant position of Taoism.
In the first year of Jianyuan (the first 14 years), Dong Zhongshu suggested that all doctrines that are not in the subject of Six Arts and the skill of Confucius should be excluded from doctoral official studies. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated Dong Zhongshu's thought of unification. Emperor Wu also adopted the proposal of Wei Wan, the Prime Minister, and dismissed the virtuous people who ruled Shen Buhai, Shang Yang, Han Fei, Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The move by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was strongly opposed by Dou Taihou, the grandmother of Good Huang Lao. She reduced Zhao Wan, an ancient scholar who advocated Confucianism, and Wang Zhongling to prison in the following year. The influence of Confucianism was hit, but in the fifth year of Jianyuan (136 BC), Emperor Wu appointed a doctor of the Five Classics, which made the Confucian Classics more complete in the government. In the sixth year of Jianyuan (135 BC), Dou Taihou died, and the Confucian forces became stubborn again. In the first year of Yuanguang (the first 134 years), he deposed Dr. Taichang, who failed to cure the Confucian Five Classics, and rejected Huang Lao's nickname of a hundred schools outside the official school. He promoted the Confucian scholar Gong Sunhong, who was born in cloth, as the prime minister, and recruited hundreds of Confucian scholars with excellent gifts. He also approved the appointment of 5 disciples for the doctoral officer, making up the stories of Langzhong literature according to his grades, and the officials had connections-artists were selected to hold important positions. This is the famous "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" in history. After the exclusive respect for Confucianism, officials mainly came from Confucian scholars, and Confucianism gradually developed and became the orthodox thought that ruled the people for the next two thousand years. Although it was not conducive to the development of academic culture, it was beneficial to the strengthening of authoritarian system and the unity of the country at that time.